Improving radiology: a whole-system opportunity.

In this article, we set out the current context and case for change in radiology in England and how quality-improvement approaches can support the development of sustainable Imaging services and networks to meet the challenges faced now and in the future.

Neurological and cardiac symptomatology in a teenager in the context of chronic nitrous oxide use: A case report.

Chronic use of nitrous oxide can lead to motor complications. We report the case of a 15-year-old boy with rapid onset of lower limb paralysis after massive nitrous oxide intake. He had been previously hospitalized for the same symptoms, but did not mention the use of nitrous oxide and no etiology was found. During hospitalization, he presented with two consecutive self-limited episodes of ventricular tachycardia. Currently, no routine tests are performed to confirm nitrous oxide toxicity. This case highlights the recurrent nature of the motor deficits and suggests a possible association between motor deficits and cardiac rhythm disorders in the setting of nitrous oxide intoxication.

Unifying disparate rate-dependent rheological regimes in non-Brownian suspensions.

A typical dense non-Brownian particulate suspension exhibits shear thinning (decreasing viscosity) at low shear rate or stress followed by a Newtonian plateau (constant viscosity) at intermediate shear rate or stress values which transitions to shear thickening (increasing viscosity) beyond a critical shear rate or stress value and finally undergoes a second shear thinning transition at extremely high shear rate or stress values. In this study, we unify and quantitatively reproduce all the disparate rate-dependent regimes and the corresponding transitions for a dense non-Brownian suspension with increasing shear rate or stress. We employ discrete particle dynamics simulations based on the proposed mechanism to elucidate its accuracy. We find that a competition between interparticle interactions of hydrodynamic and nonhydrodynamic origins and the switching in the dominant stress scale with increasing the shear rate or stress lead to each of the above transitions. Inclusion of traditional hydrodynamic interactions, attractive or repulsive Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) interactions the interparticle contact interactions, and a constant friction (or other constraint mechanism) reproduces the initial thinning as well as the shear thickening transition. However, to quantitatively capture the intermediate Newtonian plateau and the second shear thinning, an additional nonhydrodynamic interaction of non-DLVO origin and a decreasing coefficient of friction, respectively, are essential, thus providing an explanation for the presence of the intermediate Newtonian plateau along with reproducing the second shear thinning in a single framework. Expressions utilized for various interactions and friction are determined from experimental measurements and hence result in excellent quantitative agreement between the simulations and previous experiments.

Systematic Study of L-Shell Opacity at Stellar Interior Temperatures.

The first systematic study of opacity dependence on atomic number at stellar interior temperatures is used to evaluate discrepancies between measured and modeled iron opacity [J. E. Bailey et al., Nature (London) 517, 56 (2015)NATUAS0028-083610.1038/nature14048]. High-temperature (>180 eV) chromium and nickel opacities are measured with ±6%-10% uncertainty, using the same methods employed in the previous iron experiments. The 10%-20% experiment reproducibility demonstrates experiment reliability. The overall model-data disagreements are smaller than for iron. However, the systematic study reveals shortcomings in models for density effects, excited states, and open L-shell configurations. The 30%-45% underestimate in the modeled quasicontinuum opacity at short wavelengths was observed only from iron and only at temperature above 180 eV. Thus, either opacity theories are missing physics that has nonmonotonic dependence on the number of bound electrons or there is an experimental flaw unique to the iron measurement at temperatures above 180 eV.

Frontiers of water oxidation: the quest for true catalysts.

