Antibacterial Effect of Hypochlorous Acid on Bacteria Associated with the Formation of Periodontal Biofilms: An in vitro Pilot Study

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial effect of electrolytically generated hypochlorous acid on Streptococcus gordonii, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Material and Methods: In this in vitro experiment, the effect of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) on the strains S. gordonii, F. nucleatum, and P. gingivalis was evaluated using 4% sodium hypochlorite, 0.12% chlorhexidine, and distilled water as controls. The four groups were placed on each plate, and each group was replicated five times. The agar diffusion method by zones measurement was used. The data were processed with SPSS using the Kruskal-Wallis test and multiple comparison tests. Results: Hypochlorous acid showed an average inhibition halo of 9.28 mm on S. gordonii. As expected with distilled water, no zone of inhibition was noted for any of the bacteria, nor were zones of inhibition observed with HOCl for F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis. Conclusion: Hypochlorous acid showed antimicrobial properties against only S. gordonii and was less effective than 4% sodium hypochlorite and 0.12% chlorhexidine, although no significant differences were found between the latter.

Antibacterial, antibiofilm, and cytotoxic activities and chemical compositions of Peruvian propolis in an in vitro oral biofilm.

Background: Natural products with antibacterial potential have begun to be tested on biofilm models, bringing us closer to understanding the response generated by the complex microbial ecosystems of the oral cavity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and cytotoxic activities and chemical compositions of Peruvian propolis in an in vitro biofilm of Streptococcus gordonii and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Methods: The experimental work involved a consecutive, in vitro, longitudinal, and double-blinded study design. Propolis samples were collected from 13 different regions of the Peruvian Andes. The disk diffusion method was used for the antimicrobial susceptibility test. The cytotoxic effect of propolis on human gingival fibroblasts was determined by cell viability method using the MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay, and the effect of propolis on the biofilm was evaluated by confocal microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: The 0.78 mg/mL and 1.563 mg/mL concentrations of the methanolic fraction of the chloroform residue of Oxapampa propolis showed effects on biofilm thickness and the copy numbers of the srtA gene of S. gordonii and the radD gene of F. nucleatum at 48 and 120 hours, and chromatography (UV, λ 280 nm) identified rhamnocitrin, isorhamnetin, apigenin, kaempferol, diosmetin, acacetin, glycerol, and chrysoeriol. Conclusions: Of the 13 propolis evaluated, it was found that only the methanolic fraction of Oxapampa propolis showed antibacterial and antibiofilm effects without causing damage to human gingival fibroblasts. Likewise, when evaluating the chemical composition of this fraction, eight flavonoids were identified.

Antimicrobial Activity and Antiadherent Effect of Peruvian Psidium guajava (Guava) Leaves on a Cariogenic Biofilm Model.

AIM: Phytomedicine has been commonly practiced as a form of traditional medicine in various cultures for the treatment of oral diseases. Recently, it has gained importance as an alternative to conventional treatment. Several extracts of plants and fruits have been recently evaluated for their potential activity against microorganisms involved in the development of dental caries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and antiadherent effect of the crude organic extract (COE) and three partitions (aqueous, butanolic, and chloroformic) of Psidium guajava (guava) leaves on a cariogenic biofilm model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Guava leaves were obtained from the mountains of northern Peru, where they grow wild and free of pesticides. The antimicrobial activity of the COEs and partitions against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus gordonii was determined by measuring the inhibition halos, while the effect on biofilm adhesion was determined by measuring the optical density using spectrophotometry. RESULTS: An antibacterial effect of the COE and chloroformic partition against S. gordonii (p < 0.05) was found, as was a significant effect on biofilm adherence, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.78 mg/mL, which was maintained throughout the 7 days of evaluation. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the COEs and their chloroformic partition have antimicrobial and antibiotic effects against this strain of S. gordonii, making them of particular interest for evaluation as a promising alternative for the prevention of dental caries. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: By knowing the antimicrobial effect of Psidium guajava, this substance can be effectively used in products aimed to prevent dental caries and periodontal disease.

