El nivel de la hormona paratiroidea (PTH) y no el de fósforo sérico es predictor de la progresión de la enfermedad renal en pacientes mayores con enfermedad renal crónica avanzada / PTH levels and not serum phosphorus levels are a predictor of the progression of kidney disease in elderly patients with advanced chronic kidney disease

Antecedentes: En la actualidad hay una elevada incidencia de pacientes ancianos con enfermedad renal crónica avanzada (ERCA), siendo importante conocer la evolución a largo plazo y qué factores influyen. Objetivos: Analizar la evolución de la ERCA en pacientes ancianos y la influencia del metabolismo óseo-mineral. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de 125 pacientes ≥70años con ERC 4-5, que iniciaron seguimiento desde el 1 de enero de 2007 al 31 de diciembre de 2008, observándose la progresión de la ERC (medida con la pendiente de la línea de regresión del filtrado glomerular estimado [FGe] obtenido mediante MDRD-4) durante 5años. Resultados: Progresión grupo completo (mediana y percentiles 25 y 75): -1,15 (-2,80/0,17) ml/min/1,73m2/año, ERC-4: -1,3 (-2,8/0,03) ml/min/1,73m2/año, ERC-5: -1,03 (-3/0,8) ml/min/1,73m2/año; pendiente de línea de regresión positiva en 35 pacientes (28%: ERC no progresa) y negativa 90 pacientes (72%: ERC progresa). Correlación (Spearman) negativa (progresión más lenta): hormona paratiroidea (PTH), albuminuria/Cr, excreción diaria de Na (todos basales). No se correlacionó con FGe, P sérico, excreción urinaria de P, ingesta proteica e ingesta de P (todas basales). Regresión lineal (variable dependiente: pendiente de progresión): albuminuria y PTH (ambos a nivel basal) influyeron de forma independiente en dicha variable. Regresión logística (progresa vs. no progresa): PTH, albuminuria y FGe (todos basales) influyeron de forma significativa. Conclusiones: En nuestro grupo de pacientes de edad avanzada el deterioro de la función renal es muy lento, especialmente en los pacientes en estadio5. La albuminuria y la PTH al inicio del seguimiento son factores pronósticos en la evolución de su función renal (AU)

Background: At present, there is a high incidence of elderly patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) and it is important to know the long term progression and the factors that influence it. Objectives: To analyse the progression of advanced CKD in elderly patients and the influence of bone-mineral metabolism. Methods: Retrospective study of 125 patients ≥70years of age with CKD stages 4-5 who started follow-up from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2008, showing the progression of CKD (measured by the slope of the regression line of the estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] by MDRD-4) over 5years. Results: Progression in the entire group (median and 25th and 75th percentiles): -1.15 (-2.8/0.17) ml/min/1.73m2/year, CKD-4: -1.3 (-2.8/0.03) ml/min/1.73m2/year, CKD-5: -1.03 (-3.0/0.8) ml/min/1.73m2/year; the slope of the regression line was positive in 35 patients (28%: CKD does not progress) and negative in 90 patients (72%: CKD progresses). Negative correlation (Spearman) (slower progression): PTH, albumin/Cr ratio and daily Na excretion (all baseline measurements). No correlation with eGFR, serum P, urinary P excretion, protein intake and intake of P (all baseline measurements). In the linear regression analysis (dependent variable: slope of progression): albuminuria and PTH (both at baseline measurements) influenced this variable independently. Logistic regression (progresses vs. does not progress): PTH, albuminuria and eGFR (all at baseline measurements) influenced significantly. Conclusions: In our group of elderly patients, impairment of renal function is slow, particularly in CKD-5 patients. Albuminuria and PTH at baseline levels are prognostic factors in the evolution of renal function (AU)

PTH levels and not serum phosphorus levels are a predictor of the progression of kidney disease in elderly patients with advanced chronic kidney disease. / El nivel de la hormona paratiroidea (PTH) y no el de fósforo sérico es predictor de la progresión de la enfermedad renal en pacientes mayores con enfermedad renal crónica avanzada.

