Naturalistic Study of Depression Associated with Parkinson's Disease in a National Public Neurological Referral Center in Mexico.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a major health problem in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. We described the clinical and sociodemographic factors of MDD among patients with PD at a national neurological referral center in Mexico. One hundred patients with PD + MDD were included in the study. All the patients were evaluated during the "ON" treatment phase of PD. Clinical scales for cognition (MMSE and MoCA) and MDD (MADRS) were applied. The mean age was 58.49 ± 11.02 years, and 57% of the sample was male. The most frequent symptom of PD was tremor (67%), and onset was more frequent on the right side (57%). Additionally, 49% of the patients with PD had moderate to severe (M/S) MDD. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were the most frequent antidepressant treatment (69%). The scores of the scales were MADRS 21.33 ± 5.49, MoCA 21.06 ± 4.65, and MMSE 26.67 ± 1.20. The females had lower MMSE scores compared to the males (p = 0.043). The patients with M/S MDD had more rigidity at the beginning of PD (p = 0.005), fewer march alterations (p = 0.023), and a greater prevalence of left-side initial disease (p = 0.037). Rigidity was associated with M/S MDD (OR 3.75 p = 0.013). MDD was slightly more frequent in the males than in the females. The MDD symptoms and cognitive impairment were worse in the female population.

Increased non-attendance at epilepsy clinic in patients with neuropsychiatric comorbidities: A prospective study.

BACKGROUND: In patients with epilepsy, regular follow-up is vital for adequate seizure control, antiseizure drugs' (ASDs) side effects, psychiatric comorbidities, and planning for epilepsy surgery. Non-attendance creates barriers to adequate patient care, inefficient allocation of resources, loss of income, and unnecessary emergency department visits due to lack of seizure control. This study aimed to determine the causes and sociodemographic characteristics of the non-attendant population at the Epilepsy Clinic. METHODS: A prospective and observational study was carried out on patients treated at the Epilepsy Clinic of the National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery (NINN) in Mexico from August 2015 to June 2016. A phone interview was made with all those patients who did not attend the epilepsy consultation. This call incorporated ad hoc questions to meet the objectives of this study. RESULTS: During the study period, 1299 patients had an appointment at the epilepsy clinic, where 233 (17.9%) patients missed their consultation, 123 (52.8%) were male, mean age was 35.9 ±â€¯14.42 years. The most frequent cause of non-attendance was forgetfulness of the appointment in 62 patients (26.6%). Two patients died; no patient was reported to have experienced SUDEP. Non-attendant patients showed statistically significant overall prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities (41.6%), particularly depression, anxiety, and interictal psychosis. CONCLUSION: Information on non-attendance at various specialist consultations is scarce, and to our knowledge, this is the first study to address non-attendance in patients with epilepsy in Latin America. Improving hospital protocols to reduce non-attendance can increase patient adherence to follow-up, ultimately improving the quality of care in the epilepsy clinic.

The effect of motor interference therapy in traumatic memories: A pilot study.

INTRODUCTION: Traumatic memories of events such as a life-threatening incident, serious injury, or sexual violence are a core symptom of stress-related disorders; they might be susceptible to positive modification with interference tasks (reconsolidation-based interventions). Our objective was to test the effect of performing a motor interference task (finger tapping in response to audio cues) on patients who suffer from traumatic memories. METHODS: We designed an uncontrolled pilot prospective clinical trial. Ten participants listened to an audio track that instructed them to tap their fingers in response to specific audio cues while trying to recall the traumatic event. Each patient underwent an assessment including the Spanish version of the PTSD Symptom Severity Scale-Revised (EGS-R), the visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS) from EuroQol 5D (EQ-5D), and a simple visual analogue scale (VAS) before the intervention, immediately after, and a week after the treatment. RESULTS: All measures exhibited a statistically significant improvement 1 week after the study. On the PTSD scale, 1 week later, 30% of the patients did not score high enough for such diagnosis. The VAS measured immediately following the intervention (4.4, SD = 2.22) also improved (p < .001), and 30% of the patients scored zero. One week after the intervention, the VAS improved more than 50% CONCLUSION: The rapid 1-week improvement on the PSTD scale and the VAS after a 30 min intervention support the idea of further research using a double-blind, controlled design powered to demonstrate the efficacy of motor interference, an easy-to-apply therapeutic tool, in the treatment of traumatic memories.

