Prácticas de crianza en alimentación, conducta alimentaria y riesgo de diabetes: Una revisión sistemática / Parenting practices in feeding, eating behavior and risk of diabetes: A systematic review

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las prácticas de crianza en alimentación y la conducta alimentaria han sido ampliamente estudiadas en niños, sin embargo, es necesario proporcionar información sobre su impacto en adultos. La evidencia sugiere que las prácticas de crianza en alimentación pueden tener un impacto en la conducta alimentarias emocional, descontrolada, restrictiva y desordenada, las cuales están asociadas con el incremento del Índice de masa corporal (IMC), el sobrepeso y la obesidad, mismos que se encuentran como principal factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de DT2. OBJETIVO: analizar través de una revisión sistemática la evidencia existente acerca de la relación entre las prácticas de crianza en alimentación, la conducta alimentaria y el riesgo de diabetes en adultos. METODOLOGÍA: Se realizó una búsqueda de literatura publicada de 2013 a 2023 en las bases de datos Pubmed, Scopus, EBSCOhost, Clarivate Science Citation Index Expanded y SpringerLink. Se identificaron 459 estudios, luego de aplicar los criterios de exclusión, se revisaron 15 estudios en total. RESULTADOS: Las subescalas de las prácticas de crianza en alimentación más empleadas fueron: preocupación, control, presión para comer y restricción. Se encontró asociación entre las prácticas de crianza en alimentación, la conducta alimentaria y el incremento del IMC. CONCLUSIÓN: Se consideran insuficientes las investigaciones que muestran el impacto de las prácticas de crianza en alimentación sobre la conducta alimentaria y si estas a su vez tienen efectos en el riesgo de diabetes en la etapa adulta.

INTRODUCTION: Parenting practices in feeding and eating behavior have been widely studied in children, however, it is necessary to provide information on their impact on adults. The evidence suggests that parenting practices in feeding can have an impact on emotional, uncontrolled, restrictive and disordered eating behavior, which are associated with an increase in BMI, overweight and obesity, which are found as the main factor of risk for the development of T2D. OBJECTIVE: To analyze, through a systematic review, the existing evidence about the relationship between parenting feeding practices, eating behavior and the risk of diabetes in adults. METHODOLOGY: A search of literature published from 2013 to 2023 was carried out in the Pubmed, Scopus, EBSCOhost, Clarivate Science Citation Index Expanded and SpringerLink databases. 459 studies were identified, after applying the exclusion criteria, 15 studies in total were reviewed. RESULTS: The subscales of the most frequently used parenting practices in feeding were: concern, control, pressure to eat and restriction. An association was found between parenting feeding practices, eating behavior and increased BMI. CONCLUSION: Research showing the impact of parenting feeding practices on eating behavior and whether these in turn have effects on the risk of diabetes in adulthood are considered insufficient.

A novel internal training program using Kern's 6-step approach to curriculum development for medical laboratory scientists training to be international quality assurance/quality control coordinators.

OBJECTIVE: Patient Safety Monitoring in International Laboratories (pSMILE) is a resource ensuring quality testing in clinical laboratories performing National Institutes of Health-funded HIV research requiring specific staff training. We demonstrate the development of an online asynchronous training model using Kern's 6-step approach to support pSMILE functions. METHODS: An existing curriculum was revamped to incorporate Kern's approach. Metrics for success were described in rubrics with feedback guiding improvements and updates. RESULTS: Curriculum updates took more than a year. Direct observations of skills informed curriculum changes. Module self-evaluations were reviewed to assess performance and the overall curriculum. The content, curriculum, and training documentation were deemed compliant with International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9001:2015. CONCLUSION: Asynchronous training for highly skilled and self-directed staff is a novel way to deploy training while maintaining productivity of existing staff. Feedback and evaluation allowed for curriculum updates including previously underdeveloped topics. Kern's approach ensured that the needs of the sponsor, management, laboratories, and learners were met.

Estrés psicológico y angustia por diabetes en adultos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2: una revisión sistemática / Psychological Stress and Diabetes Distress in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review / Estresse psicológico e angústia causada por diabetes em adultos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2: uma revisão sistemática

Introducción: la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 es una enfermedad crónica que puede causar estrés psicológico en el desarrollo de la enfermedad y como suceso estresante, mientras que la angustia por la diabetes se asocia con estresores como el descontrol de las concentraciones de glucosa, presencia de complicaciones agudas o crónicas, disciplina y apego en el tratamiento integral. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la literatura científica disponible sobre el estrés psicológico y angustia por diabetes en relación con el con- trol glucémico en adultos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Materiales y métodos: para la búsqueda de literatura se utilizaron las bases de datos Pubmed, Medline, Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, CINAHL, EBSCO, Wiley y Google Académico. Se incluyeron artículos indexados en bases de datos con idioma inglés, español y portugués, de diseños descriptivos, correlacionales y experimentales publicados en el periodo 2010-2020. Los artículos se evaluaron a través de la lista de revisión del Joanna Briggs Institute. Resultados: se encontró que el estrés psicológico ocurre mayormente en mujeres y que la angustia por diabetes es predictora del control glucémico pobre, provoca un manejo inadecuado de la glucosa, aumenta la hemoglobina glucosilada y también es una de las causas de mortalidad en hombres. Conclusiones: los hallazgos muestran que existe mayor relación entre la angustia por diabetes y el control glucémico en estos pacientes

Introduction: type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that can cause psychological stress in the development of the disease and as a stressful event, while diabetes distress is associated to stressors such as uncontrolled diabetes, presence of acute or chronic complications, discipline and adherence in comprehensive treatment. The aim of the study is to analyze the available scientific literature on psychological stress and diabetes distress in relation to glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods: For the literature search, Pubmed, Medline, Virtual Health Library, CINAHL, EBSCO, Wiley and Google databases were used. Articles indexed with English, Spanish and Portuguese languages, with descriptive, correlational and experimental designs published in the period 2010 to 2020. The articles were evaluated through the Joanna Briggs Institute Check list. Results: 10 articles that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed, some studies showed an associated of psychological stress and diabetes distress with glycated hemoglobin, in addition, it was found that psychological stress is mostly in women and diabetes distress is a predictor of poor glycemic control, it causes inadequate glucose management, increases glycated hemoglobin and is also one of the causes of mortality in men. Conclusions: The findings show that there is a relationship mainly between diabetes distress and glycemic control in these patients.