Development of efficient and economic water oxidation catalysts (WOCs) remains a crucial bottleneck on the way to artificial photosynthesis applications. Over the past few decades, WOC research has turned into a fascinating interdisciplinary field that ranges from bio-inspired molecular design over nanomaterials and thin films to solid materials tuning. Under the umbrella of WOC optimization, advanced in situ/operando analytical techniques are being developed as increasingly powerful tools to elucidate the controversial discussions about the molecular or nanoscale nature of many WOCs. More and more of these approaches also enable the monitoring of possible key intermediates as an essential prerequisite for proposing catalytic mechanisms. This review is organized in three main parts: first, recent highlights outline frontiers in WOC development, such as the benefits of connecting molecular WOCs with solids along with the introduction of molecular concepts into heterogeneous WOC research. Next, a brief overview of emerging in situ/operando approaches demonstrates new options for monitoring WOC transformations. Finally, selected monitoring studies over the entire WOC dimensionality spectrum illustrate interesting cases of catalytic border crossings as new input for WOC construction.

Effect of Tocopheryl Acetate on Maternal Cigarette Smoke Exposed Swiss Albino Mice Inbred Fetus.

INTRODUCTION: Cigarette smoking is worldwide problem which can be correlated with teratogenicity. Tocopheryl acetate plays as an antioxidant against the oxidative stress evolved by cigarette smoke exposure during pregnancy. AIM: To study the effect of maternal exposure to cigarette smoke and Tocopheryl acetate on fetuses of mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pregnant mice randomly assigned to different groups (Group I (control), Group II (Tocopheryl acetate), Group III(soyabean oil used as vehicle for Tocopheryl acetate), Group IV (Cigarette smoke Exposed), Group V (Cigarette smoke exposed plus Tocopheryl acetate) and Group VI(Cigarette smoke exposed plus soyabean oil) were exposed to cigarette smoke 3 times a day for 20 minutes each time and Tocopheryl acetate with dose of 200mg/kg/day in 0.3ml of soyabean oil as vehicle orally through oral gavage from the 5th day of gestation to 15th day. RESULTS: Cigarette smoke exposed mice showed significant fetal weight loss, resorption, placental anomalies, severe growth retardation, venous congestion, haemorrhage, limbs defects and enphalocele. Negligible abnormalities were seen among the control and Tocopheryl acetate group. Cigarette smoke exposed group with Tocopheryl acetate exhibited weight gain among the fetus as well as no gross abnormalities. The oxidative stress was significantly increased by increasing Malondialdehyde (MDA) 293±81.57 µmol/mg (p<0.0001) and decreasing Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) 1.43 ± 0.23mg/ml, (p<0.0001) Reduced Glutathione (GR) 0.017±0.002mg/ml, (p<0.01) and Catalase (CAT) 0.248±0.005mg/ml, (p<0.0001). Tocopheryl acetate induced group significantly maintained the oxidative stress with all p <0.0001. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that Tocopheryl acetate may have an ameliorating effect on the cigarette smoke during pregnancy on fetus.

Flavonoids as a scaffold for development of novel anti-angiogenic agents: An experimental and computational enquiry.

Relationship between structural diversity and biological activities of flavonoids has remained an important discourse in the mainstream of flavonoid research. In the current study anti-angiogenic, cytotoxic, antioxidant and cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitory activities of diverse class of flavonoids including hydroxyl and methoxy substituted flavones, flavonones and flavonols have been evaluated in the light of developing flavonoids as a potential scaffold for designing novel anti-antiangiogenic agents. We demonstrate anti-angiogenic potential of flavonoids using in vivo chorioallantoic membrane model (CAM) and further elaborate the possible structural reasoning behind observed anti-angiogenic effect using in silico methods. Additionally, we report antioxidant potential and kinetics of free radical scavenging activity using DPPH and SOR scavenging assays. Current study indicates that selected flavonoids possess considerable COX inhibition potential. Furthermore, we describe cytotoxicity of flavonoids against selected cancer cell lines using MTT cell viability assay. Structural analysis of in silico docking poses and predicted binding free energy values are not only in accordance with the experimental anti-angiogenic CAM values from this study but also are in agreement with the previously reported literature on crystallographic data concerning EGFR and VEGFR inhibition.