Herramientas de salud digital para superar la brecha de atención en epilepsia antes, durante y después de la pandemia de COVID-19 / E-health tools to overcome the gap in epilepsy care before, during and after COVID-19 pandemics

INTRODUCCIÓN: La epilepsia es un trastorno neurológico crónico común que afecta a alrededor de 50 millones de personas en el mundo y abunda la bibliografía sobre la brecha de atención en salud a este sector de la población. Dicha brecha aumentará con la pandemia actual de COVID-19. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la disponibilidad actual de herramientas de salud digital para la atención a personas con epilepsia según la literatura médica mundial y su uso durante dicha pandemia. Desarrollo. Se hizo una revisión de las publicaciones en revistas científicas en la última década que tuvieran como tema principal el uso de herramientas de salud digital o telemedicina enfocada a la atención de los pacientes con epilepsia, incluyendo cuatro meses después de las cuarentenas nacionales por la aparición del virus SARS-CoV2. Se encontraron 17 publicaciones sobre el uso de telemedicina enfocada a la epilepsia. Las herramientas más utilizadas internacionalmente son las plataformas en línea, seguidas de las aplicaciones móviles, videoconferencias, sistemas de captación de crisis epilépticas, listas de verificación, algoritmos de comprensión de datos médicos, llamadas telefónicas, teleelectroencefalografía y mensajes de texto. Ninguna se publicó durante la presente pandemia. CONCLUSIONES: Hay poca bibliografía sobre herramientas de salud digital enfocadas a epilepsia, pero existen varias que pueden emplearse para luchar contra la brecha de atención, especialmente en esta pandemia mundial de COVID-19 que obliga a las personas y comunidades a mantenerse en cuarentena por la emergencia sanitaria. Es necesario eliminar barreras y facilitar el pronto acceso de los pacientes a estas nuevas tecnologías de información

INTRODUCTION: Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disorder that affects around 50 million worldwide and there is an abundance of literature on the health care gap for this sector of the population. This gap will increase with the current pandemic due to COVID-19. AIM: To evaluate the current availability of digital health tools for the care of people with epilepsy according to the world medical literature and their use during said pandemic. Development. We reviewed the publications in scientific journals in the last decade that had as their main topic the use of digital health tools or telemedicine focused on the care of patients with epilepsy, including 4 months after the national quarantines due to the appearance of the virus SARS-CoV2. Seventeen publications were found on the use of telemedicine focused on epilepsy. The most widely used tools internationally are online platforms, followed by mobile applications, videoconferences, epileptic seizure capture systems, checklists, algorithms for understanding medical data, phone calls, tele-encephalography and text messages. None was published during the COVID-19 current pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: Although there is little literature on the use of digital health tools focused on epilepsy, there are several that can be used to fight the attention gap, especially in this global pandemic by COVID-19 that forces quarantines of people and communities for long periods. It is necessary to remove barriers and facilitate patient access to these new information technologies

Stephen Jay Gould's Analysis of the Army Beta Test in The Mismeasure of Man: Distortions and Misconceptions Regarding a Pioneering Mental Test.

In The Mismeasure of Man, Stephen Jay Gould argued that the preconceived beliefs and biases of scientists influence their methods and conclusions. To show the potential consequences of this, Gould used examples from the early days of psychometrics and allied fields, arguing that inappropriate assumptions and an elitist desire to rank individuals and/or groups produced incorrect results. In this article, we investigate a section of The Mismeasure of Man in which Gould evaluated the Army Beta intelligence test for illiterate American draftees in World War I. We evaluated Gould's arguments that the Army Beta (a) had inappropriate content, (b) had unsuitable administration conditions, (c) suffered from short time limits, and (d) could not have measured intelligence. By consulting the historical record and conducting a pre-registered replication of Gould's administration of the test to a sample of college students, we show that Gould mischaracterized the Army Beta in a number of ways. Instead, the Army Beta was a well-designed test by the standards of the time, and all evidence indicates that it measured intelligence a century ago and can, to some extent, do so today.

