Pembrolizumab or Placebo Plus Chemotherapy With or Without Bevacizumab for Persistent, Recurrent, or Metastatic Cervical Cancer: Subgroup Analyses From the KEYNOTE-826 Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: The KEYNOTE-826 randomized clinical trial showed statistically significant and clinically meaningful survival benefits with the addition of pembrolizumab to chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab in patients with persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer. Treatment effects in patient subgroups of the study population are unknown. Objective: To assess efficacy outcomes in patient subgroups of KEYNOTE-826. Design, Setting, and Participants: Exploratory subgroup analyses were conducted in a global, phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Participants included women with persistent, recurrent, or metastatic adenocarcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, or squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix that had not been treated with systemic chemotherapy and was not amenable to curative treatment. This subanalysis was conducted from November 20, 2018, to May 3, 2021. Interventions: Pembrolizumab, 200 mg, every 3 weeks or placebo for up to 35 cycles plus chemotherapy (paclitaxel, 175 mg/m2, plus cisplatin, 50 mg/m2, or carboplatin AUC 5 [area under the free carboplatin plasma concentration vs time curve]) with or without bevacizumab, 15 mg/kg. Main Outcomes and Measures: Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) by investigator assessment per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1 in subgroups defined by use of bevacizumab (yes or no), choice of platinum (carboplatin or cisplatin), prior chemoradiotherapy (CRT) exposure only (yes or no), and histologic type (squamous or nonsquamous) in patients with programmed cell death ligand 1-positive tumors (defined as a combined positive score [CPS] ≥1) and in the intention-to-treat population. Results: A total of 617 patients (median age, 51 years; range, 22-82 years) were enrolled in the trial. In the CPS greater than or equal to 1 population, hazard ratios (HRs) for OS favored the pembrolizumab group in all subgroups: with bevacizumab (HR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.45-0.87) and without bevacizumab (HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.47-0.96), use of carboplatin (HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.50-0.85) and cisplatin (HR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.27-1.04), with prior CRT only (HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.39-0.81) and without prior CRT only (HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.52-1.00), and squamous (HR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.46-0.79) and nonsquamous (HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.41-1.20) histologic type. In the intention-to-treat population, HRs for OS also favored the pembrolizumab group in all subgroups: with bevacizumab (HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.47-0.87) and without bevacizumab (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.53-1.04), use of carboplatin (HR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.54-0.89) or cisplatin (HR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.32-1.09), with prior CRT only (HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.45-0.91) and without prior CRT only (HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.53-0.97), and squamous (HR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47-0.80) and nonsquamous (HR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.47-1.23) histologic type. Similar to OS, the addition of pembrolizumab prolonged PFS across all subgroups in the CPS greater than or equal to 1 and intention-to-treat populations. Conclusions and Relevance: The findings of this trial suggest that adding pembrolizumab to chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab improved OS across subgroups of patients with persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03635567.

First-Line Pembrolizumab + Chemotherapy Versus Placebo + Chemotherapy for Persistent, Recurrent, or Metastatic Cervical Cancer: Final Overall Survival Results of KEYNOTE-826.

Clinical trials frequently include multiple end points that mature at different times. The initial report, typically based on the primary end point, may be published when key planned co-primary or secondary analyses are not yet available. Clinical Trial Updates provide an opportunity to disseminate additional results from studies, published in JCO or elsewhere, for which the primary end point has already been reported.The phase III, double-blind KEYNOTE-826 trial of pembrolizumab 200 mg or placebo once every 3 weeks for up to 35 cycles plus platinum-based chemotherapy, with or without bevacizumab, showed statistically significant survival benefits with the addition of pembrolizumab for patients with persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer (primary data cutoff: May 3, 2021). This article reports the protocol-specified final overall survival (OS) results tested in the PD-L1 combined positive score (CPS) ≥1, all-comer, and CPS ≥10 populations. At the final data cutoff (October 3, 2022), the median study follow-up duration was 39.1 months (range, 32.1-46.5 months). In the PD-L1 CPS ≥1 (N = 548), all-comer (N = 617), and CPS ≥10 (N = 317) populations, median OS with pembrolizumab-chemotherapy versus placebo-chemotherapy was 28.6 months versus 16.5 months (hazard ratio [HR] for death, 0.60 [95% CI, 0.49 to 0.74]), 26.4 months versus 16.8 months (HR, 0.63 [95% CI, 0.52 to 0.77]), and 29.6 months versus 17.4 months (HR, 0.58 [95% CI, 0.44 to 0.78]), respectively. The incidence of grade ≥3 adverse events was 82.4% with pembrolizumab-chemotherapy and 75.4% with placebo-chemotherapy. These results show that pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy, with or without bevacizumab, continued to provide clinically meaningful improvements in OS for patients with persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer.

