Electromyographic analysis of maximal voluntary contraction of female pelvic floor muscles: Intrarater and interrater reliability study.

AIMS: To investigate the intrarater and interrater reliability of the surface electromyography (sEMG) of female pelvic floor muscles (PFM) by visual determination of the onset-offset during maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). METHODS: Intrarater and interrater reliability study. Three MVC, recorded for 5 s (s) each and separated by intervals of 60 s, were requested. Two independent raters visually determined the onset and offset of each MVC. The agreement between raters on the quality of the signals was analyzed both qualitatively (visual inspection) and quantitatively (signal-to-noise ratio, SNR). The reliability of integral and median frequency (MDF) of sEMG signals during MVC was analyzed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) models (ICC2,1 , ICC2,3 ) and repeated measures analysis of variance. RESULTS: A total of 58 women (mean age of 54 years) and two independent raters participated in the analyses. Of the total, 22 (37.9%) were considered of high quality by both raters and the SNR ranged 34.3-22.2 decibels (dB). The agreement of qualitative visual evaluation of the sEMG signal was fair (Cohen's κ = 0.306 [0.148; 0.463]). Intrarater and interrater reliability were excellent for the average of the three MVC, both for integral (ICC2,3 = 0.884 [0.821; 0.925]; ω2 = -0.006, p = 0.558) and MDF (ICC2,3 = 0.998 [0.998; 0.999]; ω2 = -0.009, p = 0.992). CONCLUSION: Qualitative visual analysis of the sEMG signal presents fair interrater agreement and reflects the SNR. Visual determination of the onset and offset of the MVC of PFM using the standard interface of the sEMG software has excellent reliability for determination of muscle activation variables.

X-ray fluorescence spectrometry applied to digital mapping of soil fertility attributes in tropical region with elevated spatial variability.

Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometry offers valuable information for prediction models of soil fertility attributes spatial variation, although this approach is yet scarce in tropical regions. This study aims to predict and build spatial variability maps of soil pH, remaining phosphorus (P-Rem), soil organic matter (SOM) and sum of bases (SB) using pXRF results through stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) and Random Forest (RF) in a highly variable tropical area. Composite samples from soil A horizon were collected at 90 points throughout the campus of the Federal University of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil, for pH, P-Rem, SOM, SB and pXRF analyses. RF predictions showed the highest accuracies, especially for P-Rem and SB (R² values of 0.66 and 0.55, respectively). Attributes that showed higher R² in punctual predictions also exhibited higher R² in spatial predictions. Data obtained from pXRF in tandem with RF can be used to assist prediction models for soil fertility attributes, consequently enabling the digital mapping of such attributes and helping to improve the knowledge about the spatial variability of such attributes in soils of tropical climate. This technique can therefore assist in the identification and orientation of adequate management practices in tropical agricultural practices.

Rare earth elements (REEs): geochemical patterns and contamination aspects in Brazilian benchmark soils.

Rare earth elements have been increasingly used in modern societies and soils are likely to be the final destination of several REE-containing (by)products. This study reports REE contents for topsoils (0-20 cm) of 175 locations in reference (n = 68) and cultivated (n = 107) areas in Brazil. Benchmark soil samples were selected accomplishing a variety of environmental conditions, aiming to: i) establishing natural background and anthropogenic concentrations for REE in soils; ii) assessing potential contamination of soils - via application of phosphate fertilizers - with REE; and, iii) predicting soil-REE contents using biomes, soil type, parent material, land use, sand content, and biomes-land use interaction as forecaster variables through generalized least squares multiple regression. Our hypotheses were that the variability of soil-REE contents is influenced by parent material, pedogenic processes, land use, and biomes, as well as that cultivated soils may have been potentially contaminated with REE via input of phosphate fertilizers. The semi-total concentrations of REE were assessed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) succeeding a microwave-assisted aqua regia digestion. Analytical procedures followed a rigorous QA/QC protocol. Soil physicochemical composition and total oxides were also determined. Natural background and anthropogenic concentrations for REE were established statistically from the dataset by the median plus two median absolute deviations method. Contamination aspects were assessed by REE-normalized patterns, REE fractionation indices, and Ce and Eu anomalies ratios, as well as enrichment factors. The results indicate that differences in the amounts of REE in cultivated soils can be attributed to land use and agricultural sources (e.g., phosphate-fertilizer inputs), while those in reference soils can be attributed to parent materials, biomes, and pedogenic processes. The biomes, land use, and sand content helped to predict concentrations of light REE in Brazilian soils, with parent material being also of special relevance to predict heavy REE contents in particular.