Quality of life and level of burden in primary caregivers of patients with epilepsy: Effect of neuropsychiatric comorbidity.

BACKGROUND: Few studies are focused on the quality of life (QOL) of primary caregivers and the effects of the clinical variables of epilepsy and patient psychiatric comorbidity on primary caregivers. PURPOSE: Our main objective was to describe QOL and level of burden (LB) in caregivers of people with epilepsy (PWE) at a tertiary-care hospital in Mexico City. A secondary purpose was to determine if LB and QOL were different between caregivers of patients with neuropsychiatric comorbidity and caregivers of patients without neuropsychiatric comorbidity. METHODS: One hundred and fifty-one caregivers of PWE were assessed with the short version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) scale (WHOQOL-BREF) and the Zarit Burden Interview. Patients' clinical and demographic data, along with their psychiatric histories, were collected. RESULTS: One hundred and twelve patients had psychiatric comorbidity. The mean LB score of the caregivers was 26.25±16.28. The mean scores for the WHOQOL-BREF domains were as follows: physical health, 47.8±10.7; psychological health, 55.4±11.5; social relationships, 47.23±18.6; and environment, 48.7±11.6. The caregivers of patients with psychiatric comorbidity had lower scores in the domains of psychological health (p=0.034) and social relationships (p=0.029) compared with caregivers of PWE without comorbidity. On adjusted multivariate analysis, aggressiveness (p=0.008), age at onset of epilepsy (p=0.02), and years with epilepsy (p=0.01) were associated with higher caregiver LB scores; higher caregiver years of education were associated with better psychological health (p=0.002) and more years with epilepsy (p=0.03) with lower QOL scores. CONCLUSION: Aggressive behavior was the psychiatric comorbidity most clearly associated with lower QOL and higher LB. Longer duration of epilepsy was related to higher burden and lower QOL. More years of education of the caregiver were associated with better QOL. We found no significant correlation between seizure control and QOL or LB.

Relación cd4/cd8 como marcador de morbilidad en pacientes VIH (+) / CD4/CD8 Ratio as morbility marker in HIV (+) patients

Introducción: En pacientes VIH (+) se han descrito marcadores predictores de enfermedades asociadas a etapa SIDA, sin embargo no existe claridad respecto factores asociados enfermedades no SIDA. Una relación CD4/CD8 baja se ha identificado como marcador de inmunosenescencia y aumento de morbimortalidad en la población general, sin embargo aún está en estudio su utilidad en pacientes VIH (+). Objetivo: Determinar si una relación CD4/CD8 baja se asocia a mayor morbilidad no relacionada a etapa SIDA en pacientes VIH (+). Material y métodos: Estudio observacional de cohorte retrospectivo. Se seleccionaron pacientes VIH (+) que ingresaron un programa de vacunación contra VHB del Hospital Dr. Gustavo Fricke desde octubre de 2012. Se dividieron en grupos con relación CD4/CD8 < 0.6 y CD4/CD8 > 0.6 y se analizó la aparición de enfermedades no relacionadas a etapa SIDA en ambos grupos durante su seguimiento hasta mayo de 2016. Resultados: En la muestra de 79 pacientes, 54 (68%) tuvieron una relación CD4/CD8 < 0.6 y 25 (32%) tuvieron un CD4/CD8 > 0.6. La incidencia de enfermedades no relacionadas a etapa SIDA fue 39 (72%) pacientes en el grupo con relación CD4/CD8 baja y 13 (52%) en el grupo con relación CD4/CD8 alto (p=0.06). En 15 (19%) pacientes la relación CD4/CD8 disminuyó, esto se asoció a educación hasta enseñanza básica (p=0.01), viraje a carga viral detectable (p<0.01) y enfermedad hepática (p=0.02) Conclusión: La relación CD4/CD8 es un marcador emergente y prometedor, pero aún falta evidencia para determinar su utilidad.

