ABSTRACT
Marine ecosystems are subject to contamination by metals and metalloids and other elements and compounds that are emitted due to various human activities. These substances subsequently induce changes in marine biota after entering the marine environment. Marine organisms are frequently consumed worldwide because they constitute relatively cheap and accessible food items of high nutrient quality. The aim of this study was to estimate metal accumulation in frequently consumed marine species and to evaluate the associated health risks for particular population groups in a coastal region of northwestern Mexico. The marine species were consumed in different quantities between spring (from 0.29 kg year-1 for white clam, to 38.40 kg year-1 for blue crab) and autumn (from 0.34 kg year-1 for white clam, to 15.02 kg year-1 for leopard grouper). The general distribution of metal concentrations in the marine species (n = 13 in each season) evaluated in this study followed the trend of Fe > Zn > Cu > Mn > Cr with the highest metal concentrations detected during autumn. Although many metal concentrations were above the international standards of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO), the hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) values for the women in this study indicated that their health was not at risk due to the consumption of either fish or seafood. In contrast, the HQ and HI values determined for groups of men and children indicated that they are at risk due to the frequent consumption of most species evaluated in this study.
Subject(s)
Environmental Monitoring , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Animals , Biota , Ecosystem , Female , Humans , Metals/analysis , Mexico , Risk Assessment , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysisABSTRACT
Fundamentos: Unos hábitos alimentarios correctos durante la infancia son de vital importancia para prevenir enfermedades futuras. El objetivo fue estudiar los hábitos alimentarios y la calidad de la dieta de escolares dentro del contexto de la unidad familiar. Métodos: La muestra incluyó 74 escolares de Granada (3-14 años). El cuestionario incluyó preguntas sobre la unidad familiar y hábitos de vida, un cuestionario de frecuencia alimentaria (FFQ) y dos test recordatorios de 24 horas (R24h). La calidad de la dieta fue evaluada con el índice de calidad del desayuno (BQI) e índice de adherencia a la Dieta Mediterránea para niños y adolescentes (KidMed). El análisis estadístico incluyó los test Kruskal-Wallis y Chi-cuadrado, la regresión por pasos y la regresión logística. Resultados: La ingesta de macronutrientes fue desequilibrada y la mayoría de los micronutrientes superaron la recomendación. El BQI y KidMed alcanzaron valores medios de 5,17 (1,57) sobre 10 y de 5,91 (1,83) sobre 12, respectivamente. Los factores que influyeron en la calidad del desayuno fueron: edad de las madres (OR=0,71, IC95%:0,50-0,94), consumo de golosinas (OR=5,40, IC95%:2,30-8,67) y práctica de actividad física extraescolar (OR=3,21; IC95%:1,02-5,81). Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de mejorar el patrón alimentario entre los escolares, a través de programas de educación nutricional en centros educativos y sanitarios (AU)
Background: Correct dietary habits during childhood are of vital importance to prevent future diseases. This study analyzed the dietary habits and diet quality of schoolchildren in the context of the family unit. Methods: The sample included 74 schoolchildren aged 3 to 14 yrs from Granada (Southern Spain). The questionnaire included questions on the family unit and life habits, a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and two questionnaires of 24-h recalls (R24h). Diet quality was evaluated using the Breakfast Quality Index (BQI) and the Mediterranean Diet Quality Index for Children and Adolescents (KidMed). The statistical analyses used were Kruskal-Wallis and chi-square tests, and stepwise and logistic regression analyses. Results: Macronutrient intake was imbalanced, and most micronutrients exceeded recommendations. The mean (standard deviation) BQI value was 5.17/10 (1.57) and the mean KidMed value was 5.91/12 (1.83). Breakfast quality was influenced by maternal age (OR=0.71, 95%CI: 0.50-0.94), sweet consumption (OR=5.40, 95%CI: 2.30-8.67) and out-of-school physical activity (OR=3.21, 95%CI: 1.02-5.81). Conclusions: These results demonstrate the need to improve dietary patterns among schoolchildren by implementing nutritional education programs in schools and health centres (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Feeding Behavior/physiology , Diet , Diet, Mediterranean , Preventive Medicine/methods , Child Development/physiology , Surveys and Questionnaires , Life Style , Motor Activity/physiology , Analysis of Variance , Body Mass Index , Logistic ModelsABSTRACT
Fundamentos: Los cambios en los patrones dietéticos de los últimos años han incrementado la prevalencia del sobrepeso y la obesidad en la población escolar. El objetivo fue identificar la asociación entre patrones de consumo alimentario con el sobrepeso/obesidad y circunferencia de cintura en escolares del Noroeste de México. Métodos: Estudio transversal en 110 escolares de primer grado, a quienes se les midió el peso, la talla y la circunferencia de cintura, y se les realizaron 2 recordatorios de 24h no consecutivos. Se utilizó un análisis factorial para derivar patrones dietéticos y la regresión logística múltiple para evaluar la asociación de estos patrones con el sobrepeso/obesidad y la circunferencia de cintura, en modelos separados. Resultados: Se encontró una prevalencia combinada de sobrepeso/obesidad de 35,5 % y 16,9 % de circunferencia de cintura elevada. Se identificaron 6 patrones de consumo alimentario: de aceites, grasas y verduras; saludable; de alimentos procesados; occidental; diverso y de bebidas. El sobrepeso/obesidad y la circunferencia de cintura elevada se asociaron de forma inversa con valores mayores del patrón saludable (RM = 0,478 y p = 0,007; y RM = 0,329 y p = 0,016, respectivamente). Conclusiones: Un mayor consumo de un patrón saludable se asocia con un menor riesgo de sobrepeso/obesidad y circunferencia de cintura elevada en escolares de primer grado (AU)
Background: In recent years, changes in dietary patterns have contributed to the increment of the prevalence of overweight and obesity in schoolchildren. The aim was to identify the association among dietary patterns and overweight/obesity and waist circumference of students from Northwest, Mexico. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 110 children in first grade; weight, height and waist circumference were measured and two nonconsecutive 24-hour recalls were applied. Factor analysis was used to obtained dietary patterns and multiple logistic regression was used to assess the relationship among dietary patterns and overweight/obesity and waist circumference, in separate models. Results: We found a combined prevalence of overweight/obesity of 35.5 % and 16.9 % of waist circumference greater than recommended for their age. Six food consumption patterns were obtained: oils, fats and vegetables; healthy; processed food; western; diverse and beverages. Overweight/obesity and increased waist circumference was inversely associated with the healthy pattern (OR = 0.478 and p = 0.007, OR = 0.329 and p = 0.016, respectively). Conclusions: Consumption of healthy patterns is associated with lower risk of overweight/obesity and increased waist circumference in first graders (AU)