'Believe the positive' aggregation of fall risk assessment methods reduces the detection of risk of falling in older adults.

OBJECTIVES: Screening programs for fall prevention in older adults may include several assessment methods. This study investigated the validity of aggregating fall risk assessment methods for stratifying the risk of falling in older adults. METHODS: This secondary data analysis included 52 community-dwelling residents aged [median (interquartile range)] 74 (69-80) years. Fall occurrences were registered prospectively for six months, with 9 (17%) participants reporting at least one fall during follow-up. The fall risk assessment included the Berg Balance Scale (BBS); polypharmacy (POLY); Falls Risk Assessment Score (FRAS); Fall Risk Assessment Tool (FRAT-up); Falls Efficacy Scale (FES); and posturography with the Wii Balance Board (WBB). Aggregation of methods' results was performed according to the risk classification ('high risk' or 'low risk') assigned by their respective cut-off values under the 'believe the positive' (BP) strategy. RESULTS: Aggregating 1 (POLY), 2 (+BBS), 3 (+FES), 4 (+FRAT-up), 5 (+FRAS), and 6 (+BBS) methods resulted in a monotonic decrease of several validity indices including (index [95% confidence interval]) diagnostic odds ratio (10.82 [2.38-54.28] to 0.59 [0.12-2.09]) and accuracy (0.67 [0.54-0.78] to 0.20 [0.11-0.31]). CONCLUSIONS: Aggregating fall risk assessment methods-BBS, POLY, FRAS, FRAT-up, FES, WBB-under the BP strategy does not increase the validity of stratification of the risk of falling in older adults.

Modeling arsenic content in Brazilian soils: What is relevant?

Arsenic accumulation in the environment poses ecological and human health risks. A greater knowledge about soil total As content variability and its main drivers is strategic for maintaining soil security, helping public policies and environmental surveys. Considering the poor history of As studies in Brazil at the country's geographical scale, this work aimed to generate predictive models of topsoil As content using machine learning (ML) algorithms based on several environmental covariables representing soil forming factors, ranking their importance as explanatory covariables and for feeding group analysis. An unprecedented databank based on laboratory analyses (including rare earth elements), proximal and remote sensing, geographical information system operations, and pedological information were surveyed. The median soil As content ranged from 0.14 to 41.1 mg kg-1 in reference soils, and 0.28 to 58.3 mg kg-1 in agricultural soils. Recursive Feature Elimination Random Forest outperformed other ML algorithms, ranking as most important environmental covariables: temperature, soil organic carbon (SOC), clay, sand, and TiO2. Four natural groups were statistically suggested (As content ± standard error in mg kg-1): G1) with coarser texture, lower SOC, higher temperatures, and the lowest TiO2 contents, has the lowest As content (2.24 ± 0.50), accomplishing different environmental conditions; G2) organic soils located in floodplains, medium TiO2 and temperature, whose As content (3.78 ± 2.05) is slightly higher than G1, but lower than G3 and G4; G3) medium contents of As (7.14 ± 1.30), texture, SOC, TiO2, and temperature, representing the largest number of points widespread throughout Brazil; G4) the largest contents of As (11.97 ± 1.62), SOC, and TiO2, and the lowest sand content, with points located mainly across Southeastern Brazil with milder temperature. In the absence of soil As content, a common scenario in Brazil and in many Latin American countries, such natural groups could work as environmental indicators.