Introduction: Although biomarkers predicting AIDS-associated pathology have been described, there is little clarity with respect to the markers for non AIDS-associated pathology. A low CD4/CD8 ratio has been seen to be a marker of immunesenescence and raised morbi-mortality in the general population, however its usefulness in HIV (+) patients is still being studied. Objective: To determine whether a low CD4/CD8 ratio is associated with increased AIDS-unrelated morbidity in the AIDS stage of HIV (+) patients. Materials and Methods: Observational study with retrospective cohort. HIV (+) patients were selected from patients admitted to a HBV vaccination program in Dr. Gustavo Fricke Hospital from October 2012 on. They were divided into two groups: CD4/CD8 < 0.6 and CD4/CD8 > 0.6 and followed until May 2016, analyzing the appearance of AIDS-unrelated illnesses in both groups. Results: In the 79 patient sample, 54 (68%) had CD4/CD8 ratio < 0.6 and 25 (32%) had a CD4/CD8 ratio > 0.6. The incidence of non AIDS-related illnesses in the AIDS stage was 39 (72%) in patients with a low CD4/CD8 ratio and 13 (52%) in the group with a high CD4/CD8 ratio (p=0.06). Conclusion: The CD4/CD8 ratio fell in 15 (19%) of patients, this being associated with primary education only, (p=0.01), virologic rebound (p<0.01) and liver disease.

High-dose versus low-dose valproate for the treatment of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: Going from low to high.

Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is a genetic generalized epilepsy accounting for 3-12% of adult cases of epilepsy. Valproate has proven to be the first-choice drug in JME for controlling the most common seizure types: myoclonic, absence, and generalized tonic-clonic (GTC). In this retrospective study, we analyzed seizure outcome in patients with JME using valproate monotherapy for a minimum period of one year. Low valproate dose was considered to be 1000mg/day or lower, while serum levels were considered to be low if they were at or below 50mcg/dl. One hundred three patients met the inclusion criteria. Fifty-six patients (54.4%) were female. The current average age was 28.4±7.4years, while the age of epilepsy onset was 13.6±2.9years. Most patients corresponded to the subsyndrome of classic JME. Forty-six (44.7%) patients were free from all seizure types, and 76 (73.7%) patients were free from GTC seizures. No significant difference was found in seizure freedom among patients using a low dose of valproate versus a high dose (p=0.535) or among patients with low blood levels versus high blood levels (p=0.69). In patients with JME, it seems appropriate to use low doses of valproate (500mg to 1000mg) for initial treatment and then to determine if freedom from seizures was attained.

Cerebrospinal Fluids Leaks of the Cranial Vault Management with Compression Cap: Case Series.

Cerebrospinal fluid leaks of the cranial vault, constitute one of the most common complications after neurosurgical procedures. In this paper we introduce to you an observational study, in which a series of patients with this complication where managed by using elastic compression hat during 18 hours per day, for two weeks to four months. Every one of them presented complete resolution of the leak, without any recurrence until actual controls. After that we perform a review of the literature, demonstrating this is a new therapeutic management, being us the first group on reporting it. According to the observed results, it was concluded that despite more studies are required, the use of elastic compression hats for this kind of patients could be effective and safe.