Introdução: A diabetes mellitus tipo 2 é uma doença crônica que pode causar estresse psicológico no surgimento da doença e ser um evento estressante, enquanto que a angústia por diabetes está associada a estressores como os níveis glicose descontrolados, presença de complicações agudas ou crônicas, disciplina e aderência a um tratamento integral. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a literatura científica disponível sobre o estresse psicológico e a angústia por diabetes em relação ao controle glicêmico em adultos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Materiais e métodos: As bases de dados Pubmed, Medline, Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, CINAHL, EBSCO, Wiley e Google foram utilizadas para a pesquisa bibliográfica. Foram incluídos artigos indexados em bases de dados em inglês, espanhol e português, com desenhos descritivos, correlacionais e experimentais publicados no período de 2010 a 2020. Os artigos foram avaliados através do Check List do Instituto Joanna Briggs. Resultados: Foram analisados 10 artigos que cumpriram com os critérios de inclusão, alguns estudos mostraram associação do estresse psicológico e angústia por diabetes com a hemoglobina glicosilada, além disso, descobriu-se que o estresse psicológico apresenta principalmente nas mulheres e a angústia por diabetes é um preditor de controle glicêmico deficiente, provocando manejo inadequado da glicose, aumentando a hemoglobina glicosilada e também, é uma das causas de mortalidade nos homens. Conclusões: Os resultados mostraram que existe uma maior relação entre a angustia por diabetes e o controle glicêmico nestes pacientes

Mineral and Ester Nanofluids as Dielectric Cooling Liquid for Power Transformers.

Amidst the new techniques facing the improvement of cooling and insulating efficiency and the design of electric transformers, constrained by the current technologies, one of the more promising is the substitution of traditional dielectric oils for nanofluids. Research on nanofluids for their application in transformers as a coolant and dielectric medium have been performed during the last two decades and continue today. This review tries to collect and analyze the available information in this field and to offer it already dissected to researchers, focusing on the preparation methods and how nanoparticles affect the main properties of the base fluids. Here we also addressed the influence of different parameters as particle characteristics or environmental conditions in nanofluids performance, the evolution with time of the measured properties, or the neighboring relationship of nanofluids with other transformer components. In this sense, the most reviewed articles reflect enhancements of thermal conductivity or dielectric strength, as well as an improvement of time evolution of these properties, with respect to those that are found in base fluids, and, also, a better interaction between these nanofluids and dielectric cellulosics. Thus, the use of dielectric nanofluids in transformers may allow these machines to work safer or over their design parameters, reducing the risk of failure of the electrical networks and enhancing their life expectancy. Nevertheless, these advantages will not be useful unless a proper stability of nanofluids is ensured, which is achieved in a small part of revised articles. A compendium of the preparation methodology with this aim is proposed, to be checked in future works.

Factores de riesgo para desarrollar diabetes tipo 2 en homosexuales: Una revisión sistemática de literatura / Risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes in homosexuals: A systematic literature review

Resumen: Objetivo: Identificar la literatura científica disponible, sobre factores de riesgo para desarrollar diabetes tipo 2 en homosexuales. Material y Métodos: Se realizaron búsquedas de artículos científicos publicados entre el año 2014 y 2020 en idioma inglés y español, en 5 bases de datos electrónicas: Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, Google Académico, Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina y el Caribe, España y Portugal, Scientific Electronic Library Online y Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina de los Estados Unidos. Se hicieron combinaciones con los descriptores y operadores lógicos booleanos AND y OR: Obesidad OR Diabetes AND Risk AND Homosexual, Diabetes AND Homosexual, Obesity AND Homosexual, Obesity AND Diabetes AND Homosexual, Risk AND Diabetes AND Obesidad AND Homosexual de acuerdo al Medical Subject Headings. Para seleccionar los estudios se siguió la guía de Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tools en español para estudios de prevalencia analíticos. Resultados: De 98 estudios, se incluyeron 8 estudios de origen de Estados Unidos y publicados en inglés. La muestra de los estudios oscilo entre 219 y 136,878 participantes con edad entre 18 y 65 años. La evidencia disponible sugiere que los principales factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de diabetes tipo 2 en homosexuales son: obesidad, depresión, estrés, falta de atención a la salud, la inactividad física, consumo de tabaco y alcohol, tener pre diabetes, hipertensión arterial, altos niveles de colesterol y antecedentes familiares con diabetes tipo 2. Conclusiones: En conclusión, algunos de estos factores de riesgos no son considerados por las organizaciones de diabetes, mostrando diferencias en la población heterosexual.