Agreement and predictive power of six fall risk assessment methods in community-dwelling older adults.

A large number of fall risk assessment methods are available with a variety of performances for screening the risk of falling in older adults, but their agreement for assessing the risk of falling remains unknown. This observational prospective cohort study describes the agreement and predictive power of methods to classify the risk of falling in older adults using prospective data and published cut-off values. Fifty-two participants aged 74 years (interquartile range 69-80) were assessed using the Berg Balance Scale, polypharmacy, Falls Risk Assessment Score, Fall Risk Assessment Tool, Fall Efficiency Scale, and Posturography. Nine participants (17 %) reported at least one fall after six months. Cochran's test showed different proportions of participants classified as at high risk of falling among all methods (Q = 69.560, p < 0.001). A slightly better-then-chance agreement was estimated between all FRA methods (Light's κ = 0.074, 95%CI [0.021; 0.142]). We found both global and pairwise agreement levels that question the agreement among fall risk assessment methods for screening community-dwelling older adults.

Author Correction: Digital soil mapping including additional point sampling in Posses ecosystem services pilot watershed, southeastern Brazil.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Digital soil mapping including additional point sampling in Posses ecosystem services pilot watershed, southeastern Brazil.

This study aimed to evaluate the performance of three spatial association models used in digital soil mapping and the effects of additional point sampling in a steep-slope watershed (1,200 ha). A soil survey was carried out and 74 soil profiles were analyzed. The tested models were: Multinomial logistic regression (MLR), C5 decision tree (C5-DT) and Random forest (RF). In order to reduce the effects of an imbalanced dataset on the accuracy of the tested models, additional sampling retrieved by photointerpretation was necessary. Accuracy assessment was based on aggregated data from a proportional 5-fold cross-validation procedure. Extrapolation assessment was based on the multivariate environmental similarity surface (MESS). The RF model including additional sampling (RF*) showed the best performance among the tested models (overall accuracy = 49%, kappa index = 0.33). The RF* allowed to link soil mapping units (SMU) and, in the case of less-common soil classes in the watershed, to set specific conditions of occurrence on the space of terrain-attributes. MESS analysis showed reliable outputs for 82.5% of the watershed. SMU distribution across the watershed was: Typic Rhodudult (56%), Typic Hapludult* (13%), Typic Dystrudept (10%), Typic Endoaquent + Fluventic Dystrudept (10%), Typic Hapludult (9.5%) and Rhodic Hapludox + Typic Hapludox (2%).

Natural variation of arsenic fractions in soils of the Brazilian Amazon.

Arsenic (As) in native soils of the Amazon rainforest is a concern due to its likely origin from the Andean rivers, which transport loads of sediments containing substantial amounts of trace elements coming from the cordilleras. Yet, unveiling soil As baseline concentrations in the Amazon basin is still a need because most studies in Brazil have been performed in areas with predominantly high concentrations and cannot express a real baseline value for the region. In this study, 414 soil samples (0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm layers) were collected from different sites throughout the Amazon basin - including native Amazon rainforest and minimally disturbed areas - and used to determine total and extractable (soluble + available) As concentrations along with relevant soil physicochemical properties. Descriptive statistics of the data was performed and Pearson correlation supported by a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) provided an improved understanding of where and how As concentrations are influenced by soil attributes. Total As concentration ranged from 0.98 to 41.71 mg kg-1 with values usually increasing from the topsoil (0-20 cm) to the deepest layer (40-60 cm) in all sites studied. Considering the proportional contribution given by each fraction (soluble and available) on extractable As concentration, it is noticeable that KH2PO4-extractable As represents the most important fraction, with >70% of the As extracted on average in all the sites studied. Still, the extractable fractions (soluble + available) correspond to ~0.24% of the total As, on average. Total, available, and soluble As fractions were strongly and positively correlated with soil Al3+. The PCA indicated that soil pH in combination with CEC might be the key factors controlling soil As concentrations and the occurrence of each arsenic fraction in the soil layers.

