ABSTRACT
Background: The main challenge in raising cattle in Brazil is related to ectoparasites, that cause negative effects on milk and meat production, and in severe cases, animal death. Sheds known as crèches attracts large number insects mainly due to milk residues in the environment. The housefly is a major problem due to act as vectors of many other diseases, and so there is the possibility of control of infestations with natural products. Andiroba and copaiba oils may act as natural biocides, there are only a few studies on their effect on biological soil parameters. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the repellent effect of andiroba and copaiba oils against flies and on biological soil parameters.Materials, Methods & Results: The repellency effect of oils of andiroba and copaiba was tested at a concentration of 5% in lambs shed maternity, containing 64 bays (1.8 m2). It was sprayed 30 mL per pen, where they were housed five lambs each. Pre-treatment counts were taken before the treatment (mean 46 per pen after Musca domestica), and post-treatment count was made on 2, 24 and 48 h. The data collected at 2 and 24 h was evaluated and the number of flies was reduced significantly (P 0.001) in the pens treated with oil of copaiba and andiroba compared to control (untreated) pen. After 48 h, no difference was observed between treatments in relation to fly numbers (P >
ABSTRACT
Background: Contamination of crops with aflatoxin is considered a serious global threat to food safety, since potent carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic and immunosuppressive effects of aflatoxins are well recognized. Recently, the use of adsorbents has been linked with protective effects against oxidative stress in several diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of oxidative stress in quails (Coturnix coturnix) fed with aflatoxin-contaminated diet, as well as the protective effect of an adsorbent.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-eight quails were divided into four groups (n = 7): diet without additives (control; the group A), diet and adsorbent containing aluminosilicates (the group B), aflatoxin-contaminated diet (200 ppb) (the group C), and aflatoxin-contaminated diet (200 ppb) and adsorbent containing aluminosilicates (the group D). The composition of the adsorbent containing aluminosilicates was 0.3% based on yeast cell wall, silymarin, and bentonite. The animals received feed and water ad libitum during 20 days. At the end of the experimental period, total blood was collected by cardiac puncture in tubes without anticoagulant to obtain serum (centrifuged at 3500 g during 10 min) for later determination of biochemical parameters. The liver was placed in a solution of TrisHCl 10 mM, pH 7.4 for TBARS (Thiobarbituric acid reactive substanc
ABSTRACT
Background: Contamination of crops with aflatoxin is considered a serious global threat to food safety, since potent carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic and immunosuppressive effects of aflatoxins are well recognized. Recently, the use of adsorbents has been linked with protective effects against oxidative stress in several diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of oxidative stress in quails (Coturnix coturnix) fed with aflatoxin-contaminated diet, as well as the protective effect of an adsorbent.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-eight quails were divided into four groups (n = 7): diet without additives (control; the group A), diet and adsorbent containing aluminosilicates (the group B), aflatoxin-contaminated diet (200 ppb) (the group C), and aflatoxin-contaminated diet (200 ppb) and adsorbent containing aluminosilicates (the group D). The composition of the adsorbent containing aluminosilicates was 0.3% based on yeast cell wall, silymarin, and bentonite. The animals received feed and water ad libitum during 20 days. At the end of the experimental period, total blood was collected by cardiac puncture in tubes without anticoagulant to obtain serum (centrifuged at 3500 g during 10 min) for later determination of biochemical parameters. The liver was placed in a solution of TrisHCl 10 mM, pH 7.4 for TBARS (Thiobarbituric acid reactive substanc
ABSTRACT