Papel de los cereales en la alimentación infantil / Role of the cereals in infant feeding

En el primer año de vida, la lactancia materna es el referente durante al menos los 6 primeros meses, pero hay una cierta dispersión de tendencias cuando se llega a la edad de introducir la alimentación complementaria. Tradicionalmente, los cereales han sido y son los primeros alimentos que se aconsejan como inicio de la alimentación complementaria. En los últimos tiempos se ha observado un descenso que posiblemente esté relacionado con algunos tópicos negativos, por lo que nos ha parecido oportuno actualizar su papel. Las características fisiológicas de los primeros años de vida son circunstancias que tienen gran importancia para conseguir una buena adaptación en la progresión de la alimentación atendiendo a las capacidades que el nuevo ser va adquiriendo en estos primeros años, preferentemente en sus funciones digestivas, renales y neuromusculares. Los cereales son una excelente fuente nutricional, pero no todos tienen las mismas propiedades, por lo que se repasa su composición para valorar los beneficios que representan en la salud del niño, tanto como aporte de la energía que va necesitando para cubrir sus necesidades, como para evitar deficiencias proteicas y de vitaminas y oligoelementos. No sólo es importante la cantidad, sino también la calidad y el contexto de una alimentación variada y equilibrada que ayude a compensar el resto de los aportes. Ya que los cereales son fundamentales en la alimentación de nuestros hijos, es bueno recordar algunas recomendaciones actualizadas sobre su uso en los diferentes periodos de la vida, ya sea en forma de papillas en los primeros meses o de cereales más complejos en etapas más avanzadas, así como resaltar la vigencia que conservan en la alimentación de los primeros años si se utilizan correctamente(AU)

In the first year, the breastfeeding is the gold standard for at least the first 6 months, but there is some dispersion of trends when it reaches the age of introducing complementary feeding. Traditionally, cereals are and have been the first foods that have been recommended as the start of complementary feeding. In recent times there has been a decline that is possibly related to some negative stereotypes so we thought it timely to update its role. The physiological characteristics of the first years of life are circumstances that are very important to get a good fit in the progression of food in response to the new capabilities will be acquired, in these early years, preferably in their digestive, renal and neuromuscular functions. Cereals are an excellent source of nutrition, but not everyone has the same properties, so it reviews the composition thereof, to assess the benefits that they have to the health of children, as well as the energy input is needed to cover their needs, and to avoid protected of deficits in vitamins and trace elements. Not only the quantity is important, it is undoubtedly the quality of them and place them in a context of varied and balanced diet that helps compensate the rest of the contributions. Being important cereals in the diet of our children, we should remember some updated recommendations in different periods of life will have on their use, either in the form of porridge in the early days, as more complex grain more advanced age and highlight the effect that conserve importance in the early years if used correctly(AU)

Time-resolved near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy on photo-induced phase transitions using a tabletop soft-x-ray spectrometer.

We present a table-top soft-x-ray spectrometer for the wavelength range λ = 1-5 nm based on a stable laser-driven x-ray source, making use of a gas-puff target. With this setup, optical light-pump/soft-x-ray probe near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) experiments with a temporal resolution of about 230 ps are feasible. Pump-probe NEXAFS measurements were carried out in the "water-window" region (2.28 nm-4.36 nm) on the manganite Pr(0.7)Ca(0.3)MnO(3), investigating diminutive changes of the oxygen K edge that derive from an optically induced phase transition. The results show the practicability of the table-top soft-x-ray spectrometer on demanding investigations so far exclusively conducted at synchrotron radiation sources.

[Validation of a nutritional screening tool for hospitalized pediatric patients]. / Validación de una herramienta de cribado nutricional para pacientes pediátricos hospitalizados.