Multiple linear regression and random forest to predict and map soil properties using data from portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (pXRF) / Regressão linear múltipla e random forest para predição e mapeamento de atributos do solo utilizando dados de espectrômetro portátil de fluorescência de raios-X (pXRF)

ABSTRACT Determination of soil properties ​​helps in the correct management of soil fertility. The portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (pXRF) has been recently adopted to determine total chemical element contents in soils, allowing soil property inferences. However, these studies are still scarce in Brazil and other countries. The objectives of this work were to predict soil properties using pXRF data, comparing stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) and random forest (RF) methods, as well as mapping and validating soil properties. 120 soil samples were collected at three depths and submitted to laboratory analyses. pXRF was used in the samples and total element contents were determined. From pXRF data, SMLR and RF were used to predict soil laboratory results, reflecting soil properties, and the models were validated. The best method was used to spatialize soil properties. Using SMLR, models had high values of R² (≥0.8), however the highest accuracy was obtained in RF modeling. Exchangeable Ca, Al, Mg, potential and effective cation exchange capacity, soil organic matter, pH, and base saturation had adequate adjustment and accurate predictions with RF. Eight out of the 10 soil properties predicted by RF using pXRF data had CaO as the most important variable helping predictions, followed by P2O5, Zn and Cr. Maps generated using RF from pXRF data had high accuracy for six soil properties, reaching R2 up to 0.83. pXRF in association with RF can be used to predict soil properties with high accuracy at low cost and time, besides providing variables aiding digital soil mapping.

RESUMO A determinação de atributos do solo auxilia no correto manejo da sua fertilidade. O equipamento portátil de fluorescência de raios-X (pXRF) foi recentemente adotado para determinar o teor total de elementos químicos em solos, permitindo inferências sobre atributos do solo. No entanto, esses estudos ainda são escassos no Brasil e em outros países. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram prever atributos do solo a partir de dados do pXRF, comparando-se os métodos de regressão linear múltipla stepwise (SMLR) e de random forest (RF), além de mapear e validar atributos do solo. 120 amostras de solo foram coletadas em três profundidades e submetidas a análises laboratoriais. Utilizou-se o pXRF para leitura das amostras e determinou-se o teor total de elementos. A partir dos dados do pXRF, foram utilizadas SMLR e RF para predizer resultados laboratoriais, que refletem atributos do solo, e os modelos foram validados. O melhor método foi utilizado para espacializar os atributos do solo. Utilizando SMLR, os modelos apresentaram valores elevados de R² (≥0,8), porém maior acurácia foi obtida na modelagem com RF. A capacidade de troca de cátions potencial e efetiva, matéria orgânica do solo, pH, saturação por bases e teores trocáveis de Ca, Al e Mg apresentaram ajustes adequados e predições acuradas com RF. Dos dez atributos do solo preditos por RF a partir de dados do pXRF, sete apresentavam CaO como a variável mais importante para auxiliar as predições, seguido por P2O5, Zn e Cr. Os mapas gerados a partir de dados do pXRF usando RF apresentaram adequados valores de R² para seis atributos do solo, atingindo R2 de até 0,83. O pXRF em associação com RF pode ser usado para prever atributos do solo com elevada acurácia, com rapidez e a baixo custo, além de proporcionar variáveis que auxiliam o mapeamento digital de solos.

Hybrid kriging methods for interpolating sparse river bathymetry point data / Métodos híbridos de krigagem para interpolação de levantamentos batimétricos fluviais