Background: Contamination of crops with aflatoxin is considered a serious global threat to food safety, since potent carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic and immunosuppressive effects of aflatoxins are well recognized. Recently, the use of adsorbents has been linked with protective effects against oxidative stress in several diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of oxidative stress in quails (Coturnix coturnix) fed with aflatoxin-contaminated diet, as well as the protective effect of an adsorbent.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-eight quails were divided into four groups (n = 7): diet without additives (control; the group A), diet and adsorbent containing aluminosilicates (the group B), aflatoxin-contaminated diet (200 ppb) (the group C), and aflatoxin-contaminated diet (200 ppb) and adsorbent containing aluminosilicates (the group D). The composition of the adsorbent containing aluminosilicates was 0.3% based on yeast cell wall, silymarin, and bentonite. The animals received feed and water ad libitum during 20 days. At the end of the experimental period, total blood was collected by cardiac puncture in tubes without anticoagulant to obtain serum (centrifuged at 3500 g during 10 min) for later determination of biochemical parameters. The liver was placed in a solution of TrisHCl 10 mM, pH 7.4 for TBARS (Thiobarbituric acid reactive substanc
ABSTRACT
Background: The main challenge in raising cattle in Brazil is related to ectoparasites, that cause negative effects on milk and meat production, and in severe cases, animal death. Sheds known as crèches attracts large number insects mainly due to milk residues in the environment. The housefly is a major problem due to act as vectors of many other diseases, and so there is the possibility of control of infestations with natural products. Andiroba and copaiba oils may act as natural biocides, there are only a few studies on their effect on biological soil parameters. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the repellent effect of andiroba and copaiba oils against flies and on biological soil parameters.Materials, Methods & Results: The repellency effect of oils of andiroba and copaiba was tested at a concentration of 5% in lambs shed maternity, containing 64 bays (1.8 m2). It was sprayed 30 mL per pen, where they were housed five lambs each. Pre-treatment counts were taken before the treatment (mean 46 per pen after Musca domestica), and post-treatment count was made on 2, 24 and 48 h. The data collected at 2 and 24 h was evaluated and the number of flies was reduced significantly (P 0.001) in the pens treated with oil of copaiba and andiroba compared to control (untreated) pen. After 48 h, no difference was observed between treatments in relation to fly numbers (P >
ABSTRACT
Background: The main challenge in raising cattle in Brazil is related to ectoparasites, that cause negative effects on milk and meat production, and in severe cases, animal death. Sheds known as crèches attracts large number insects mainly due to milk residues in the environment. The housefly is a major problem due to act as vectors of many other diseases, and so there is the possibility of control of infestations with natural products. Andiroba and copaiba oils may act as natural biocides, there are only a few studies on their effect on biological soil parameters. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the repellent effect of andiroba and copaiba oils against flies and on biological soil parameters.Materials, Methods & Results: The repellency effect of oils of andiroba and copaiba was tested at a concentration of 5% in lambs shed maternity, containing 64 bays (1.8 m2). It was sprayed 30 mL per pen, where they were housed five lambs each. Pre-treatment counts were taken before the treatment (mean 46 per pen after Musca domestica), and post-treatment count was made on 2, 24 and 48 h. The data collected at 2 and 24 h was evaluated and the number of flies was reduced significantly (P 0.001) in the pens treated with oil of copaiba and andiroba compared to control (untreated) pen. After 48 h, no difference was observed between treatments in relation to fly numbers (P >
ABSTRACT
Background: Contamination of crops with aflatoxin is considered a serious global threat to food safety, since potent carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic and immunosuppressive effects of aflatoxins are well recognized. Recently, the use of adsorbents has been linked with protective effects against oxidative stress in several diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of oxidative stress in quails (Coturnix coturnix) fed with aflatoxin-contaminated diet, as well as the protective effect of an adsorbent.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-eight quails were divided into four groups (n = 7): diet without additives (control; the group A), diet and adsorbent containing aluminosilicates (the group B), aflatoxin-contaminated diet (200 ppb) (the group C), and aflatoxin-contaminated diet (200 ppb) and adsorbent containing aluminosilicates (the group D). The composition of the adsorbent containing aluminosilicates was 0.3% based on yeast cell wall, silymarin, and bentonite. The animals received feed and water ad libitum during 20 days. At the end of the experimental period, total blood was collected by cardiac puncture in tubes without anticoagulant to obtain serum (centrifuged at 3500 g during 10 min) for later determination of biochemical parameters. The liver was placed in a solution of TrisHCl 10 mM, pH 7.4 for TBARS (Thiobarbituric acid reactive substanc