Abstract: Objective: To identify the available scientific literature on risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes in homosexuals. Material and Methods: Scientific articles published between 2014 and 2020 in English and Spanish were searched in 5 electronic databases: Virtual Health Library, Google Scholar, Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal, Scientific Electronic Library Online and National Library of Medicine of the United States. Combinations were made with the Boolean logical descriptors and operators AND and OR: Obesity OR Diabetes AND Risk AND Homosexual, Diabetes AND Homosexual, Obesity AND Homosexual, Obesity AND Diabetes AND Homosexual, Risk AND Diabetes AND Obesity AND Homosexual according to Medical Subject Headings. To select the studies, the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tools guide in Spanish for analytical prevalence studies was followed. Results: Of 98 studies, 8 studies of United States origin and published in English were included. The sample of the studies ranged between 219 and 136 878 participants aged between 18 and 65 years. The available evidence suggests that the main risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes in homosexuals are obesity, depression, stress, lack of health care, physical inactivity, tobacco and alcohol consumption, having prediabetes, high blood pressure, high Cholesterol levels and family history with type 2 diabetes. Conclusions: In conclusion, some of these risk factors are not considered by diabetes organizations, showing differences in the heterosexual population.

Impact of a prenatal education intervention in pregnant women to prevent overweight in infants.

INTRODUCTION: During the first 1000 days of life is the basis for a child's future health established. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of a prenatal educational intervention in pregnant women on the nutritional status of the child from birth to 4 months of age. METHODS: Quasi-experimental intervention design in women with at least 12 weeks of gestation, who were randomly assigned to an intervention group (IG) to participate in five group and three individual sessions on feeding practices and maternal perception of the child's weight and signals of hunger-satiety; the control group (CG) received routine care that included at least three prenatal consultations. RESULTS: Thirty women were included in each group. After the intervention, women in the CG practiced less exclusive breastfeeding, were more likely to underestimate or overestimate the children's weight, and perceived hunger-satiety signals with less intensity (p < 0.05). 80 % of the infants in the IG had normal weight, whereas 63 % of those in the CG had a combination of overweight and obesity (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The prenatal education program in pregnant women showed a significant effect on postnatal nutritional status of infants four months after birth.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Durante los primeros 1000 días de vida se establece la base para la salud futura de un niño. OBJETIVO: Evaluar el impacto de una intervención educativa prenatal en mujeres embarazadas sobre el estado nutricional del hijo desde el nacimiento hasta los cuatro meses de edad. MÉTODOS: Diseño cuasiexperimental de intervención con mujeres a partir de la semana 12 de gestación, asignadas aleatoriamente a un grupo de intervención (GI) para recibir cinco sesiones grupales y tres individuales sobre prácticas de alimentación y percepción materna del peso del hijo y de señales de hambre-saciedad; el grupo control (GC) recibió atención de rutina que incluía al menos tres consultas prenatales. RESULTADOS: 30 mujeres conformaron cada grupo. Después de la intervención, las mujeres del GC practicaron menos lactancia materna exclusiva, fueron propensas a subestimar o sobrestimar el peso del hijo y percibieron con menor intensidad las señales de hambre-saciedad (p < 0.05). El 80 % de los lactantes del GI presentaron peso normal y 63 % de los niños del GC, una combinación de sobrepeso y obesidad (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONES: El programa de educación prenatal en mujeres embarazadas mostró un efecto significativo en el estado nutricional de los lactantes después de cuatro meses del nacimiento.

Impacto de una intervención de educación prenatal en mujeres embarazadas para prevenir el sobrepeso en lactantes / Impact of a prenatal education intervention in pregnant women to prevent overweight in infants

Resumen Introducción: Durante los primeros 1000 días de vida se establece la base para la salud futura de un niño. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de una intervención educativa prenatal en mujeres embarazadas sobre el estado nutricional del hijo desde el nacimiento hasta los cuatro meses de edad. Métodos: Diseño cuasiexperimental de intervención con mujeres a partir de la semana 12 de gestación, asignadas aleatoriamente a un grupo de intervención (GI) para recibir cinco sesiones grupales y tres individuales sobre prácticas de alimentación y percepción materna del peso del hijo y de señales de hambre-saciedad; el grupo control (GC) recibió atención de rutina que incluía al menos tres consultas prenatales. Resultados: 30 mujeres conformaron cada grupo. Después de la intervención, las mujeres del GC practicaron menos lactancia materna exclusiva, fueron propensas a subestimar o sobrestimar el peso del hijo y percibieron con menor intensidad las señales de hambre-saciedad (p < 0.05). El 80 % de los lactantes del GI presentaron peso normal y 63 % de los niños del GC, una combinación de sobrepeso y obesidad (p < 0.05). Conclusiones: El programa de educación prenatal en mujeres embarazadas mostró un efecto significativo en el estado nutricional de los lactantes después de cuatro meses del nacimiento.

Abstract Introduction: During the first 1000 days of life is the basis for a child‘s future health established. Objective: To evaluate the impact of a prenatal educational intervention in pregnant women on the nutritional status of the child from birth to 4 months of age. Methods: Quasi-experimental intervention design in women with at least 12 weeks of gestation, who were randomly assigned to an intervention group (IG) to participate in five group and three individual sessions on feeding practices and maternal perception of the child’s weight and signals of hunger-satiety; the control group (CG) received routine care that included at least three prenatal consultations. Results: Thirty women were included in each group. After the intervention, women in the CG practiced less exclusive breastfeeding, were more likely to underestimate and overestimate the children’s weight, and perceived hunger-satiety signals with less intensity (p < 0.05). 80 % of the infants in the IG had normal weight, whereas 63 % of those in the CG had a combination of overweight and obesity (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The prenatal education program in pregnant women showed a significant effect on postnatal nutritional status of infants four months after birth.