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition among hospitalized patients has clinical implications, and interest has arisen to find screening tools able to identify subjects under risk. At present, there is no consensus about the most suitable nutrition screening tool for pediatric patients. AIM: To validate STAMP (Screening Tool for the Assessment of Malnutrition in Pediatrics) pediatric screening tool in Spain. METHODS: Descriptive cross-sectional study of patients admitted to a 3rd level children's hospital with both medical and surgical specialities. During the first 24 hours of admission, STAMP screening tool was applied. For its validation, results were compared with those obtained from a nutritional assessment performed by specialist staff, which included clinical, anthropometric and body composition data. RESULTS: A sample of 250 children was studied. Nutritional assessment identified 64 patients (25.6%) under risk, 40 of whom were malnourished (16%). STAMP classified 48.4% of the patients as being under nutritional risk. This tool showed 75% sensitivity and 60.8% specificity when identifying patients under risk according to nutritional assessment. It showed 90% sensitivity and 59.5% specificity when identifying malnourished patients. COMMENTS: Malnutrition was less frequent than that reported in other European countries, although diagnosis technique was different. STAMP is a simple and useful tool for nutritional screening, avoiding the need to assess all patients on admission in order to identify those under nutritional risk.

Polarization pyrometry: an improvement to multi-wavelength optical pyrometry.

We describe a new method that improves upon temperature measurement by optical pyrometry. The main uncertainty in the traditional pyrometry technique is the surface emissivity, which is generally unknown and hard to measure. A common approach to deal with this problem is to measure the thermal emission at multiple wavelengths - an approach called multi-wavelength pyrometry. However, this technique can still result in a level of uncertainty in the surface temperature that is unsatisfactory for scientific applications, such as a measurement of equation of state of warm dense matter. In contrast to the conventional multi-wavelength technique, in the polarization pyrometry approach described herein, p- and s-polarization components of thermal radiation at multiple-angles are used to deduce the temperature. This paper describes the concept and the results of an initial proof-of-principle static experiment with an electrically heated tungsten ribbon. It was found that in the same experiment, the accuracy of the polarization pyrometry measurement was substantially greater than that achieved using conventional multi-wavelength pyrometry.

Soporte nutricional en la enfermedad renal crónica / Nutritional support in chronic kidney disease

Los niños con una enfermedad renal crónica tienen un alto riesgo de desnutrición y requieren un soporte nutricional especializado, sobre todo en un estadio de la enfermedad mayor o igual a 2. La pérdida de función de un órgano metabólicamente tan activo entraña alteraciones en el metabolismo intermediario de los nutrientes, así como en la biodisponibilidad y la pérdida de éstos. El riñón enfermo tiene una pérdida de función progresiva en la que están implicados muchos factores, entre los que el factor nutricional es importante. El retraso de crecimiento es la afectación más importante durante la infancia. La alteración depende del grado de afectación y de la edad del paciente. El riesgo es mayor cuando la enfermedad es congénita, porque durante el primer año la velocidad de crecimiento es muy alta y los requerimientos nutricionales muy elevados y de difícil cobertura. Las alteraciones motoras del tracto gastrointestinal producen anorexia y vómitos que dificultan la ingesta; por ello, estos pacientes frecuentemente requieren suplementación nutricional y una nutrición enteral prolongada mediante gastrostomía, que en general es endoscópica percutánea (AU)

Children with chronic kidney disease are vulnerable to malnutrition, needing specific nutritional support to prevent it, especially when the disease is in a phase greater than 2 the loss of the function of such an active organ metabolically causes alteration in the intermediary metabolism of the nutrients, as well as in the nutrient bioavailability and losses. Several factors are involved in the progressive loss of renal function, and nutritional factors are very important. Growth retardation is the most important affectation during childhood; the alteration depends in the degree of affectation and the patient’s age. The risk is greater when the disease is congenital because during the first year the speed of the growth is very high and the nutritional requirements are very high and of very difficult coverage. The changes in motor skills of the gastrointestinal tract cause anorexia and vomits that cause difficulty in the consumption, due to this reason they frequently need nutritional supplementation and prolonged enteral nutrition through gastrostomy, which is generally percutaneous endoscopic (AU)

Indicaciones, vías de acceso y complicaciones de la nutrición enteral en pediatría / Indications, routes of access and complications of enteral nutrition in pediatrics