ABSTRACT
Background: Contamination of crops with aflatoxin is considered a serious global threat to food safety, since potent carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic and immunosuppressive effects of aflatoxins are well recognized. Recently, the use of adsorbents has been linked with protective effects against oxidative stress in several diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of oxidative stress in quails (Coturnix coturnix) fed with aflatoxin-contaminated diet, as well as the protective effect of an adsorbent.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-eight quails were divided into four groups (n = 7): diet without additives (control; the group A), diet and adsorbent containing aluminosilicates (the group B), aflatoxin-contaminated diet (200 ppb) (the group C), and aflatoxin-contaminated diet (200 ppb) and adsorbent containing aluminosilicates (the group D). The composition of the adsorbent containing aluminosilicates was 0.3% based on yeast cell wall, silymarin, and bentonite. The animals received feed and water ad libitum during 20 days. At the end of the experimental period, total blood was collected by cardiac puncture in tubes without anticoagulant to obtain serum (centrifuged at 3500 g during 10 min) for later determination of biochemical parameters. The liver was placed in a solution of TrisHCl 10 mM, pH 7.4 for TBARS (Thiobarbituric acid reactive substanc
ABSTRACT
Background: The main challenge in raising cattle in Brazil is related to ectoparasites, that cause negative effects on milk and meat production, and in severe cases, animal death. Sheds known as crèches attracts large number insects mainly due to milk residues in the environment. The housefly is a major problem due to act as vectors of many other diseases, and so there is the possibility of control of infestations with natural products. Andiroba and copaiba oils may act as natural biocides, there are only a few studies on their effect on biological soil parameters. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the repellent effect of andiroba and copaiba oils against flies and on biological soil parameters.Materials, Methods & Results: The repellency effect of oils of andiroba and copaiba was tested at a concentration of 5% in lambs shed maternity, containing 64 bays (1.8 m2). It was sprayed 30 mL per pen, where they were housed five lambs each. Pre-treatment counts were taken before the treatment (mean 46 per pen after Musca domestica), and post-treatment count was made on 2, 24 and 48 h. The data collected at 2 and 24 h was evaluated and the number of flies was reduced significantly (P 0.001) in the pens treated with oil of copaiba and andiroba compared to control (untreated) pen. After 48 h, no difference was observed between treatments in relation to fly numbers (P >
ABSTRACT
Background: Contamination of crops with aflatoxin is considered a serious global threat to food safety, since potent carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic and immunosuppressive effects of aflatoxins are well recognized. Recently, the use of adsorbents has been linked with protective effects against oxidative stress in several diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of oxidative stress in quails (Coturnix coturnix) fed with aflatoxin-contaminated diet, as well as the protective effect of an adsorbent.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-eight quails were divided into four groups (n = 7): diet without additives (control; the group A), diet and adsorbent containing aluminosilicates (the group B), aflatoxin-contaminated diet (200 ppb) (the group C), and aflatoxin-contaminated diet (200 ppb) and adsorbent containing aluminosilicates (the group D). The composition of the adsorbent containing aluminosilicates was 0.3% based on yeast cell wall, silymarin, and bentonite. The animals received feed and water ad libitum during 20 days. At the end of the experimental period, total blood was collected by cardiac puncture in tubes without anticoagulant to obtain serum (centrifuged at 3500 g during 10 min) for later determination of biochemical parameters. The liver was placed in a solution of TrisHCl 10 mM, pH 7.4 for TBARS (Thiobarbituric acid reactive substanc
ABSTRACT