Cuidado al personal de enfermería desde la perspectiva del supervisor en el contexto hospitalario

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir el cuidado al personal de enfermería desde la perspectiva del supervisor en el contexto hospitalario. Material y Método: Estudio exploratorio con aproximación cualitativa en el que se empleó el diseño sistemático de la Teoría Fundamentada; la población se conformó por supervisores de enfermería en dos hospitales públicos de segundo nivel en la ciudad de Chihuahua, México; la recolección de datos se llevó a cabo durante agosto y septiembre de 2017 a través de un muestreo teórico, respetando los aspectos éticos de investigación. Resultados: Con diez participantes, hasta llegar a la saturación de datos, predominó el sexo femenino (7), en su mayoría casados (6) y con estudios de posgrado (6). Surgieron tres categorías: 1) Cuidado desde la perspectiva del supervisor de enfermería; 2) Interacción entre el supervisor de enfermería y sus compañeros de trabajo y 3) Desarrollo profesional como parte del cuidado al supervisor de enfermería. Conclusiones: La mayoría conceptualiza el cuidado como una actividad dirigida a otros pero no a sí mismos. La comunicación efectiva y estilo de liderazgo desempeñan una función importante para la interacción del supervisor de enfermería con el personal de enfermería operativo y sus directivos, pero estos atributos no se perciben de manera adecuada por ellos mismos.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe nursing staff care from the supervisor's perspective in the hospital setting. Material and Methods: Exploratory study with a qualitative approach using the systematic design of the Grounded Theory. The population consisted of nursing supervisors in two secondary care public hospitals in the city of Chihuahua, Mexico; data collection was carried out during August and September 2017 through theoretical sampling, respecting ethical aspects of research. Results: With ten participants until reaching data saturation, female sex predominated (7), mostly married (6) and with postgraduate studies (6). Three categories emerged from this study: 1) Care from the nursing supervisor's perspective; 2) Interaction between the nursing supervisor and their coworkers and 3) Professional development as part of the nursing supervisor care. Conclusions: Most supervisors conceptualize care as an activity aimed at others, but not at themselves. Effective communication and leadership style play an important role in the interaction between nurse supervisors with operational nursing staff and their managers, but these attributes are not properly perceived by themselves.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever os cuidados do pessoal de enfermagem da perspectiva do supervisor no contexto hospitalar. Material e Método: Estudo exploratório com abordagem qualitativa usando o desenho sistemático da teoria fundamentada ou Grounded Theory. A população consistiu de gerentes de enfermagem em dois hospitais públicos de cuidados secundários na cidade de Chihuahua, México; a coleta de dados foi realizada nos meses de agosto e setembro de 2017 por amostragem teórica, respeitando os aspectos éticos da pesquisa. Resultados: com dez participantes até atingir a saturação de dados, predominando o sexo feminino (7), a maioria casada (6) e com estudos de pós-graduação (6). Três categorias emergiram deste estudo: 1) percepção do gerente de enfermagem sobre o cuidado; 2) interação entre o gerente de enfermagem e colegas de trabalho e 3) desenvolvimento profissional como parte do atendimento do gerente de enfermagem. Conclusões: A maioria dos enfermeiros gerentes conceitua o cuidado como uma atividade voltada para os outros, mas não para si mesmos. O estilo eficaz de comunicação e liderança desempenha um papel importante na interação do gerente de enfermagem com a equipe de enfermagem e seu diretor executivo, mas esses atributos não são percebidos adequadamente por eles mesmos.

Funcionalidad familiar, crianza parental y su relación con el estado nutricional en preescolares / Family functioning, parental rearing and its relationship to nutritional status in preschoolers

OBJETIVO: Analizar la asociación entre funcionalidad familiar, crianza parental y estado nutricional en preescolares. DISEÑO: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo correlacional y transversal. EMPLAZAMIENTO: Instituciones públicas de educación preescolar en el estado de Nuevo León, México. Atención Primaria. PARTICIPANTES: Muestra compuesta por 228 diadas (madre o padre y preescolar); se tomó como único criterio de inclusión ser el responsable principal de la crianza del preescolar. MEDICIONES PRINCIPALES: Se empleó un cuaderno de recogida datos sociodemográficos, el estado nutricional se determinó basándose en recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, se utilizaron la Escala de Evaluación de la Cohesión y la Adaptabilidad Familiar y el cuestionario de Estilos de Crianza Parental. Se obtuvo estadística descriptiva y el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman. RESULTADOS: El promedio de edad de los padres fue de 32,09 años, el 60,5% de las madres se dedican al hogar y el 100% de los padres trabaja; la media de escolaridad en años fue de 12,16; el 68,9% de los participantes son casados; referente a los preescolares, el 29,4% presentó sobrepeso u obesidad. En cuanto a la funcionalidad familiar, se identificó que en la dimensión de cohesión es semirrelacionada el 44,3%. El estilo de crianza parental que predominó en los padres fue el permisivo con el 62,3%. CONCLUSIONES: La mayoría de los padres de familia presentaron desequilibrio en la funcionalidad familiar. No se encontró significación estadística entre funcionalidad familiar y crianza parental con estado nutricional en preescolares (p < 0,05)

AIM: To analyze association among family functioning, parental rearing and nutritional status in preschoolers. DESIGN: Quantitative, descriptive and correlational cross-sectional study. LOCATION: Preschool public institutions in Nuevo León, Mexico. Primary Care. PARTICIPANTS: Sample of 228 dyads (mother or father and preschooler); sole inclusion criterion was to be main responsible for the upbringing of the preschooler. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Sociodemographic data questionnaire was used, nutritional status was determined based on the recommendations of the World Health Organization, Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale and Parental Rearing Style Questionnaire were used. Descriptive and Spearman's correlation coefficient were obtained. RESULTS: Mean age of parents was 32.09 years, 60.5% of mothers were housewives and 100% of fathers had a job; mean years of schooling were 12.16, 68.9% of participants were married; 29.4% of preschoolers were overweight or obese. Regarding family functioning it was identified that 44.3% is semi-related in cohesion dimension. The parental rearing style that prevailed was the permissive with 62.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Most parents presented an imbalance in family functioning. No statistical significance was found among family functioning and parental rearing with nutritional status in preschoolers (P < .05)

[Family functioning, parental rearing and its relationship to nutritional status in preschoolers]. / Funcionalidad familiar, crianza parental y su relación con el estado nutricional en preescolares.