Pembrolizumab for Persistent, Recurrent, or Metastatic Cervical Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Pembrolizumab has efficacy in programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1)-positive metastatic or unresectable cervical cancer that has progressed during chemotherapy. We assessed the relative benefit of adding pembrolizumab to chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab. METHODS: In a double-blind, phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned patients with persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer in a 1:1 ratio to receive pembrolizumab (200 mg) or placebo every 3 weeks for up to 35 cycles plus platinum-based chemotherapy and, per investigator discretion, bevacizumab. The dual primary end points were progression-free survival and overall survival, each tested sequentially in patients with a PD-L1 combined positive score of 1 or more, in the intention-to-treat population, and in patients with a PD-L1 combined positive score of 10 or more. The combined positive score is defined as the number of PD-L1-staining cells divided by the total number of viable tumor cells, multiplied by 100. All results are from the protocol-specified first interim analysis. RESULTS: In 548 patients with a PD-L1 combined positive score of 1 or more, median progression-free survival was 10.4 months in the pembrolizumab group and 8.2 months in the placebo group (hazard ratio for disease progression or death, 0.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.50 to 0.77; P<0.001). In 617 patients in the intention-to-treat population, progression-free survival was 10.4 months and 8.2 months, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.79; P<0.001). In 317 patients with a PD-L1 combined positive score of 10 or more, progression-free survival was 10.4 months and 8.1 months, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.77; P<0.001). Overall survival at 24 months was 53.0% in the pembrolizumab group and 41.7% in the placebo group (hazard ratio for death, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.50 to 0.81; P<0.001), 50.4% and 40.4% (hazard ratio, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.84; P<0.001), and 54.4% and 44.6% (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.84; P = 0.001), respectively. The most common grade 3 to 5 adverse events were anemia (30.3% in the pembrolizumab group and 26.9% in the placebo group) and neutropenia (12.4% and 9.7%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Progression-free and overall survival were significantly longer with pembrolizumab than with placebo among patients with persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer who were also receiving chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab. (Funded by Merck Sharp and Dohme; KEYNOTE-826 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03635567.).

Enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional (ETG): experiencia en el Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas 1980-2005 / Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD): experience at the National Institute of Neoplastic Diseases 1980-2005

Objetivo.- Evaluar el comportamiento clínico y los resultados del tratamiento de la ETG en el INEN en el periodo comprendido entre los años 1980 y 2005. Material y métodos.- Estudio retrospectivo realizado en el INEN entre ene-1980 y dic-2005. Se revisaron 595 historias clínicas, recopilando información clínica, tratamientos administrados, toxicidades reportadas, tasa de respuestas y sobrevida global, para los cálculos estadísticos se utilizaron las pruebas de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados.- Entre ene-1980 a dic-2005, fueron admitidas en el INEN 595 pacientes con diagnóstico de ETG: Mola Hidatiforme 254 casos (42.7%), Coriocarcinoma 201 casos (33.8%) y Mola invasiva 41 casos (6.8%) no se reportaron casos de Tumor del sitio de inserción placentaria. Las localizaciones más frecuentes de metástasis fueron: pulmón: 67.3%, vagina: 17.9%, sistema nervioso central: 8.7%, e hígado: 5.1%. Se catalogó las pacientes de acuerdo al Sistema Score de FIGO: Bajo riesgo (score 1-6) 348 pacientes (58.5%) y Alto riesgo (score >6) 247 pacientes (41.5%). El tratamiento fue con monodroga 50.4% y con poliquimioterapia 49.6%. Pacientes de bajo riesgo que recibieron tratamiento con Metotrexate VO obtuvieron respuesta completa en 66.1% de los casos y 97% de sobrevida global a 20 años. Las pacientes de alto riesgo lograron respuesta completa con MAC: 32.5 %, MEC 36.8 %, EMA-CO 50%, BEP 25%. La población de alto riesgo se dividió en dos sub-grupos de acuerdo al score mayor de 12 y menor de 12, hallándose diferencias en la sobrevida global a 20 años de 80% para la población con score menor de 12 y 48% para el grupo con score mayor de 12 quienes presentaron metástasis en hígado y cerebro en 26.5%. Conclusiones.- ETG es una neoplasia altamente curable. Las pacientes de bajo riesgo que recibieron tratamiento con Metotrexate VO, lograron sobrevida global a 20 años de 97%. Existe diferencia en la sobrevida global entre pacientes de alto riesgo con score menor de 12 (80%).