Background: The main challenge in raising cattle in Brazil is related to ectoparasites, that cause negative effects on milk and meat production, and in severe cases, animal death. Sheds known as crèches attracts large number insects mainly due to milk residues in the environment. The housefly is a major problem due to act as vectors of many other diseases, and so there is the possibility of control of infestations with natural products. Andiroba and copaiba oils may act as natural biocides, there are only a few studies on their effect on biological soil parameters. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the repellent effect of andiroba and copaiba oils against flies and on biological soil parameters.Materials, Methods & Results: The repellency effect of oils of andiroba and copaiba was tested at a concentration of 5% in lambs shed maternity, containing 64 bays (1.8 m2). It was sprayed 30 mL per pen, where they were housed five lambs each. Pre-treatment counts were taken before the treatment (mean 46 per pen after Musca domestica), and post-treatment count was made on 2, 24 and 48 h. The data collected at 2 and 24 h was evaluated and the number of flies was reduced significantly (P 0.001) in the pens treated with oil of copaiba and andiroba compared to control (untreated) pen. After 48 h, no difference was observed between treatments in relation to fly numbers (P >
ABSTRACT
This work was aimed to evaluate milk quality parameters according to three levels of specialization of milk production units in different districts of West Santa Catarina´s State, Brazil. Characterization of milk production units was carried out using a questionnaire in 29 farms as a tool for data collection, applied during a visit to the farm. At the time, 58 milk samples were collected from cooling tanks to determine the levels of fat, protein, lactose, somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacteria count (TBC). Considering the information obtained the milk production units were classified as specialized (E), semi-specialized (SE) and not specialized (NE). The database was subjected to multivariate methods of statistical analysis with the use of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Redundancy analysis (RDA). The results indicated that variables that most influence milk quality are: time in the activity, area with perennial pasture, gross income from milk activity, type of milking, teat washing and method of reproduction. Results showed that despite lower percentages of fat and protein, the increased level of specialization provides milk of better quality due to the low rates of SCC and TBC, which leads to higher income from this type of activity. In specialized farms where milk activity has a high economic importance, producers are encouraged to adopt better hygiene practices
O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os parâmetros de qualidade do leite segundo três níveis de especialização das unidades de produção de leite de diferentes municípios do Oeste Catarinense. A caracterização das unidades de produção de leite foi realizada utilizando-se um questionário em 29 propriedades rurais como instrumento de coleta de dados, aplicado durante a visita à propriedade rural. Também foram coletadas 58 amostras de leite dos tanques de resfriamento para a determinação dos níveis de gordura, proteína, lactose, contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e contagem bacteriana total (CBT). Considerando-se as informações obtidas, as unidades de produção de leite foram classificadas em: especializado (E), semiespecializado (SE) e não especializado (NE). Os dados foram submetidos a métodos multivariados de análise estatística, com o emprego da Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) e da Análise de Redundância (RDA). Os resultados das análises indicam que o tempo na atividade, a área com pastagem perene, a renda bruta com bovinos de leite, o tipo de ordenha, a lavagem dos tetos e o método de reprodução são as variáveis que mais interferem na qualidade do leite. O aumento do nível de especialização da atividade leiteira, mesmo produzindo menor porcentagem de gordura e proteína no leite, proporciona a obtenção de leite de melhor qualidade, devido aos menores índic
ABSTRACT
Stephanofilariasis is a disease caused by a nematode, globally widespread, that affects dairy cattle causing skin lesions near the mammary gland. Therefore, the objective of this study was to report the occurrence of an outbreak of stephanofilariasis in dairy cows in a property from Southern Brazil, focusing on the diagnosis and treatment. Stephanofilariasis was suspected based on the appearance and location of the lesion. Skin scrapings and lesion imprints confirmed the clinical suspicion. Since the cows were lactating, treatment was based on topical organophosphate trichlorfon 6% for seven days. Early diagnosis helps to better curative efficacy.