AIM: To analyze association among family functioning, parental rearing and nutritional status in preschoolers. DESIGN: Quantitative, descriptive and correlational cross-sectional study. LOCATION: Preschool public institutions in Nuevo León, Mexico. Primary Care. PARTICIPANTS: Sample of 228 dyads (mother or father and preschooler); sole inclusion criterion was to be main responsible for the upbringing of the preschooler. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Sociodemographic data questionnaire was used, nutritional status was determined based on the recommendations of the World Health Organization, Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale and Parental Rearing Style Questionnaire were used. Descriptive and Spearman's correlation coefficient were obtained. RESULTS: Mean age of parents was 32.09 years, 60.5% of mothers were housewives and 100% of fathers had a job; mean years of schooling were 12.16, 68.9% of participants were married; 29.4% of preschoolers were overweight or obese. Regarding family functioning it was identified that 44.3% is semi-related in cohesion dimension. The parental rearing style that prevailed was the permissive with 62.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Most parents presented an imbalance in family functioning. No statistical significance was found among family functioning and parental rearing with nutritional status in preschoolers (P<.05).

Titania Nanofluids Based on Natural Ester: Cooling and Insulation Properties Assessment.

The assessment of a TiO2 vegetal-based dielectric nanofluid has been carried out, and its characteristics and behavior have been tested and compared with a previously tested maghemite nanofluid. The results obtained reflect a similar affectation of the main properties, with a maximal improvement of the breakdown voltage of 33% at 0.5 kg/m3, keeping the thermal conductivity and the viscosity almost constant, especially the first one. This thermal characterization agrees with the results obtained when applying the TiO2 optimal nanofluid in the cooling of an experimental setup, with a slightly worse performance than the base fluid. Nevertheless, this performance is the opposite to that noticed with the ferrofluid, which was capable of improving the cooling of the transformer and decreasing its temperature. The similarities between the characterizations of both nanofluids, the differences in their cooling performances and their different magnetic natures seem to point out the presence of additional thermomagnetic buoyancy forces to support the improvement of the cooling.

Effect of TiO2 and ZnO Nanoparticles on the Performance of Dielectric Nanofluids Based on Vegetable Esters During Their Aging.

Over the last few decades the insulating performance of transformer oils has been broadly studied under the point of view of nanotechnology, which tries to improve the insulating and heat dissipation performance of transformer oils by suspending nanoparticles. Many authors have analyzed the thermal and dielectric behavior of vegetable oil based-nanofluids, however, very few works have studied the evolution of these liquids during thermal aging and their stability. In this paper has been evaluated the performance of aged vegetable oil based-nanofluids, which have been subjected to accelerated thermal aging at 150 °C. Nanoparticles of TiO2 and ZnO have been dispersed in a commercial natural ester. Breakdown voltage, resistivity, dissipation factor and acidity of nanofluid samples have been measured according to standard methods, as well as stability. Moreover, it has been analyzed the degradation of Kraft paper through the degree of polymerization (DP). The results have showed that although nanoparticles improve breakdown voltage, they increase the ageing of insulation liquids and dielectric paper.

[Maternal and infant characteristics associated with obesity in infants under one year of age in northern Mexico]. / Características maternas e infantiles asociadas a obesidad en lactantes menores de un año de edad del norte de México.

INTRODUCTION: despite the fact that childhood obesity is a serious health problem, little is known about its related factors in early childhood. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate which maternal, cognitive and infant factors influence the infant's energy intake and if these influence their nutritional status before the year. METHODS: descriptive study of correlation. Two hundred and sixty-seven dyads (mother/child) participated. The questionnaires consisted of four instruments for the cognitive variables of the mother (maternal self-efficacy, attitude in the diet, perception of signs of hunger, satiety and weight of the child), energy intake through a 24-hour reminder and sociodemographic and anthropometric data of the mother and child, through which maternal body mass index (BMI) and Z-score of infant weight/height have been calculated. RESULTS: the model was significant for the intake of kcal/kg weight (F = 8.624, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.104), negatively correlating with the maternal perception of the weight of the child (B = -9.73, p = 0.002), hours of sleep (B = -2.19, p = 0.044) and age of the child (B = -2.26, p = 0.001). Also for the Z-score (weight/length) (F = 68.979, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.564) and explained positively with perception of the weight of the child (B = 1.133, p < 0.001) and age of the child (B = 0.054, p = 0.006) and negatively with hours of sleep of the mother (B = -0.07, p = 0.040) and caloric intake (B = -0.004, p = 0.027). CONCLUSION: mothers of nursing infants who underestimate their child's weight and sleep fewer hours provide more caloric intake and their children have a higher Z-score weight/length.