ABSTRACT Terrain models that represent riverbed topography are used for analyzing geomorphologic changes, calculating water storage capacity, and making hydrologic simulations. These models are generated by interpolating bathymetry points. River bathymetry is usually surveyed through cross-sections, which may lead to a sparse sampling pattern. Hybrid kriging methods, such as regression kriging (RK) and co-kriging (CK) employ the correlation with auxiliary predictors, as well as inter-variable correlation, to improve the predictions of the target variable. In this study, we use the orthogonal distance of a (x, y) point to the river centerline as a covariate for RK and CK. Given that riverbed elevation variability is abrupt transversely to the flow direction, it is expected that the greater the Euclidean distance of a point to the thalweg, the greater the bed elevation will be. The aim of this study was to evaluate if the use of the proposed covariate improves the spatial prediction of riverbed topography. In order to asses such premise, we perform an external validation. Transversal cross-sections are used to make the spatial predictions, and the point data surveyed between sections are used for testing. We compare the results from CK and RK to the ones obtained from ordinary kriging (OK). The validation indicates that RK yields the lowest RMSE among the interpolators. RK predictions represent the thalweg between cross-sections, whereas the other methods under-predict the river thalweg depth. Therefore, we conclude that RK provides a simple approach for enhancing the quality of the spatial prediction from sparse bathymetry data.

RESUMO Modelos de terreno de rios são usados para análise de mudanças geomorfológicas e para simulações hidrológicas. Estes modelos são interpolados a partir de pontos batimétricos. A batimetria fluvial é geralmente conduzida através de seções transversais, o que pode acarretar em uma malha amostral esparsa. Métodos híbridos de krigagem, como krigagem por regressão (KR) e co-krigagem (CK), empregam a correlação com preditores auxiliares, além da auto-correlação entre variáveis, na predição da variável resposta. Neste estudo, sugere-se que a distância ortogonal de um ponto até a linha de centro do talvegue de um rio pode ser usada como covariável para KR e CK. Considerando-se que a variabilidade da cota do leito do rio é abrupta transversalmente a direção do fluxo, espera-se que quanto maior a distância euclidiana de um ponto até o talvegue, maior será sua elevação. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o uso da covariável proposta em métodos híbridos de krigagem para a predição espacial da topografia do leito de rios. Para tanto, foi realizada uma validação externa, em que seções transversais foram usadas para interpolação e dados levantados entre as seções consistiram na amostra de teste. Os resultados da KR e CK foram comparados aos da krigagem ordinária. A KR apresentou a menor REQM. No mapa resultante da KR, o talvegue foi preservado nas lacunas não amostradas entre as seções, enquanto os demais métodos subestimaram a profundidade do talvegue nestes espaços. Assim, conclui-se que a KR pode melhorar a predição espacial de dados batimétricos fluviais.

Fonoaudiologia X ronco/apneia do sono / Speech therapy and snore and sleep apnea

TEMA: sendo o sono necessário para termos energia, o ronco e a apneia do sono tornam-se obstáculos que acarretam problemas de saúde, como também problemas sociais, conjugais, escolares, entre outros. OBJETIVO: contribuir para um maior conhecimento do profissional fonoaudiólogo sobre as causas, consequências, diagnóstico e formas de tratamento da apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS), a fim de favorecer a definição da conduta por este profissional, seja ela, encaminhar para um diagnóstico, tratar (por meio de fonoterapia) essa patologia ou indicar o tratamento médico, seja ele, cirúrgico ou conservador. CONCLUSÃO: as possíveis alterações fonoaudiológicas encontradas nestes pacientes são: língua alargada apresentando hipotonia, palato mole com volume aumentado, dificuldade na alimentação devido ao aporte insuficiente de ar e ao bruxismo, possivelmente causado pela tensão e ansiedade decorrentes das noites mal dormidas. Outras alterações podem ser encontradas decorrentes do tratamento cirúrgico empregado em alguns casos, como a disfagia ou até mesmo alterações na fala e na ressonância da fala decorrente de uma uvulopalatoplastia. O enfoque do tratamento fonoaudiológico é a mioterapia dos músculos envolvidos, priorizando a musculatura palatal. Percebe-se que o fonoaudiólogo pode contribuir para amenizar os sintomas encontrados nestas patologias, proporcionando uma qualidade de vida melhor aos seus portadores.