ABSTRACT
This work was aimed to evaluate milk quality parameters according to three levels of specialization of milk production units in different districts of West Santa Catarina´s State, Brazil. Characterization of milk production units was carried out using a questionnaire in 29 farms as a tool for data collection, applied during a visit to the farm. At the time, 58 milk samples were collected from cooling tanks to determine the levels of fat, protein, lactose, somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacteria count (TBC). Considering the information obtained the milk production units were classified as specialized (E), semi-specialized (SE) and not specialized (NE). The database was subjected to multivariate methods of statistical analysis with the use of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Redundancy analysis (RDA). The results indicated that variables that most influence milk quality are: time in the activity, area with perennial pasture, gross income from milk activity, type of milking, teat washing and method of reproduction. Results showed that despite lower percentages of fat and protein, the increased level of specialization provides milk of better quality due to the low rates of SCC and TBC, which leads to higher income from this type of activity. In specialized farms where milk activity has a high economic importance, producers are encouraged to adopt better hygiene practices
O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os parâmetros de qualidade do leite segundo três níveis de especialização das unidades de produção de leite de diferentes municípios do Oeste Catarinense. A caracterização das unidades de produção de leite foi realizada utilizando-se um questionário em 29 propriedades rurais como instrumento de coleta de dados, aplicado durante a visita à propriedade rural. Também foram coletadas 58 amostras de leite dos tanques de resfriamento para a determinação dos níveis de gordura, proteína, lactose, contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e contagem bacteriana total (CBT). Considerando-se as informações obtidas, as unidades de produção de leite foram classificadas em: especializado (E), semiespecializado (SE) e não especializado (NE). Os dados foram submetidos a métodos multivariados de análise estatística, com o emprego da Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) e da Análise de Redundância (RDA). Os resultados das análises indicam que o tempo na atividade, a área com pastagem perene, a renda bruta com bovinos de leite, o tipo de ordenha, a lavagem dos tetos e o método de reprodução são as variáveis que mais interferem na qualidade do leite. O aumento do nível de especialização da atividade leiteira, mesmo produzindo menor porcentagem de gordura e proteína no leite, proporciona a obtenção de leite de melhor qualidade, devido aos menores índic
ABSTRACT
This study aimed to verify the occurrence of antibodies againstToxoplasma gondii in rheas (Rhea americana) and ostriches (Struthio camelus) commercially breeding in Brazil. Blood samples from 20 rheas and 46 ostriches (young and adults) were serologically tested using a technique known as modified agglutination test (MAT) at an initial titration of 1:16 for ostriches and 1:25 for rheas. Antibodies against T. gondii were found in 50% (10/20) of the rheas, with titers ranging from 1:25 to 1:6,400. The incidence of antibodies against T. gondii in ostriches was 17.4% (8/46) with titers ranging from 1:16 to 1:256. Birds showing titers higher than 1:200 forT. gondii were mainly the young ones. Therefore, rheas and ostriches may be parasitized by T. gondii, showing high levels of antibodies against this parasite.
Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a presença de anticorpos contra o Toxoplasma gondii em emas (Rhea americana) e avestruzes (Struthio camelus) criados comercialmente no Brasil. Amostras de sangue de 20 emas e 46 avestruzes (jovens e adultos) foram testadas sorologicamente pela técnica conhecida como teste de aglutinação modificada (MAT) em titulações iniciais de 1:16 para avestruzes e 1:25 para emas. Anticorpos contra T. gondii foram encontrados em 50% (10/20) das emas com títulos variando de 1:25 a 1:6.400. A incidência de anticorpos contra T. gondii em avestruzes foi de 17,4% (8/46) com os títulos oscilando entre 1:16 e 1:256. Aves jovens foram aquelas que apresentaram títulos superiores a 1:200 para T. gondii. Portanto, emas e avestruzes podem ser parasitados por T. gondii, apresentando elevados níveis de anticorpos contra o parasita.
ABSTRACT
Stephanofilariasis is a disease caused by a nematode, globally widespread, that affects dairy cattle causing skin lesions near the mammary gland. Therefore, the objective of this study was to report the occurrence of an outbreak of stephanofilariasis in dairy cows in a property from Southern Brazil, focusing on the diagnosis and treatment. Stephanofilariasis was suspected based on the appearance and location of the lesion. Skin scrapings and lesion imprints confirmed the clinical suspicion. Since the cows were lactating, treatment was based on topical organophosphate trichlorfon 6% for seven days. Early diagnosis helps to better curative efficacy.