BACKGROUND: At present, there is a high incidence of elderly patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) and it is important to know the long term progression and the factors that influence it. OBJECTIVES: To analyse the progression of advanced CKD in elderly patients and the influence of bone-mineral metabolism. METHODS: Retrospective study of 125 patients ≥70years of age with CKD stages 4-5 who started follow-up from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2008, showing the progression of CKD (measured by the slope of the regression line of the estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] by MDRD-4) over 5years. RESULTS: Progression in the entire group (median and 25th and 75th percentiles): -1.15 (-2.8/0.17) ml/min/1.73m2/year, CKD-4: -1.3 (-2.8/0.03) ml/min/1.73m2/year, CKD-5: -1.03 (-3.0/0.8) ml/min/1.73m2/year; the slope of the regression line was positive in 35 patients (28%: CKD does not progress) and negative in 90 patients (72%: CKD progresses). Negative correlation (Spearman) (slower progression): PTH, albumin/Cr ratio and daily Na excretion (all baseline measurements). No correlation with eGFR, serum P, urinary P excretion, protein intake and intake of P (all baseline measurements). In the linear regression analysis (dependent variable: slope of progression): albuminuria and PTH (both at baseline measurements) influenced this variable independently. Logistic regression (progresses vs. does not progress): PTH, albuminuria and eGFR (all at baseline measurements) influenced significantly. CONCLUSIONS: In our group of elderly patients, impairment of renal function is slow, particularly in CKD-5 patients. Albuminuria and PTH at baseline levels are prognostic factors in the evolution of renal function.

Supervivencia de pacientes de edad avanzada (≥ 70 años) con enfermedad crónica estadios 4-5: diálisis vs tratamiento conservador / Survival of patients ≥ 70 years with advanced chronic kidney disease: Dialysis vs. conservative care

Introducción: Los pacientes de edad avanzada que llegan a enfermedad renal crónica avanzada (ERCA) se han incrementado en los últimos años. No hay evidencia de la mejor actitud terapéutica en estos pacientes. Objetivos: Observar la evolución de pacientes ancianos en consulta de ERCA (estadios 4 y 5) y comparar la supervivencia de los pacientes con ERC estadio 5 tratados con diálisis o no. Material y métodos: Se incluyó a todos los pacientes con ≥70 años que iniciaron seguimiento en consulta de ERCA desde el 1-1-2007 hasta el 31-12-2008 y se observó su evolución hasta el 31-12-2013. Se recogieron datos demográficos, índice de comorbilidad de Charlson, antecedentes de cardiopatía isquémica (CI) y diabetes mellitus (DM). Resultados: Se estudió a 314 pacientes con ERC estadios 4 y 5 con ≥70 años, 162 de los cuales estaban en el momento del inicio del seguimiento o a lo largo del mismo en estadio 5; 69 de estos pacientes recibieron tratamiento con diálisis. En el grupo estadio 5: mediana de edad de 77 años (74-81); 48% CI; 50% DM; Charlson 7 (6-9). Supervivencia Kaplan-Meier: ≥70 años (93 vs. 69 pacientes con diálisis) log rank: 15 (p<0,001), con ≥75 años (74 vs. 46 pacientes con diálisis; log rank: 8,9; p = 0,003), con ≥80 años (40 vs. 15 pacientes con diálisis) y p=0,2. Los pacientes que recibieron tratamiento con diálisis tenían menor edad e índice de Charlson y el tiempo de seguimiento en consulta era inferior. Conclusiones: En nuestro estudio el tratamiento con diálisis mejora la supervivencia, si bien esta ventaja se pierde en los pacientes con ≥80 años (AU)

Introduction: The number of elderly patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (ACKD) has increased in recent years, and the best therapeutic approach has not been determined due to a lack of evidence. Objectives: To observe the progression of elderly patients with ACKD (stages 4 and 5) and to compare the survival of stage 5 CKD patients with and without dialysis treatment. Material and methods: All patients ≥70 years who began ACKD follow-up from 01/01/2007 to 31/12/2008 were included, and their progression was observed until 31/12/2013. Demographic data, the Charlson comorbidity index, history of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) were assessed. Results: A total of 314 patients ≥70 years with stages 4 and 5 CKD were studied. Of these patients, 162 patients had stage 5 CKD at the beginning of follow-up or progressed to stage 5 during the study, and 69 of these patients were treated with dialysis. In the stage 5 group: median age was 77 years (74-81); 48% had IHD; 50% had DM, Charlson 7 (6-9). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis: ≥70 years (93 vs. 69 patients with dialysis, log rank: 15P<.001); patients ≥75 years (74 vs. 46 patients with dialysis, log rank: 8.9 P=.003); patients ≥80 (40 vs. 15 patients with dialysis) and p=0,2. Patients receiving dialysis were younger, with a lower Charlson comorbidity index and shorter follow-up time. Conclusions: Our study shows that dialysis treatment improves survival, although this benefit is lost in patients ≥80 years (AU)

Survival of patients ≥70 years with advanced chronic kidney disease: Dialysis vs. conservative care. / Supervivencia de pacientes de edad avanzada (≥70 años) con enfermedad crónica estadios 4-5: diálisis vs tratamiento conservador.