INTRODUCCIÓN: a pesar de que la obesidad infantil es un problema de salud serio, poco se sabe de los factores relacionados con esta en la primera infancia.Objetivo: evaluar qué factores maternos, cognitivos y del lactante influyen en la ingesta energética del lactante y si estos a la vez influyen en su estado nutricional antes del año. MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo de correlación. Participaron 267 diadas (madre/hijo). Los cuestionarios consistieron en cuatro instrumentos para las variables cognitivas de la madre (autoeficacia materna, actitud en la alimentación, percepción sobre señales de hambre, saciedad y peso delhijo), aporte energético mediante recordatorio de 24 horas y datos sociodemográficos y antropométricos de la madre y del niño, mediante losque se han calculado el índice de masa corporal (IMC) materno y Z-score de peso/talla del lactante. RESULTADOS: el modelo fue significativo para la ingesta de kcal/kg peso (F = 8,624; p < 0,001; R2 = 0,104), correlacionando negativamente con la percepción materna del peso del hijo (B = -9,73; p = 0,002), las horas de sueño (B = -2,19; p = 0,044) y la edad del hijo (B = -2,26; p = 0,001). También para el Z-score (peso/longitud) (F = 68,979; p < 0,001; R2 = 0,564), y se explicó de manera positiva con percepción del peso del hijo (B = 1,133; p < 0,001) y edad del hijo (B = 0,054; p = 0,006) y negativamente con horas de sueño de la madre (B = -0,07; p = 0,040) e ingesta calórica (B = -0,004; p = 0,027). CONCLUSIÓN: las madres de hijos lactantes que subestiman el peso de su hijo y duermen menos horas proporcionan más ingesta calórica y sus niños presentan mayor Z-score del peso/longitud.

Características maternas e infantiles asociadas a obesidad en lactantes menores de un año de edad del norte de méxico / Maternal and infant characteristics associated with obesity in infants under one year of age in northern Mexico

Introducción: a pesar de que la obesidad infantil es un problema de salud serio, poco se sabe de los factores relacionados con esta en la primera infancia. Objetivo: evaluar qué factores maternos, cognitivos y del lactante influyen en la ingesta energética del lactante y si estos a la vez influyen en su estado nutricional antes del año. Métodos: estudio descriptivo de correlación. Participaron 267 diadas (madre/hijo). Los cuestionarios consistieron en cuatro instrumentos para las variables cognitivas de la madre (autoeficacia materna, actitud en la alimentación, percepción sobre señales de hambre, saciedad y peso delhijo), aporte energético mediante recordatorio de 24 horas y datos sociodemográficos y antropométricos de la madre y del niño, mediante los que se han calculado el índice de masa corporal (IMC) materno y Z-score de peso/talla del lactante. Resultados: el modelo fue significativo para la ingesta de kcal/kg peso (F = 8,624; p < 0,001; R2 = 0,104), correlacionando negativamente con la percepción materna del peso del hijo (B = -9,73; p = 0,002), las horas de sueño (B = -2,19; p = 0,044) y la edad del hijo (B = -2,26; p = 0,001). También para el Z-score (peso/longitud) (F = 68,979; p < 0,001; R2 = 0,564), y se explicó de manera positiva con percepción del peso del hijo (B = 1,133; p < 0,001) y edad del hijo (B = 0,054; p = 0,006) y negativamente con horas de sueño de la madre (B = -0,07; p = 0,040) e ingesta calórica (B = -0,004; p = 0,027).Conclusión: las madres de hijos lactantes que subestiman el peso de su hijo y duermen menos horas proporcionan más ingesta calórica y sus niños presentan mayor Z-score del peso/longitud

Introduction: despite the fact that childhood obesity is a serious health problem, little is known about its related factors in early childhood. Objective: to evaluate which maternal, cognitive and infant factors influence the infant’s energy intake and if these influence their nutritional status before the year. Methods: descriptive study of correlation. Two hundred and sixty-seven dyads (mother/child) participated. The questionnaires consisted of four instruments for the cognitive variables of the mother (maternal self-efficacy, attitude in the diet, perception of signs of hunger, satiety and weight of the child), energy intake through a 24-hour reminder and sociodemographic and anthropometric data of the mother and child, through which maternal body mass index (BMI) and Z-score of infant weight/height have been calculated. Results: the model was significant for the intake of kcal/kg weight (F = 8.624, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.104), negatively correlating with the maternal perception of the weight of the child (B = -9.73, p = 0.002), hours of sleep (B = -2.19, p = 0.044) and age of the child (B = -2.26, p = 0.001). Also for the Z-score (weight/length) (F = 68.979, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.564) and explained positively with perception of the weight of the child (B = 1.133, p < 0.001) and age of the child (B = 0.054, p = 0.006) and negatively with hours of sleep of the mother (B = -0.07, p = 0.040) and caloric intake (B = -0.004, p = 0.027). Conclusion: mothers of nursing infants who underestimate their child’s weight and sleep fewer hours provide more caloric intake and their children have a higher Z-score weight/length

Deployment of the 1st Area Medical Laboratory in a Split-Based Configuration During the Largest Ebola Outbreak in History.