La evolución de la nutrición enteral (NE) dentro de la nutrición artificial en pediatría es manifiesta, tanto para el soporte del paciente desnutrido como para tratar patologías específicas, lo que da lugar al concepto de «alimento-medicamento». La indicación básica de la NE se da en el paciente que no consigue la cobertura energético-proteica adecuada con la ingesta oral espontánea. En el presente artículo se revisan las principales enfermedades subsidiarias de beneficiarse de una NE efectiva, así como las vías de acceso a través de las que se administrará la NE en el paciente pediátrico: sondas oro/naso enterales y sondas a través de ostomías. Las modalidades de administración de NE son: continua, intermitente y cíclica. Finalmente, se incide en las complicaciones de la NE, relacionándolas con el tipo de sonda utilizada, el tipo de fórmula y su administración, la edad de instauración de la sonda, y la enfermedad de base y clínica del paciente(AU)

The evolution of the enteral nutrition (EN) in the artificial nutrition in pediatrics is manifested, both for the nutritional support of malnourished patients and in the treatment of specific pathologies, what gives place to the concept of “food medication”. The basic indication of the EN is given to that patient that does not reach the adequate protein energy with the spontaneous oral ingestion. In this article, the main subsidiary diseases which may improve on an effective EN, as well as the routes of access through which the EN will be administered in the pediatric patient: gold probe/naso enteral feeding tubes and feeding through an ostomy are mentioned. The modalities of administration extend across the continuous, intermittent and periodical EN. Finally, we will have on effect on the complications of EN relating them with the type of feeding tube used the type of formula and its administration, the age of implantation of the probe and the base disease and clinical condition of the patient(AU)

Consideraciones prácticas sobre la nutrición enteral en el recién nacido prematuro / Practical considerations about enteral nutrition in the premature newborn

El recién nacido prematuro presenta características nutricionales y funcionales diferenciales que, según el peso al nacimiento y la edad gestacional, serán la base para llevar a cabo su soporte nutricional. Una nutrición precoz y eficaz mejora el pronóstico. El mantenimiento de un crecimiento extrauterino adecuado, el aporte óptimo de energía y el descenso de la morbilidad precoz serán los tres objetivos fundamentales de la nutrición artificial. En este artículo se exponen los requerimientos de energía, líquidos, proteínas, hidratos de carbono y lípidos en este tipo de pacientes. Además de aportar sustrato energético, la nutrición enteral también estimula la mucosa intestinal, influye en la adquisición apropiada de una microbiota y ayuda a conseguir un buen vínculo madre-hijo, así como una adecuada maduración psicomotora. Se revisan los diferentes procedimientos de alimentación, así como la progresión a nutrición enteral total, la intolerancia digestiva en estos pacientes y el tipo de alimentación al alta(AU)

Premature newborns have especial functional and nutritional characteristics that, depending on their birth weight and their gestational age, are the basis to carry out their nutritional support. They need an effective and precocious nutrition in order to improve their outcome. The maintenance of an adequate extra uterine growth, anoptimum energy intake, and a decrease of early morbidity are the main objectives of artificial nutrition. Energy, fluid, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids requirements of this kind of patients are shown in the present article. As well as energetic substrate, the enteral nutrition also stimulates the intestinal mucosa, influencing the acquisition of an appropriate microbiota, and it helps to create an appropriate bond between mother and baby and a suitable psychomotor maturation. The different feeding procedures for these patients are reviewed as well as the progression way to complete enteral feeding, the digestive intolerance and the selection of a diet before hospital discharge(AU)

Ingesta de calcio y densidad mineral ósea en una población de escolares españoles (estudio CADO) / Calcium intake and bone mineral density in a group of Spanish school-children