ABSTRACT
Background: The milk production chain is an important component of the agribusiness in Western Santa Catarina, Brazil. However, this activity is facing problems regarding health of the herd that are often diffi cult to control because they can be caused by different etiologic agents such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. The damage caused by endoparasites may occur directly and indirectly, refl ecting on weight gain, milk production, expenses with antiparasitic drugs, and mortality of untreated animals. To minimize these losses, all properties should implement a strategic program to monitor the herd. As a result, the objective of this study was to monitor dairy cattle properties from the West of Santa Catarina, by collecting information about the herd and parasitological stool examinations.Materials, Methods & Results: This study was conducted on farms from 12 cities of the Western region of Santa Catarina state during the months of November and December of 2010 and January and February of 2011 (summer). The study included 23 properties that have part of their farm income from dairy cattle activity; these animals had not been treated with anti-parasitic for at least 30 days. To assist research, a questionnaire was given to the farmers. For parasitological examination, fecal material was collected from at least 20% of the herd up to 100%, that is, was standardized t
Background: The milk production chain is an important component of the agribusiness in Western Santa Catarina, Brazil. However, this activity is facing problems regarding health of the herd that are often diffi cult to control because they can be caused by different etiologic agents such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. The damage caused by endoparasites may occur directly and indirectly, refl ecting on weight gain, milk production, expenses with antiparasitic drugs, and mortality of untreated animals. To minimize these losses, all properties should implement a strategic program to monitor the herd. As a result, the objective of this study was to monitor dairy cattle properties from the West of Santa Catarina, by collecting information about the herd and parasitological stool examinations.Materials, Methods & Results: This study was conducted on farms from 12 cities of the Western region of Santa Catarina state during the months of November and December of 2010 and January and February of 2011 (summer). The study included 23 properties that have part of their farm income from dairy cattle activity; these animals had not been treated with anti-parasitic for at least 30 days. To assist research, a questionnaire was given to the farmers. For parasitological examination, fecal material was collected from at least 20% of the herd up to 100%, that is, was standardized t
ABSTRACT
Brazil is a large milk producer with approximately 21.5 billion liters produced every year. In order to maintain quality, many tests are performed, such as of its stability when mixed with alcohol. Samples are considered positive when there is casein precipitation. Positive milk is discarded by the Brazilian dairy industry on the basis that this product is unstable during thermal milk processing. However, it is known that this milk has nutritional characteristics very similar to the regular milk with slight differences in fat content and it could be used to minimize hunger in the world. There are many controversies about this issue, but it can be said that such a simple analysis is by far the best way to verify milk quality. Alternative uses for this product considered positive should be proposed to minimize economical losses and environmental damage. The objective of this work was to compare the results already published in the literature and to propose alternative uses for alcohol positive milk.
O Brasil é um grande produtor de leite com aproximadamente 21,5 bilhões de litros produzidos anualmente. Para manutenção da qualidade estabelecida pela legislação são realizados vários testes, como o teste da estabilidade ao álcool. O leite LINA (leite instável não ácido) apresenta instabilidade ao teste do álcool sendo recusado pelas indústrias mediante afirmação de que este produto também não seria estável durante o processamento térmico para leite UHT. Entretanto, sabe-se que este leite possui características nutricionais semelhantes às do leite normal, sendo que o leite LINA apresenta teores maiores de gordura e menores teores de caseína em sua composição. O LINA se origina por motivos genéticos, mas principalmente por motivos nutricionais, quando uma dieta deficiente aumenta a instabilidade da caseína ao álcool. Alternativas para a utilização desse leite considerado inadequado devem ser propostas para minimizar as perdas econômicas geradas aos produtores e, consequentemente, a problemática da fome no mundo. O objetivo deste trabalho é fazer um levantamento de resultados já publicados na literatura e propor possíveis soluções para minimizar as perdas signifi cativas do leite instável termicamente.
