In Vitro Release and Bioavailability of Silybin from Micelle-Templated Porous Calcium Phosphate Microparticles.

Developing a promising carrier for the delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs, such as silybin, to improve oral absorption has become a very worthy of consideration. The goal of this study was to prepare a novel porous calcium phosphate microparticle using povidone-mixed micelles as template while evaluating its in vitro and in vivo properties with silybin as a model drug. The particle characterization, in vitro drug release behavior, and pharmacokinetic parameters of the prepared silybin-loaded calcium phosphate microparticle were investigated. The mean particle size was found to be 3.54 ± 0.32 µm with a rough surface porous structure. Additionally, the silybin-loaded calcium phosphate microparticle compared with the free silybin showed a prolonged 72-h release in vitro and a higher C max (418.5 ± 23.7 ng mL(-1)) with 167.5% oral relative bioavailability. A level A in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC), established for the first time, demonstrated an excellent IVIVC of the formulated silybin in oral administration. In conclusion, this povidone-mixed micelle-based microparticle was successfully prepared to enhance the oral bioavailability of silybin. Therefore, application of this novel porous calcium phosphate microparticle holds a significant potential for the development of poorly water-soluble drugs.

Preparation and In Vitro-In Vivo Evaluation of Sustained-Release Matrix Pellets of Capsaicin to Enhance the Oral Bioavailability.

Capsaicin has multiple pharmacological activities including antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, its clinical application is limited due to its poor aqueous solubility, gastric irritation, and low oral bioavailability. This research was aimed at preparing sustained-release matrix pellets of capsaicin to enhance its oral bioavailability. The pellets comprised of a core of solid-dispersed capsaicin mixed with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPMC) and subsequently coating with ethyl cellulose (EC) were obtained by using the technology of extrusion/spheronization. The physicochemical properties of the pellets were evaluated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Besides, the in vitro release, in vivo absorption, and in vitro-in vivo correlation were also assessed. More importantly, the relative bioavailability of the sustained-release matrix pellets was studied in fasted rabbits after oral administration using free capsaicin and solid dispersion as references. The oral bioavailability of the matrix pellets and sustained-release matrix pellets of capsaicin was improved approximately 1.98-fold and 5.34-fold, respectively, compared with the free capsaicin. A good level A IVIVC (in vitro-in vivo correlation) was established between the in vitro dissolution and the in vivo absorption of sustained-release matrix pellets. All the results affirmed the remarkable improvement in the oral bioavailability of capsaicin owing to the successful preparation of its sustained-release matrix pellets.

Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system of trans-cinnamic acid: formulation development and pharmacodynamic evaluation in alloxan-induced type 2 diabetic rat model.

The objective of this study was to formulate a self-nanoemulsifying oral drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for the poorly water-soluble trans-Cinnamic acid (t-CA SNEDDS) that could be evaluated for its antihyperglycemic efficacy in comparison to the parent t-CA in an alloxan-induced diabetic rat model. A SNEDDS formulation consisting of 60% surfactant (Kolliphor EL), 10% co-surfactant (PEG 400) and 30% oil (isopropyl myristate) proved to be optimal. t-CA SNEDDS (80 mg/kg, p.o.), t-CA suspension (80 mg/kg, p.o.), and Metformin Hydrochloride Tablets (230 mg/kg, p.o.) were administer qdfor 30 days to diabetic rats. After treatment the body weight of diabetic rats was increased, blood glucose levels, total cholesterol, and triglyceride in the serum tended to be normalized, while the levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were markedly decreased. The effects of t-CA SNEDDS were superior to that of the t-CA suspension. The present study demonstrated that t-CA was effective in attenuating the effects of alloxan treatment and that t-CA SNEDDS with a more favorable absorption and enhanced bioavailability is more effective than t-CA.

Oral delivery of capsaicin using MPEG-PCL nanoparticles.

AIM: To prepare a biodegradable polymeric carrier for oral delivery of a water-insoluble drug capsaicin (CAP) and evaluate its quality. METHODS: CAP-loaded methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) nanoparticles (CAP/NPs) were prepared using a modified emulsification solvent diffusion technique. The quality of CAP/NPs were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared techniques. A dialysis method was used to analyze the in vitro release profile of CAP from the CAP/NPs. Adult male rats were orally administered CAP/NPs (35 mg/kg), and the plasma concentrations of CAP were measured with a validated HPLC method. The morphology of rat gastric mucosa was studied with HE staining. RESULTS: CAP/NPs had an average diameter of 82.54 ± 0.51 nm, high drug-loading capacity of 14.0% ± 0.13% and high stability. CAP/NPs showed a biphasic release profile in vitro: the burst release was less than 25% of the loaded drug within 12 h followed by a more sustained release for 60 h. The pharmacokinetics study showed that the mean maximum plasma concentration was observed 4 h after oral administered of CAP/NPs, and approximately 90 ng/mL of CAP was detected in serum after 36 h. The area under the curve for the CAP/NPs group was approximately 6-fold higher than that for raw CAP suspension. Histological studies showed that CAP/NPs markedly reduced CAP-caused gastric mucosa irritation. CONCLUSION: CAP/NPs significantly enhance the bioavailability of CAP and markedly reduce gastric mucosa irritation in rats.