BACKGROUND: The U.S. Army 1st Area Medical Laboratory (1st AML) is currently the only deployable medical CBRNE (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosives) laboratory in the Army's Forces Command. In support of the United States Agency for International Development Ebola response, the U.S. military initiated Operation United Assistance (OUA), and deployed approximately 2,500 service members to support the Government of Liberia's Ebola control efforts. Due to its unique molecular diagnostic and expeditionary capabilities, the 1st AML was ordered to deploy in October of 2014 in support of OUA via establishment of Ebola testing laboratories. To meet the unique mission requirements of OUA, the unit was re-organized to operate in a split-based configuration and sustain four separate Ebola testing laboratories. METHODS: This article is a review of the 1st AML's OUA participation in a split-based configuration. Topics highlighted include pre-deployment planning/training, operational/logistical considerations in fielding/withdrawing laboratories, laboratory testing results, disease and non-battle injuries, and lessons learned. FINDINGS: Fielding the 1st AML in a split-based configuration required careful pre-deployment planning, additional training, optimal use of personnel, and the acquisition of additional laboratory equipment. Challenges in establishing and sustaining remote laboratories in Liberia included: difficulties in transportation of equipment due to poor road infrastructure, heavy equipment unloading, and equipment damage during transit. Between November 26, 2014 and February 18, 2015 the four 1st AML labs successfully tested blood samples from patients and oral swabs collected by burial teams in rural Liberia. The most significant equipment malfunction during laboratory operations was generators powering the labs, with the same problem impacting headquarters. Generator failures delayed laboratory operations/result reporting, and put temperature sensitive reagents at risk. None of the 22 1st AML soldiers (at remote labs or headquarters) had an Ebola exposure, none were infected with malaria or other tropical diseases, and none required evacuation from the time deployed to remote sites. The primary medical condition encountered was acute gastroenteritis, and within the first week of arrival to Liberia, 19 (86%) soldiers were affected. DISCUSSION/IMPACT/RECOMMENDATIONS: With proper planning and training, the 1st AML can successfully conduct split-based operations in an outbreak setting, and this capability can be utilized in future operations. The performance of the 1st AML during the current Ebola outbreak highlights the value of this asset, and the need to continue its evolution to support U.S. military operations.

Modelo de rol materno en la alimentación del lactante: teoría de rango medio / Model maternal role in infant feeding: middle range theory

Las interacciones madre-hijo durante la alimentación en el primer año de vida tienen impacto duradero en la regulación del apetito y el desarrollo de obesidad actual y futura del individuo. Para los profesionales de enfermería es un reto y una nueva función prevenir problemas nutricionales en los lactantes. Contar con teorías de rango medio propias de enfermería que guíen el cuidado diario resulta indispensable. El presente trabajo presenta el desarrollo de la teoría de rango medio Modelo de rol materno en la alimentación del lactante, mediante el método de derivación teórica de Fawcett. Este modelo tiene como objetivo explicar cómo características maternas y del lactante influyen en el rol materno de alimentación y estado nutricional del hijo en el primer año de vida. Mediante este modelo se ofrece sustento teórico para la investigación e intervenciones de enfermería enfocadas a prevenir problemas de nutrición en el lactante

The mother-child interactions during feeding in the first year of life have lasting impact on appetite regulation and development of current and future obesity individual. For nursing professionals is a challenge prevent nutritional problems in infants. Having middle range theory own of nursing that guide daily care is indispensable. This work presents the theory of mid-range model maternal role in infant feeding, developed with the method of theoretical derivation of Fawcett´s. This model aims to explain how maternal and infant characteristics influence the maternal role of feeding and nutritional status of the child in the first year of life. This model offers theoretical basis for research and nursing interventions focused on preventing nutritional problems in infants

Relación del control glucémico, función cognitiva y las funciones ejecutivas en el adulto mayor con diabetes tipo 2: revisión sistemática / Relation of the glycemic control, cognitive function and executive function in the elderly with type 2 diabetes: systematic review

Objetivo: Revisar la evidencia disponible que demuestre la relación que existe entre el control glucémico, función cognitiva y las funciones ejecutivas en el AM con DT2. Métodos: La búsqueda de la literatura se realizó en idioma inglés y español, en 14 bases de datos, Open acces, y en el buscador Google. En base al modelo propuesto por Cooper (2007), para la síntesis de la literatura. Los estudios fueron evaluados para su validez, a través de la guía CASPe para estudios de casos y controles. Resultados: Se analizaron 11estudios de correlación, el 100% de los estudios mostró relación del control glucémico con el deterioro cognitivo y la función ejecutiva en AM con DT2. Los estudios concuerdan que los AM con DT2 presentan deterioro cognitivo, comparado con los AM sin DT2, por lo tanto existe déficit en el AM al realizar las funciones ejecutivas. Conclusiones: Según la evidencia disponible existe una relación significativa en el control glucémico y el deterioro cognitivo en el AM con DT2, así mismo un menor desempeño en la movilidad funcional y la fluidez verbal (AU)

Aim: To review the available evidence to show the relationship between glycemic control, cognitive function and executive functions in the AM with T2D. Methods: The literature search was conducted in English and Spanish, in 14 databases, Open Access, and the Google search engine. Based on the model proposed by Cooper (2007), for the synthesis of the literature. The studies were assessed for validity through CASPe guide for case-control studies. Results: We analyzed correlation 11estudies 100% of the studies showed glycemic control relationship to cognitive impairment and executive function in AM with DT2. Studies agree that the AM with DT2 have cognitive impairment, compared with AM without DT2, therefore there is a deficit in the AM to perform executive functions. Conclusions: Based on the available evidence there is a significant relationship in glycemic control and cognitive impairment in the AM with DT2, also a lower performance in functional mobility and verbal fluency (AU)

Predictores maternos del índice de masa corporal del hijo pre-escolar y escolar / Maternal Predictors of Body Mass Index of pre-school and school age children.