Efecto antibacteriano de extractos etanólicos de plantas utilizadas en la tradiciones culinarias andinas sobre microorganismos de la cavidad bucal / Antibacterial effect of ethanolic extracts from plants utilized in the Andes culinary traditions against microorganisms of the oral cavity

Determinar la actividad antibacteriana in vitro del extracto etanólico de Origanum vulgare (orégano), Tagetes elliptica (chincho) y del Tagetes minuta (huacatay) comparado con Clorhexidina al 0.12% y Colgate Plax frente a cepas de Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121 y Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277. Material y métodos: Se evaluó la actividad antimicrobiana mediante el método de Difusión en Agar, Mínima Concentración Inhibitoria y Técnica Pour Plate (Técnica de Vertido en Placa). El diseño del estudio fue de tipo experimental in vitro de corte transversal. El análisis estadístico univariado y bivariado se hizo en el programa SPSS 17.0. Resultados: Se determinó que la actividad antibacteriana de las sustancias experimentales para la cepa Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121 fue el extracto etanólico del orégano al 100% tuvo un promedio en los halos de inhibición de 18,43 ± 3,96 mm, el extracto etanólico del chincho al 100% de 20,5 ± 2,99 mm, clorhexidina al 0,12% de 21,3 ± 0,38 m y Colgate Plax 14,93 ± 0,84 mm. Frente a la cepa Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277:el extracto etanólico de chincho 100% tuvo un promedio en los halos de inhibición de 16.27 ± 2,67, el extracto etanólico de orégano 100% tuvo un promedio en los halos de inhibición de 25,86 ± 1,18 mm, el extracto etanólico del huacatay 100% de 24,49 ± 3,21 mm, con clorhexidina al 0,12% de 19,59 ± 0,48 mm y con Colgate Plax 14,29 ± 0,3 mm. La MIC del extracto etanólico del chincho frente a la cepa Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121 fue de 125 mg/mL, encontrando la medida de los halos de inhibición de 10,33 mm. Conclusiones: Existe actividad antibacteriana in vitro del extracto etanólico de Origanum vulgare (orégano), Tagetes elliptica (chincho) comparado con Clorhexidina al 0,12% y Colgate Plax frente a cepas de Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121 y Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277; asimismo el Tagetes minuta (huacatay) tiene efectividad con esta última cepa bacteriana...

To determine the in vitro antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract from Origanum vulgare (oregano), Tagetes elliptica (chincho) and Tagetes minuta (huacatay) compared with clorhexidine 0.12% and Colgate Plax against Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121 and Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277. Materials and Methods: Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by agar diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and pour plate technique. The study design was experimental in vitro cross sectional. The univariate and bivariate statistical analysis were done in SPSS 17.0. Results: it was found that the antibacterial activity of experimental substances against Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121 was: the 100% oregano ethanolic extract had an inhibition zone average of 18.43 ±3.96mm, the 100% chincho ethanolic extract of 20.5 +- 2.99mm, clorhexidine 0.12% 21.3 +- 0.38mm and Colgate Plax 14.93 +- 0.84mm. For Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277: the 100% chincho ethanolic extract had an inhibition zone average of 16.27 ±2.67mm, the 100% oregano ethanolic extract had an inhibition zone average of 25.86 +-1.18mm, the 100% huacatay ethanolic extract of 24.49 +- 3.21mm, clorhexidine 0.12% of 19.59 +- 0.48mm and Colgate Plax 14.29 +- 0.3mm. The MIC of the chincho ethanolic extract against Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121 was 125 mg/mL, finding inhibition zones of 10.33mm. Conclusions: there is an effective in vitro antibacterial activity of the Origanum vulgare (oregano) and Tagetes elliptica (chincho) ethanolic extracts compared to clorhexidine 0.12% and Colgate Plax against Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121 and Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277, however, the Tagetes minuta (huacatay) is effective only against Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277...

Evaluación "in vitro" de la resistencia a la penetración bacteriana usando dos técnicas de obturación y dos selladores endodónticos frente a una cepa de Enterococcus faecalis / "In vitro" Assessment of bacterial penetration resistance using two compaction techniques and two endodontic sealers against Enterococcus faecalis strain