Introducción: Existen pocos datos publicados que hayan analizado el estado de la masa ósea de la población infantil española y si muestra diferencias motivadas por los hábitos higiénico-dietéticos o por la variabilidad geográfica. Pacientes y métodos: Para valorar esta relación planteamos un estudio transversal en tres zonas geográficas diferentes (norte, centro y sur de España) en 1.176 escolares de 5 a 12 años de edad, midiendo mediante osteosonografía la densidad ósea a niños en falanges distales. Se correlacionaron estos datos con la ingesta de calcio y vitamina D, el nivel de actividad física y el índice de masa corporal. La muestra se obtuvo de todos los colegios de cada área y los niños incluidos en el mismo fueron seleccionados aleatoriamente. Resultados: De los 1.176 niños estudiados, solo se obtuvieron encuestas nutricionales completas en 1.035 y datos de la osteosonografía en 991. Un 18% de las niñas y un 13% de los niños presentaron una ingesta de menos de 800mg/d de calcio. Más del 70% de los niños estudiados ingerían menos de 2,5mcg de vitamina D al día. Las variables edad, sobrepeso y ejercicio físico muestran una relación lineal con la densidad ósea, que en todos los casos es directa salvo para el sobrepeso, que presenta una relación inversa (a mayor complexión del niño/a, menor densidad ósea). Conclusiones: La mayor ingesta de calcio y una actividad física adecuada se asociaron a una densidad mineral ósea mejor, mientras que el sobrepeso mostró el efecto contrario. Es preciso adecuar los hábitos dietéticos y la actividad física de los niños en edad escolar como prevención primaria de la osteoporosis en la edad adulta (AU)

Introduction: There are limited data available on bone mass status in Spanish children and or whether the differences are associated with diet/hygiene habits or geographical variability. Subjects and methods: To determine this association a cross-sectional study was carried out in three different areas (northern, central and southern Spain) and included 1176 schoolchildren between 5 and 12 years old, randomly selected from schools in those areas. Bone density of the distal phalanges was measured by bone ultrasound. We examine the correlations between these data and calcium and vitamin D intake, physical activity and bone mass index. Results: Of the 1176 children initially included, 1035 nutritional questionnaires were completed and bone ultrasound data were obtained on 991 of them. Eighteen percent of girls and 13% of boys had a calcium intake below 800mg per day. More than 70% of children have a daily vitamin D intake under 2.5mcg. Age and exercise showed a direct linear relationship with bone mineral density, and an inverse one for overweight. Conclusions: Both high physical activity and high calcium intake were associated with a higher bone mineral density, while overweight showed the opposite effect. Diet habits and exercise must be considered the main strategies to prevent adult osteoporosis during childhood (AU)

[Calcium intake and bone mineral density in a group of Spanish school-children]. / Ingesta de calcio y densidad mineral ósea en una población de escolares españoles (estudio CADO).

INTRODUCTION: There are limited data available on bone mass status in Spanish children and or whether the differences are associated with diet/hygiene habits or geographical variability. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: To determine this association a cross-sectional study was carried out in three different areas (northern, central and southern Spain) and included 1176 schoolchildren between 5 and 12 years old, randomly selected from schools in those areas. Bone density of the distal phalanges was measured by bone ultrasound. We examine the correlations between these data and calcium and vitamin D intake, physical activity and bone mass index. RESULTS: Of the 1176 children initially included, 1035 nutritional questionnaires were completed and bone ultrasound data were obtained on 991 of them. Eighteen percent of girls and 13% of boys had a calcium intake below 800 mg per day. More than 70% of children have a daily vitamin D intake under 2.5 mcg. Age and exercise showed a direct linear relationship with bone mineral density, and an inverse one for overweight. CONCLUSIONS: Both high physical activity and high calcium intake were associated with a higher bone mineral density, while overweight showed the opposite effect. Diet habits and exercise must be considered the main strategies to prevent adult osteoporosis during childhood.