BACKGROUND: sleeping is necessary to provide us with energy. However, snoring and sleep apnea become obstacles that cause not only health problems, but also social, marital and educational issues. PURPOSE: contribute with a better understanding of the causes to the speech therapist, as well as the diagnosis and forms of treatment for Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA). Facilitate the definition of conduct by the therapist, be it a guide for a diagnosis, a treatment for that disease (through speech therapy) or the indication of medical treatment (surgical or conservative). CONCLUSION: some possible speech pathologies found in these patients are: enlarged tongue presenting hypotonia, soft palate with increased volume, difficulty in feeding due to insufficient intake of air and bruxism, possibly caused by tension and anxiety of bad night's sleep. Other changes can be found due to surgical treatment used in some cases, such as dysphagia or even alterations in speech and resonance of speech caused by an uvulopalatoplasty. The focus of speech therapy is the myotherapy of the involved muscles, prioritizing the palatal muscles. It is perceived that the speech therapists can help to ease the symptoms found in these diseases, providing a better life quality for their patients.

Levantamento pedológico e sistema de informações geográficas naavaliação do uso das terras em sub-bacia hidrográfica de Minas Gerais / Pedologic survey and geographic information system for evaluation of land use within a small watershed, Minas Gerais State, Brazil

A aptidão agrícola das terras consiste em uma classificação técnica que identifica o potencial agrícola de utilização das mesmas, considerando as limitações do solo em níveis de manejo diferenciados a partir das informações geradas em um levantamento pedológico. O cruzamento dos dados de aptidão agrícola e uso atual das terras em ambiente SIG (Sistema de Informações Geográficas) consiste numa ferramenta adequada de planejamento, pois permite determinar a inadequação entre uso e aptidão agrícola, dando bases sustentáveis à exploração. Neste estudo, foram realizadas a avaliação da aptidão agrícola das terras e seu uso atual com auxílio de imagens de satélite e observações de campo, e a identificação de Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APPs) em uma sub-bacia hidrográfica da Bacia do Alto Rio Grande, MG. Com base no levantamento de solos, a utilização do sensoriamento remoto, por meio de imagens de satélites, aliado ao ambiente SIG, constituem-se em ferramentas adequadas para avaliação da aptidão agrícola e uso atual das terras, e permitem o monitoramento das áreas da sub-bacia hidrográfica. O levantamento pedológico forneceu uma base segura e real para que, com o auxílio de ferramentas de geoprocessamento, os mapas resultantes tivessem melhor qualidade e representassem com acurácia os diferentes ambientes naturais na paisagem da sub-bacia hidrográfica. Ocorreu o predomínio de usos da terra menos intensivos que os das classes de aptidão agrícola encontradas. As Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APPs) estão recebendo os mais diferentes usos agrícolas, caracterizando uma inadequação entre a legislação ambiental e o uso atual da terra.

The land agricultural suitability is a technical classification that identifies the agricultural potential of land use, considering the soil limitations at differential management levels from the information generated in a pedologic survey. The cross reference of data involving land agricultural suitability and land use in Geographical Information System (GIS) is an adequate tool for planning, because it allows to determine the inadequacy between land use and land agricultural suitability, giving bases to sustainable exploration. Therefore, we evaluated in this work the land agricultural suitability and the current use of the land mediated by satellite images and field observations, for the identification of permanent preservation areas (PPAs) in a small watershed from Alto Rio Grande basin - MG. Based on soil survey, the utilization of remote sensing, by means of satellite images, in association with GIS, constitutes adequate tools to evaluate the land suitability and current use, and allows monitoring areas of the small watershed. The pedologic survey supplied a secure and real basis for this purpose and with the help of geoprocessing tools, the resulting maps had better quality and represented with accuracy the different natural environments in the landscape of the hydrographic small watershed. We observed a dominance of less intensive land use in relation to the agricultural suitability classes found here. The permanent preservation areas (PPAs) are receiving a variety of agricultural uses, which characterizes an inadequacy between the environmental legislation and the current land use.