ABSTRACT
Brazil is a large milk producer with approximately 21.5 billion liters produced every year. In order to maintain quality, many tests are performed, such as of its stability when mixed with alcohol. Samples are considered positive when there is casein precipitation. Positive milk is discarded by the Brazilian dairy industry on the basis that this product is unstable during thermal milk processing. However, it is known that this milk has nutritional characteristics very similar to the regular milk with slight differences in fat content and it could be used to minimize hunger in the world. There are many controversies about this issue, but it can be said that such a simple analysis is by far the best way to verify milk quality. Alternative uses for this product considered positive should be proposed to minimize economical losses and environmental damage. The objective of this work was to compare the results already published in the literature and to propose alternative uses for alcohol positive milk.
O Brasil é um grande produtor de leite com aproximadamente 21,5 bilhões de litros produzidos anualmente. Para manutenção da qualidade estabelecida pela legislação são realizados vários testes, como o teste da estabilidade ao álcool. O leite LINA (leite instável não ácido) apresenta instabilidade ao teste do álcool sendo recusado pelas indústrias mediante afirmação de que este produto também não seria estável durante o processamento térmico para leite UHT. Entretanto, sabe-se que este leite possui características nutricionais semelhantes às do leite normal, sendo que o leite LINA apresenta teores maiores de gordura e menores teores de caseína em sua composição. O LINA se origina por motivos genéticos, mas principalmente por motivos nutricionais, quando uma dieta deficiente aumenta a instabilidade da caseína ao álcool. Alternativas para a utilização desse leite considerado inadequado devem ser propostas para minimizar as perdas econômicas geradas aos produtores e, consequentemente, a problemática da fome no mundo. O objetivo deste trabalho é fazer um levantamento de resultados já publicados na literatura e propor possíveis soluções para minimizar as perdas signifi cativas do leite instável termicamente.
ABSTRACT
Background: The milk production chain is an important component of the agribusiness in Western Santa Catarina, Brazil. However, this activity is facing problems regarding health of the herd that are often diffi cult to control because they can be caused by different etiologic agents such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. The damage caused by endoparasites may occur directly and indirectly, refl ecting on weight gain, milk production, expenses with antiparasitic drugs, and mortality of untreated animals. To minimize these losses, all properties should implement a strategic program to monitor the herd. As a result, the objective of this study was to monitor dairy cattle properties from the West of Santa Catarina, by collecting information about the herd and parasitological stool examinations.Materials, Methods & Results: This study was conducted on farms from 12 cities of the Western region of Santa Catarina state during the months of November and December of 2010 and January and February of 2011 (summer). The study included 23 properties that have part of their farm income from dairy cattle activity; these animals had not been treated with anti-parasitic for at least 30 days. To assist research, a questionnaire was given to the farmers. For parasitological examination, fecal material was collected from at least 20% of the herd up to 100%, that is, was standardized t
Background: The milk production chain is an important component of the agribusiness in Western Santa Catarina, Brazil. However, this activity is facing problems regarding health of the herd that are often diffi cult to control because they can be caused by different etiologic agents such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. The damage caused by endoparasites may occur directly and indirectly, refl ecting on weight gain, milk production, expenses with antiparasitic drugs, and mortality of untreated animals. To minimize these losses, all properties should implement a strategic program to monitor the herd. As a result, the objective of this study was to monitor dairy cattle properties from the West of Santa Catarina, by collecting information about the herd and parasitological stool examinations.Materials, Methods & Results: This study was conducted on farms from 12 cities of the Western region of Santa Catarina state during the months of November and December of 2010 and January and February of 2011 (summer). The study included 23 properties that have part of their farm income from dairy cattle activity; these animals had not been treated with anti-parasitic for at least 30 days. To assist research, a questionnaire was given to the farmers. For parasitological examination, fecal material was collected from at least 20% of the herd up to 100%, that is, was standardized t