Evaluar ôin vitroõ la resistencia a la penetración bacteriana utilizando dos diferentes técnicas de obturación, compactación vertical y lateral con dos selladores endodónticos, uno a base de polidimetilsiloxano y el otro a base de hidróxido de calcio y resina epóxica frente a una cepa de Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212. Materiales y Métodos: Ochenta y cuatro dientes uniradiculares se dividieron de manera aleatoria en 4 grupos (n=20) y dos grupos de control (n= 4). El grupo I se obturó con la técnica de compactación lateral y sellador Sealer 26, el grupo II se obturó con la técnica de compactación vertical y sellador Sealer 26, el grupo III se obturó con la técnica de compactación lateral y sellador Roeko Seal y el grupo IV se obturó con la técnica de compactación vertical y sellador Roeko Seal. Se utilizó Enterococcus faecalis como marcador bacteriano y la penetración bacteriana se evaluó cada hora durante las primeras 96 horas, posterior a esto cada 12 horas durante 15 días. Resultados: Se utilizó la prueba de Kruskal Wallis (p=0.696) para comparar los 4 grupos y la prueba de la U de Mann Whitney para comparar pares de grupos, al comparar las técnicas de compactación según el sellador endodóntico no se encontró diferencias estadísticamente significativas en ambos materiales (Grupo I y II p=1.000, Grupo III y IV p=0.296). Al comparar los selladores endodónticos según las técnicas de compactación no se encontró diferencias estadísticamente significativas (Grupo I y III p=0.328, Grupo II y IV p=1.00). Sin embargo se registró un tiempo máximo de 115 horas para el grupo III y un tiempo mínimo de 18:21 horas para el grupo I. Conclusiones: No se encontró diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto a la resistencia a la penetración bacteriana entre los selladores Roeko Seal y Sealer 26 en combinación con las técnicas de compactación lateral y vertical frente a una cepa de Enterococcus faecalis...

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to assess ôin vitroõ bacterial penetration resistance using two different obturation techniques, vertical compaction and lateral compaction with two endodontic sealers, one based on polydimethylsiloxane and the other based on calcium hydroxide and epoxy resin against Enterococcus faecalis strain ATCC 29212. Methods: Eighty-four uniradicular teeth were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 20) and two control groups (n = 4). Group I was obturated with lateral compaction technique and Sealer 26, group II with vertical compaction technique and Sealer 26, group III with lateral compaction technique and Roeko Seal and group IV with vertical compaction technique and Roeko Seal. Enterococcus faecalis was used as a bacterial marker and bacterial penetration was assessed monitoring the specimens every hour for the first 96 hours and after this every 12 hours over a period of 15 days. Results: Kruskal Wallis test (p = 0.696) was used to compare the four test groups and the Mann Whitney U test was used to compare pairs of groups. Nevertheless, no statistically significant differences were found comparing compaction techniques as endodontic sealers (Group I and II p=1.000, group III and IV p=0.296). No statistically significant differences were found when comparing endodontic sealers as compaction techniques (Group I and III p=0.328, group II and IV p=1.000). Although there was a maximum of 115 hours for group III and a minimum time of 18:21 hours for group I. Conclusions: No significant differences were found regarding bacterial penetration resistance between Roeko Seal and Sealer 26 in combination with lateral and vertical compaction techniques against a strain of Enterococcus faecalis...

Evaluación de la contaminación microbiológica en los equipos radiográficos de una clínica dental privada / Evaluation of microbiological contamination on radiographic equipment in a private dental clinic

Objetivo: Determinar la presencia de bacterias y hongos en las superficies contactadas por el operador durante la toma de radiografías intraorales en el cuarto de toma y caja de procesado de los módulos de la Clínica Dental de la Facultad de Estomatología, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. Material y Métodos: Se tomaron muestras de 6 superficies contactadas durante la toma y revelado de radiografías en 5 días al azar y no consecutivos, usando una plantilla estéril de 25 cm2 y un hisopo estéril con caldo tripticasa de soya y otro con agua destilada. Se utilizaron diferentes medios de cultivos para el aislamiento. La identificación fue a través de pruebas bioquímicas. Resultados: Se encontró una concentración bacteriana variada en todas las superficies radiográficas. Además se encontraron microorganismos comensales y patógenos, los más prevalentes fueron los bacilos gram negativos (Pseudomona stutzeri) y con menor frecuencia los cocos gram positivos (Enterococcus faecalis). Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos destacan la necesidad de adecuar la infraestructura o evaluar las normas de limpieza y desinfección aplicadas e implementar programas de monitoreo, para disminuir el riesgo de adquirir infecciones en la práctica radiográfica.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the presence of bacteria and fungi during radiographic exposure and processing in high-touch areas in the dental x-ray devices from of the School of Dentistry at Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. Methods: Samples from six surfaces contacted were collected during radiographic exposure and processing in five days at random and nonconsecutive, using a sterile sampling template in 25 cm2 and sterile swab with tryptic soy broth and other with distilled water. Different culture media were used for the isolation. The identification was through biochemical tests. Results: Bacterial concentration varied in all radiographic surfaces was found. Besides commensal and pathogenic microorganisms were found, were the most prevalent gram negative bacilli (Pseudomona stutzeri) and less frequently gram positive cocci (Enterococcus faecalis). Conclusions: The results highlight the need to adequate infrastructure or to evaluate standards of cleaning and disinfection applied and implements monitoring programs to decrease the risk of acquiring infections in radiographic practice.