INTRODUCTION: The number of elderly patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (ACKD) has increased in recent years, and the best therapeutic approach has not been determined due to a lack of evidence. OBJECTIVES: To observe the progression of elderly patients with ACKD (stages 4 and 5) and to compare the survival of stage 5 CKD patients with and without dialysis treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All patients ≥70 years who began ACKD follow-up from 01/01/2007 to 31/12/2008 were included, and their progression was observed until 31/12/2013. Demographic data, the Charlson comorbidity index, history of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 314 patients ≥70 years with stages 4 and 5 CKD were studied. Of these patients, 162 patients had stage 5 CKD at the beginning of follow-up or progressed to stage 5 during the study, and 69 of these patients were treated with dialysis. In the stage 5 group: median age was 77 years (74-81); 48% had IHD; 50% had DM, Charlson 7 (6-9). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis: ≥70 years (93 vs. 69 patients with dialysis, log rank: 15 P<.001); patients ≥75 years (74 vs. 46 patients with dialysis, log rank: 8.9 P=.003); patients ≥80 (40 vs. 15 patients with dialysis) and p=0,2. Patients receiving dialysis were younger, with a lower Charlson comorbidity index and shorter follow-up time. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that dialysis treatment improves survival, although this benefit is lost in patients ≥80 years.

Resistencia a eritropoyetina y supervivencia en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica 4-5 no-D y enfermedad cardíaca / Erythropoietin resistance and survival in non-dialysis patients with stage 4-5 chronic kidney disease and heart disease

Antecedentes: Los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) tienen con frecuencia patología cardíaca asociada. La coincidencia de ambos procesos puede potenciar la inflamación, aumentando los requerimientos de eritropoyetina (EPO) y empeorando la supervivencia. Objetivos: Conocer la prevalencia de patología cardíaca, su influencia en la dosis de EPO y la de ambos factores sobre la mortalidad en pacientes con ERC 4-5 no-D (no diálisis). Métodos: 134 pacientes (68% con EPO al inicio y el 72,3% a lo largo del seguimiento) seguidos durante 36 meses. Para evaluar la respuesta a la EPO se utilizó su índice de resistencia a la eritropoyetina (IRE): dosis de EPO semanal/peso/hemoglobina (Hb); el IRE se estimó basalmente y durante el período de los seis meses precedentes a la finalización del estudio. Resultados: 39 pacientes (29,1%), antecedentes de cardiopatía; 22 (16,4%), episodios de insuficiencia cardíaca (IC). El IRE fue superior en los pacientes con antecedentes de cardiopatía, con IC y en los tratados con inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina/antagonistas de los receptores de angiotensina II; en el análisis multivariante (IRE como variable dependiente) compusieron el modelo final: ferritina, Hb, función renal y episodios de IC. Durante el período de seguimiento, 39 pacientes fallecieron. La supervivencia (Kaplan-Meier) a los 36 meses fue inferior en los pacientes con un IRE superior a la mediana (2,6 UI semana/kg/g de Hb en 100 ml) (p = 0,002), los que habían sufrido episodios de IC (p = 0,001) y los que tenían antecedentes de cardiopatía (p < 0,001). Conclusiones: Los pacientes con antecedentes cardiológicos en general y de IC en particular tienen un IRE aumentado. Tanto la presencia de estos antecedentes como un mayor IRE se asocian a la disminución de la supervivencia, pudiendo considerarse el IRE como marcador de riesgo de muerte a corto-medio plazo (AU)

Introduction: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) frequently suffer from heart disease as well. The combination of the two processes can exacerbate inflammation, resulting in increases in both resistance to erythropoietin (EPO) and mortality. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of heart disease in a representative group of non-dialysis patients with stage 4-5 CKD, and the influence of that entity on EPO requirements and on mortality during a period of 36 months. Methods: 134 patients (68% on EPO at the beginning, increasing to 72.3% during follow-up) were monitored for 36 months. To evaluate the dose-response effect of EPO therapy, we used the erythropoietin resistance index (ERI) calculated as the weekly weight-adjusted dose of EPO divided by the haemoglobin level. The ERI was determined both initially and during the last six months before the end of the study. Results: 39 patients (29.1%) had history of heart disease; 22 (16.4%) had suffered from heart failure (HF). The ERI was higher in patients with a history of heart disease or HF and those treated with drugs acting on the renin-angiotensin system (ACE inhibitors or ARBs). Using ERI as the dependent variable in the multivariate analysis, the variables that composed the final model were ferritin, haemoglobin, glomerular filtration rate and history of HF. The 36 month mortality rate (n=39 patients) was higher in the group having ERI above the median (2.6IU/week/kg/gram of haemoglobin in 100ml) (P=.002), and in the groups with heart disease (P=.001) or HF (P=.001) according to the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Conclusions: Patients with history of heart disease or HF have a higher ERI, and all of these characteristics are associated with lower survival. ERI can be considered a marker for risk of death in the short to-medium term (AU)