Treatment of depression in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy: A pilot study of cognitive behavioral therapy vs. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

There is a high prevalence of depression in patients with epilepsy, which negatively impacts their quality of life (QOL) and seizure control. Currently, the first-line of treatment for depression in patients with epilepsy is based on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The main objective of this pilot study was to compare cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) versus SSRIs for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Seven patients who received group CBT were compared with eight patients treated with SSRIs. All were diagnosed with MDD and TLE. Patients were assessed at baseline before treatment and at six and 12weeks during treatment with the Quality of Life in Epilepsy Scale of 31 items (QOLIE 31), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Seizure records were also taken on a monthly basis. After 12weeks of treatment, both groups showed improved QOL and reduced severity of depression symptoms. There were no statistically significant group differences in the final scores for the BDI (p=0.40) and QOLIE 31 (p=0.72), although the effect size on QOL was higher for the group receiving CBT. In conclusion, the present study suggests that both CBT and SSRIs may improve MDD and QOL in patients with TLE. We found no significant outcome differences between both treatment modalities. These findings support further study using a double-blind controlled design to demonstrate the efficacy of CBT and SSRIs in the treatment of MDD and QOL in patients with TLE.

Alucinaciones visuales en pacientes con privación sensorial: ¿síndrome de Charles Bonnet? / Visual hallucinations in sensory deprived patients: Charles Bonnet syndrome?

Introducción: Existen pacientes que, después de lesiones cerebrales o periféricas, pierden alguna función sensorial, como la vista o el oído. Paradójicamente, después de perder esta función, presentan alucinaciones complejas relacionadas con la función perdida. Se sabe que este fenómeno puede presentarse ante lesiones en cualquier nivel de la vía visual, especialmente en el nivel de la retina.Objetivo: Revisar la bibliografía existente acerca del síndrome de Charles Bonnet para conocer los últimos avances con respecto a este fenómeno.Método: Se revisaron las bases de datos de PubMed y PsychInfo con las siguientes palabras clave: síndrome de Charles Bonnet; alucinaciones visuales; alucinosis peduncular; Charles Bonnet; privación sensorial. Se incluyeron aquellos artículos que efectivamente trataran del tema. Asimismo, se revisaron los textos clásicos referentes a este síndrome y los artículos mencionados en la bibliografía encontrada.Resultados: En el presente artículo se describe la historia del síndrome, el fenómeno clínico, los factores de riesgo, los criterios diagnósticos, los tratamientos empleados, otros fenómenos similares y las teorías propuestas para explicarlo.Discusión y conclusión: A la fecha continúan siendo controvertidos los criterios diagnósticos del síndrome de Charles Bonnet, en especial en lo referente a la preservación absoluta del insight como condición sine qua non. Descrito desde el siglo XVIII, el síndrome de Charles Bonnet corresponde al prototipo de alucinaciones visuales en pacientes con privación visual, si bien, de acuerdo con la presente revisión, la fenomenología de éste es bastante variada, siendo cuestionable si resulta también el prototipo de las alucinaciones con insight preservado.

Introduction: Some patients, after brain or peripheral injuries, lose a sensory function, such as sight or hearing, but paradoxically experience complex hallucinations related to the function they have lost. It is known that this phenomenon may appear with injuries at any level in the visual pathway, especially in the retina.Objective:To review the existent bibliography on the Charles Bonnet syndrome to establish the state of the art with regards to this phenomenon.Method: The databases PubMed and PsychInfo were searched for articles containing the following keywords: Charles Bonnet syndrome; visual hallucinations; peduncular hallucinosis; Charles Bonnet; sensory deprivation. We included those related to the subject. We also included the classic texts referring to this phenomenon and the articles mentioned in the literature.Results: In the present study, we describe the history of Charles Bonnet syndrome, clinical presentation, risk factors, diagnostic criteria, treatment employed, similar conditions and the theories seeking to explain it.Discussion and conclusion: To date, the diagnostic criteria for Charles Bonnet syndrome remain controversial, especially those concerning the absolute preservation of insight as a sine qua non factor to establish the diagnosis. Conclusion: Described since the 18th century, the Charles Bonnet syndrome corresponds to the prototype of visual hallucinations in patients with visual deprivation, although, according to the present review, its phenomenology is vast, remaining unclear if it corresponds to the prototype of hallucinations with preserved insight.

Stigma experience of people with epilepsy in Mexico and views of health care providers.