Objective.-To evaluate the clinical behavior and results of treatment of gestational trophoblastic disease at the INEN between 1980 to 2005. Material and methods.- This is a retrospective analysis from January 1980 to December 2005. Evaluation included patient clinical characteristics, treatment, toxicity, response to therapies and survival. Descriptive statistics and Kaplan-Meier for survival analysis was also determined. Results.- 595 patients with GTD were evaluated from January 1980 to December 2005. Hydatidi form mole 254 (42.7%) choriocarcinoma 201 (33.8%) invasive mole 41 (6.8%), no cases with placental insertion trophoblastic tumor (PSTT) were seen. Sites of metastasis were: lung 67.3%, vagina 17.9%, brain 8.7%, liver 5.1%. Among these patients, 247 (41.5%) were categorized by FIGO scoring System as high risk (score >6) and 348 (58.5%) as low risk (score 1-6). The low risk patients whose received treatment with Metotrexate achieved complete remission in 66.1% of cases and the overall survival rate at 20 years was 97%. Patients with high risk who received treatment with: MAC, MEC, EMACO and BEP achieved complete remission in 32.5%, 36.8%, 50% and 25% respectively. High risk populations were divided in two groups according to score > 12 and 12, who developed liver and brain metastasis in 26.5%. The overall survival rate at 20 years, for those with score 12,48%. Conclusions.-Gestational trophoblastic disease is a highly curable neoplasia. Patients with low risk, who received Metotrexate, achieved 97% overall survival rate at 20 years. There are differences inoverall survival rate between patients of high risk those with score 12 (48%) the latter presented brain and liver metastasis. lt is important to define the best treatment for this group of patients.

Topoisomerasa II-alfa, como factor predictor de respuesta a la terapia con antraciclinas en cáncer de mama localmente avanzado / Topoisomerase II-alfa, as predictor of response to anthracycline therapy in locally advanced breast cancer

Introducción.- La enzima Topoisomerasa II-alfa es un blanco molecular de las antraciclinas; diversos estudios han sugerido que la expresión de esta enzima es un predictor de respuesta a la terapia con antraciclinas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar si la sobre expresión de la Topoisomerasa II-alfa predice respuesta al tratamiento con antraciclínicas en pacientes con cáncer de mama localmente avanzado. Material y Métodos.- En este estudio se evaluó la expresión de la Topoisomerasa II-alfa, Her2, Receptorde Estrógeno y Receptor de Progesterona mediante inmunohistoquímica en tejidos de mama fijados en formol e incluidos en parafina de 111 tumores de pacientes con cáncer de mama localmente avanzado entre 1995 al 2002. El valor pronóstico de estos marcadores fue analizado. Resultados.- 40 (36%) casos mostraron sobre expresión de la Topoisomerasa II-alfa; el 62 (56%) para el Receptor de Estrógeno; para el Receptor de Progesterona 39 (35%) y 26 (23%) de expresión de Her2. No se observó diferencias significativas entre la expresión de Topoisomerasa II-alfa con respuesta a la terapia, con la sobrevida libre de progresión y sobrevida global. Cuando se comparó la sobrevida libre de enfermedad y sobrevida global con la densidad de dosis en casos que sobre expresaron la Topoisomerasa II-alfa, se observaron diferencias significativas (0.010 y 0.027). Conclusiones.- Aunque no se observó diferencias significativas en términos de sobrevida global, sobrevida libre de enfermedad o respuesta a la terapia; se describe que aquellos pacientes que sobre expresan la Topoisomerasa II-alfa presentan un mayor beneficio clínico cuando reciben una alta densidadde dosis de antracilinas.

Background.- Topoisomerase II-alfa is a molecular target for anthracyclines; several studies have suggested that expression of Topoisomerase II-alfa predicts is a predictor of response to treatment with anthracyclines. The aim of this study was to evaluate if the overexpression of Topoisomerase II-alfa predict response to treatment with anthracyclines in locally advanced breast cancer. Material and Methods.- This study evaluated the expression of Topoisomerase II-alfa, Her2, Estrogen Receptor and Progesterone Receptor by immunohistochemistry in formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded breast tumors in 111 tumors from patients with locally advanced breast cancer between the years 1995-2002. The prognostic value of these markers was analized. Results.- 40 (36%) samples showed over expression of Topoisomerase II-alfa 62 (56%) of Estrogen Receptor, 39 (35%) of Progesterone Receptor and 26 (23%) of Her2. There was no significant difference between the Topoisomerase II-alfa expression and response to therapy, overall survival and progression free survival. When the overall survival and the disease free survival was compared with the dose intensity in tases over expressing Topoisomerase II-alfa, significant difference were observed (P=0.010 y 0.027). Conclusions.- Although there was no significant differences observed in terms of overall survival, progression free survival or response to therapy, we describe that patients over expressing Topoisomerase II-alfa, present a better clinical benefit when they are treated with a higher dose intensity of anthracyclines.