Erythropoietin resistance and survival in non-dialysis patients with stage 4-5 chronic kidney disease and heart disease.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) frequently suffer from heart disease as well. The combination of the two processes can exacerbate inflammation, resulting in increases in both resistance to erythropoietin (EPO) and mortality. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of heart disease in a representative group of non-dialysis patients with stage 4-5 CKD, and the influence of that entity on EPO requirements and on mortality during a period of 36 months. METHODS: 134 patients (68% on EPO at the beginning, increasing to 72.3% during follow-up) were monitored for 36 months. To evaluate the dose-response effect of EPO therapy, we used the erythropoietin resistance index (ERI) calculated as the weekly weight-adjusted dose of EPO divided by the haemoglobin level. The ERI was determined both initially and during the last six months before the end of the study. RESULTS: 39 patients (29.1%) had history of heart disease; 22 (16.4%) had suffered from heart failure (HF). The ERI was higher in patients with a history of heart disease or HF and those treated with drugs acting on the renin-angiotensin system (ACE inhibitors or ARBs). Using ERI as the dependent variable in the multivariate analysis, the variables that composed the final model were ferritin, haemoglobin, glomerular filtration rate and history of HF. The 36 month mortality rate (n=39 patients) was higher in the group having ERI above the median (2.6IU/week/kg/gram of haemoglobin in 100ml) (P=.002), and in the groups with heart disease (P=.001) or HF (P=.001) according to the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with history of heart disease or HF have a higher ERI, and all of these characteristics are associated with lower survival. ERI can be considered a marker for risk of death in the short to-medium term.

Obesidad y supervivencia a los 5 años en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica avanzada / Obesity and survival after 5 years in patients with advanced chronic renal insufficiency

En los últimos años se han publicado diversos estudios en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica en hemodiálisis en los que se demuestra "paradójicamente" que, al contrario que en la población general, la obesidad, medida a través del índice de masa corporal, se relaciona con mejor supervivencia. En este trabajo hemos estudiado la influencia de la obesidad en la supervivencia a los 5 años en pacientes con insuficiencia renal en Prediálisis. La muestra estaba formada por 160 pacientes, vistos por primera vez en la consulta de Prediálisis desde el 1 de septiembre de 1998 a 31 de octubre de 1999. Se recogieron de la Historia de Enfermería los datos para calcular el IMC (peso (Kg)/ altura2) en la primera (basal) y última (final) visita en Consulta Prediálisis. Consideramos obeso al paciente con IMC=30.De los 157 pacientes que conocimos la evolución a los 5 años: 85 (54%) permanecían vivos: 19 seguían en Prediálisis, 43 en diálisis y 23 con un trasplante funcionante; Los pacientes con un IMC=30 tenían una supervivencia en meses inferior a los no obesos (53=24 vs 61=19 meses p= 0,04), es decir, la obesidad, definida como IMC=30, influye negativamente en la supervivencia a los 5 años en nuestra población de pacientes con insuficiencia renal avanzada atendidos en la Consulta Prediálisis (AU)

In recent years a number of studies have been published on patients with chronic renal insufficiency undergoing haemodialysis in which it is shown "paradoxically" that, contrary to what occurs in the population in general, obesity, measured through the body mass index, is related to better survival. Here we have studied the influence of obesity on survival after 5 years in patients with renal insufficiency in predialysis. The sample was made up of 160 patients, seen for the first time in the predialysis clinic between 1 September 1998 and 31 October 1999. The data required to calculate their BMI (weight (kg)/height2) was taken from the nursing case history on the first (basal) and last (final) predialysis visit. We considered patients with BMI=30 to be obese. Of the 157 patients whose evolution after 5 years is known to us: 85 (54%) were still alive: 19 were still in predialysis, 43 on dialysis and 23 with a functioning transplant. The patients with a BMI=30 had a lower survival in months than the non-obese patients (53±24 compared to 61±19 months p= 0.04), in other words, obesity defined as IMC=30 has a negative effect on survival after 5 years in our population of patients with advanced renal insufficiency treated in the predialysis clinic (AU)