Levantamento detalhado de solos da microbacia hidrográfica do horto florestal Terra Dura (RS) e considerações sobre escalas de mapeamento / Detailed soil survey of the hydrographic small watershed of Terra Dura (RS) forestry garden and considerations about mapping scales

A utilização adequada de informações contidas em levantamentos de solos fornece subsídios para o planejamento de diversas áreas de atividade, sejam agrícolas ou não-agrícolas. Entretanto, tem-se observado a ampliação dos mapas de solos de microbacias hidrográficas e de municípios, a partir de mapas de pequena escala, sem trabalhos de campo. Essa prática, no entanto, não é aconselhável, podendo levar à interpretações incorretas. Assim, este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de executar o levantamento detalhado de solos de uma microbacia hidrográfica localizada no estado do Rio Grande do Sul e comparar as informações obtidas pelo levantamento detalhado de solos, escala 1:10.000, com aquelas dos mapas ampliados do levantamento de reconhecimento de solos daquele estado, escala 1:750.000, e do levantamento exploratório, escala 1:1.000.000. As unidades de mapeamento de solos foram quantificadas quanto à área de abrangência e porcentagem da área ocupada. O levantamento detalhado permitiu identificar doze unidades de mapeamento de solos na microbacia, ao passo que os mapas ampliados de solos identificaram apenas uma. Em torno de 40 por cento da área da microbacia, atributos relevantes à aptidão silvicultural das terras para o cultivo do eucalipto não puderam ser adequadamente avaliados pelos mapas de escala pequena ampliados.

The adequate utilization of information gathered from soil survey furnishes subsides for planning projects on diverse areas of activity, being agricultural or non-agricultural. However, it is being observed an increase of soil maps of hydrographic small watersheds and counties developed from small-scale maps without fieldwork. This practice is not recommended since it can lead to wrong interpretations. So, this work had the objective to perform the detailed soil survey of a hydrographic small watershed situated in Rio Grande do Sul State and to compare the information obtained from the detailed soil survey (1:10,000 scale) to those from the amplified maps of reconnaissance soil survey of that state, (1:750,000 scale) and of the exploratory soil survey (1:1,000,000 scale). The soil mapping units were quantified in terms of geographical expression area and percentage of total area. The detailed soil survey identified 12 soil mapping units in the small watershed, while the amplified soil maps identified only one. In about 40 percent of the small watershed area, important attributes of forestry suitability for eucalyptus cultivation could not be adequately evaluated from amplified small-scale maps.

Efeito hipotensivo dos exercícios resistidos realizados em diferentes intervalos de recuperação / Hypotensive effect of strength training with different rest intervals

Objetivo: Analisar e comparar o efeito hipotensivo da pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e da pressão arterial diastólica (PAD) pós-exercícios resistidos (40 minutos) entre duas sessões de exercícios com o mesmo volume, porém em diferentes intervalos de recuperação. métodos: Foram estudados 15 jovens voluntários do sexo masculino (idade 22,67 mais ou menos 3,2 anos, massa corporal 70,29 mais ou menos 7,34kg, estatura 172 mais ou menos 6,6cm, IMC 23,52 mais ou menos 1,97 kg/m quadrado) com prévia experiência no treinamento contra resistência (TCR). Antes da coleta de dados foi realizado o teste de 5 repetições máximas (5-RM) nos seguintes exercícios: supino horizontal, leg press 45 graus, remada baixa, mesa flexora, desenvolvimento com halteres e flexão plantar. Após 48 h dos testes de 5RM foi realizada a sessão de treinamento em dois dias não consecutivos (totalizando 3 dias de coleta de dados): 1 dia - execução dos exercícios do protocolo com 3 séries de 10 repetições com 70 por cento de 5RM com 1 minuto de intervalo entre as séries e os exercícios (Grupo 1), 2 dia - o mesmo procedimento do 1 dia, porém utilizando 2 minutos de intervalo entre as séries e os exercícios (Grupo 2). A PA foi aferida em repouso, ao esforço, aos 10 min, 20 min, 30 min e aos 40 min após o esforço, através do método auscultatório. Foi utilizado uma ANOVA para análises intragrupos e o teste t de Student para as análises...