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder with neurobiological, cognitive, psychological, and social consequences. Epilepsy stigma is a social determinant of ill health that affects the quality of life of people who suffer from epilepsy and that renders a poor social prognosis even worse than the clinical one. From a phenomenological approach, between January and July 2011, we explored the experience of epilepsy stigma through 25 in-depth qualitative interviews with 10 persons with temporal lobe epilepsy (PWE) (we avoided terms such as "epileptics" or "epileptic patients" because they can be labeling and stigmatizing), 10 carers (CEs) of PWE who attended the epilepsy clinic of the Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery of Mexico, and 5 physicians specialized in epilepsy. The objective of the study was to identify the following: perceptions that could indicate any form of discrimination due to having epilepsy, reactions of people in front of a person having seizures, and social functioning of PWE since epilepsy onset, particularly their interpersonal relationships and participation in educational or working activities. Through the health providers' narratives, we explored the mainstream care practices, their perspectives on epilepsy, and their views about how the disease should be addressed. Thematic guidelines were elaborated for each type of participant. All information was processed with the use of the computer-assisted data analysis, Atlas.ti5. We made a codification of broad themes that corresponded to the main topics of the interview guidelines and then proceeded to finer categorization to elaborate the analytical categories. Epilepsy was attached to a powerful stereotype that includes notions of contamination, danger, sin, divine punishment, supernatural forces, and madness. Internalized, interpersonal, and institutional stigma prevents PWE from participating in school and employment and reduces their opportunities to establish peer and couple relationships. Mexican's overt impunity of structural discrimination towards PWE shows a lack of available legal resources that protect their human rights. The narrow biomedical concept that physicians have of epilepsy is consistent with the limited medical practices that are offered to treat epilepsy at the health services in Mexico. Comprehensive treatment and integrated services for epilepsy must incorporate psychosocial programs that include epilepsy stigma as a major component of the disease.

Severity of anxiety and depression are related to a higher perception of adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs.

UNLABELLED: After reviewing the negative effects of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) on general health and quality of life, the Commission on Outcome Measurement from the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) recommended incorporating reliable and valid tools in clinical essays in order to achieve a more accurate assessment of the subjective adverse effects rate and disease severity when using AEDs. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to correlate the severity of adverse effects of AEDs, with the presence of anxiety and depression in patients with epilepsy. METHODS: The Spanish version of the Liverpool Adverse Events Profile (LAEP) and the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) were applied on 130 consecutive outpatients with epilepsy from the epilepsy clinic at the Mexico's National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery. A correlation analysis was carried out to determine if the presence of depression and anxiety was related to the adverse effects of AEDs. The relation between LAEP scores with other epidemiological variables was also assessed. RESULTS: Our study found a positive correlation between the LAEP and the HADS scores (p < or = 0.01). The most common adverse effects were drowsiness (81.5% [n=106]), difficulty in concentrating (76% [n=99]), and nervousness and/or agitation (75% [n=97]). Female gender, a history of febrile seizures, persistent seizures and polytherapy were associated with a higher toxicity on LAEP. In our study, age at epilepsy onset, duration of epilepsy, type of epilepsy and patients' age were not related to higher LAEP scores. CONCLUSION: Adverse effects to AEDs can be related with the presence of psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression in patients with epilepsy.

Cotard syndrome in neurological and psychiatric patients.

The authors describe the frequency and characteristics of Cotard syndrome among neurological and psychiatric inpatients at a tertiary referral center. All inpatients from the National Institute of Neurology of Mexico (March 2007-May 2009) requiring neuropsychiatric consultation were reviewed. Among 1,321 inpatient consultations, 63.7% had neurological disease and one (0.11%) had viral encephalitis and Cotard syndrome. Of inpatients, 36.2% had pure psychiatric disorders and three (0.62%) had Cotard syndrome, associated with psychotic depression, depersonalization, and penile retraction (koro syndrome). This review discusses potential mechanisms for Cotard syndrome, including the role of a perceptual-emotional dissociation in self-misattribution in the deliré des negations.