Deficiencia de vitaminas y minerales en la infancia y adolescencia. Prevalencia y sus causas. Consideraciones generales / Vitamin and mineral deficiencies in childhood and adolescence. Prevalence and its causes. General cosideration

La deficiencia de micronutrientes es la forma de malnutrición más generalizada en el mundo y afecta sobre todo a los niños y a las mujeres adultas. Durante la infancia y adolescencia el déficit de micronutrientes tiene gran trascendencia en el crecimiento y desarrollo neurológico lo que va a trascender en su calidad de vida en la edad adulta. El déficit de Zinc por ejemplo, aparte de influir en la incidencia de infecciones, afecta el crecimiento y hoy se sabe que un tercio de la población mundial es deficitaria de Zinc. En ocasiones el déficit de micronutrientes condiciona mutaciones bacterianas cuya infección condiciona epidemias de patología diversa como ocurrió con la miocardiopatía de Keshan por déficit de selenio y la neuropatía óptica periférica de Cuba en la que se objetivó una mutación del Cocsakie CV9 en relación con déficit de Selenio, vitamina E, α y β carotenos y licopeno. Es importante recordar que en nuestro medio el déficit de micronutrientes es en general subclínico y en ocasiones se ha visto relacionado con manifestaciones patológicas tanto el déficit vitamínico como el déficit de minerales, como ocurre con el déficit vitamínico como el déficit de minerales, como ocurre con el déficit de ácido fólico y los defectos del tubo neural y el déficit de zinc con afectación del crecimiento. Muchas vitaminas juegan un papel importante en el desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas por su papel antioxidante y su participación en la regulación de la metilación, hoy se sabe que además pueden tener efectos inhibitorios de la inflación (α tocoferon, zinc y vitamina A) de la angiogénesis (α-tocopherol, vitamin A, C, y D), osteoartritis (Vitamina c, Ca. Y vitamina D). La ingesta del calcio puede tener efecto en los niveles de colesterol, y al formar compuestos insolubles con la grasa y sales biliares disminuye el contacto entre carcinógenos y mucosa intestinal. Es bien conocido el papel de la vitamina D y el calcio en la densidad ósea disminuyendo la osteoporosis y las fracturas de cadera. Por todo ello se plantea la necesidad de aumentar el aporte de micronutrientes que puede realizarse mediante suplementos o fortificando los alimentos. Aunque está demostrada la reducción de patología con la fortificación de alimentos, en España la fortificación de alimentos es habitual, sin embargo es irregular, la fortificación con ácido fólico por ejemplo en la revisión realizada por Samaniego y cols, es irregular y los diferentes alimentos fortificados aportan entre un 15 y un 430% de la Cantidad diaria recomendada y de ellos, el 75% tenían adición de vitamina B6 y B12. Para determinar la población diana de esta fortificación es necesario conocer la importancia del déficit de micronutrientes en nuestra población pediátrica. La prevalencia de déficit de micronutrientes es menor en Europa y en Estados Unidos que en el resto del mundo, sin embargo en España la prevalencia del déficit de algunos micronutrientes es superior al de los países Europeos, posiblemente debido a la fortificación de alimentos. En España se dispones de pocos datos acerca del aporte de nutrientes, a nivel nacional, casi todos los estudios son locales o Comunitarios (AU)

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Development of a multipurpose vacuum chamber for serial optical and diffraction experiments with free electron laser radiation.

In this paper we present a development of a multipurpose vacuum chamber which primal function is to be used in pump/probe experiments with free electron laser (FEL) radiation. The chamber is constructed for serial diffraction and serial spectroscopy allowing a fast exchange of samples during the measurement process. For the fast exchange of samples, liquid jet systems are used. Both applications, utilizing soft x-ray FEL pulses as pump and optical laser pulses as probe and vice versa are documented. Experiments with solid samples as well as the liquid jet samples are presented. When working with liquid jets, a system of automatically refilled liquid traps for capturing liquids has been developed in order to ensure stable vacuum conditions. Differential pumping stages are placed in between the FEL beamline and the experimental chamber so that working pressure in the chamber can be up to four orders of magnitude higher than the pressure in the FEL beamline.