El objetivo fue identificar variables maternas predictoras del índice de masa corporal (IMC) del hijo. Se consideraron variables: a) socio-demográficas (edad, escolaridad, ocupación, estado marital e ingreso económico familiar), b) antropométricas (IMC) y c) estrategias de crianza (monitoreo y límites en alimentación, monitoreo y límites de conductas sedentarias, disciplina y control en alimentación). Se realizó un estudio correlacional predictivo con 537 diadas (madre-hijo). Los hijos inscritos en 4 escuelas públicas (2 de nivel pre-escolar y 2 de primaria) fueron seleccionados por muestreo aleatorio probabilístico. Las madres respondieron la Escala Estrategias de Crianza de Alimentación y Actividad, proporcionaron información socio demográfica y se midió peso y talla a cada diada. Los datos se analizaron por correlaciones y análisis de senderos. Se encontró que las madres tenían edad promedio de 34.25 años (DE=6.91), escolaridad 12.40 años (DE=3.36). El 53.3% refirió ser ama de casa y el 46.7% tener trabajo remunerado fuera del hogar. El 38.5% presentó pre-obesidad y el 27.3% algún grado de obesidad. La edad promedio del hijo fue 7.26 años (DE =2.46). El 3.2% presentó bajo peso, el 59.6% peso normal y el 37.2% sobrepeso-obesidad. Se encontró que trabajar fuera del hogar, tener mayor IMC materno, menor control y mayor disciplina en la alimentación son variables predictoras de mayor IMC del hijo. Se recomienda diseñar intervenciones para reducir y tratar el sobrepeso-obesidad infantil considerando los predictores encontrados.

The objective was to identify maternal variables that could be used as predictors of the child’s body mass index (BMI). We considered the following variables: a) socio-demographic (age, education, occupation, marital status and family income); b) anthropometric (BMI); and c) upbringing strategies (monitoring and limits for eating habits, monitoring and sedentary behavior limits, discipline and control in feeding. A predictive correlational study was carried out with 537 dyads (motherchild). Children enrolled in 4 public schools (2 for pre-school children and 2 for primary school children) were selected for probabilistic, random sampling. The mothers answered the Feeding and Activity Upbringing Strategies Scale, giving socio-demographic information and the dyads’ weight and height was measured. The data were analyzed for correlations and path analysis. It was found that the average age of mothers was 34.25 years (SD=6.91), with 12.40 years of education (SD=3.36), 53.3% mentioned that they were housewives and 46.7% had a paid job outside of the home; 38.5% showed pre-OB and 27.3% some degree of OB. The child’s average age was 7.26 years (SD=2.46), and 3.2% showed low weight, 59.6% normal weight and 37.2% OW-OB. It was found that working outside the home, having a higher maternal BMI, less control and more discipline in feeding are variables that predict higher BMI in the child. We recommend the design of interventions to reduce and treat the child’s OW-OB taking into account the predictors that were found.

[Maternal Predictors of Body Mass Index of Pre-school and School Age Children]. / Predictores maternos del índice de masa corporal del hijo pre-escolar y escolar.

The objective was to identify maternal variables that could be used as predictors of the child's body mass index (BMI). We considered the following variables: (a) socio-demographic (age, education, occupation, marital status and family income); (b) anthropometric (BMI); and (c) upbringing strategies (monitoring and limits for eating habits, monitoring and sedentary behavior limits, discipline and control in feeding. A predictive correlational study was carried out with 537 dyads (mother-child). Children enrolled in 4 public schools (2 for pre-school children and 2 for primary school children) were selected for probabilistic, random sampling. The mothers answered the Feeding and Activity Upbringing Strategies Scale, giving socio-demographic information and the dyads' weight and height was measured. The data were analyzed for correlations and path analysis. It was found that the average age of mothers was 34.25 years (SD=6.91), with 12.40 years of education (SD=3.36), 53.3% mentioned that they were housewives and 46.7% had a paid job outside of the home; 38.5% showed pre-OB and 27.3% some degree of OB. The child's average age was 7.26 years (SD=2.46), and 3.2% showed low weight, 59.6% normal weight and 37.2% OW-0B. It was found that working outside the home, having a higher maternal BMI, less control and more discipline in feeding are variables that predict higher BMI in the child. We recommend the design of interventions to reduce and treat the child's OW-OB taking into account the predictors that were found.

Grupo sanguíneo, alimentación y sobrepeso/obesidad: una Miscelánea / Blood group, types of food and obesity: a literature review

Antecedentes: La obesidad (OB) es un problema de salud pública. En el intento de encontrar otras variables que expliquen mejor esta problemática se ha señalado que el grupo sanguíneo de las personas juega un rol importante. Se dice que de acuerdo al grupo sanguíneo ABO, las personas tienen mayor probabilidad de desarrollar este padecimiento si los alimentos que consumen no son compatibles con dicho grupo sanguíneo. Objetivo: Revisar la literatura disponible para comprender la relación entre el grupo sanguíneo, tipo de alimentos y el riesgo de desarrollar OB. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión e literatura en el mes de octubre del 2012 en diferentes bases de datos en inglés y español de artículos que abordaran la relación entre el grupo sanguíneo ABO con la alimentación y la OB. Resultados: Se encontraron 6 artículos teóricos relacionados con el tema. De ellos, un artículo correlacional, un estudio longitudinal (seguimientos de 26 años) y 4 artículos descriptivos teóricos relacionados con el grupo sanguíneo ABO y la alimentación. Los artículos teóricos mencionan que las personas que consumen alimentos no compatibles con su tipo de sangre predisponen a desarrollar OB. En los artículos correlacional y longitudinal se encontró una relación con el grupo sanguíneo ABO y la OB en la interacciones de otros factores del medio ambiente. Conclusiones: Dado a la falta de estudios científicos en el tema, se requiere mayor investigación que demuestren la relación entre el grupo sanguíneo y la alimentación y la OB (AU)

Objective: Find scientific studies demonstrating the relationship if the blood type is related to food preference and thus increased risk of developing OB. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of literature in the month of October 2012 in different databases, without language restriction, in articles that addressed the relationship with ABO blood group food preference and OB. Results: There were 6 studies related to th is. A correlational article and a longitudinal (follow-ups of 26 years) studies were find. Also 4 descriptive theories on the ABO blood group and food preference. Within the correlational articles and longitudinal relationship was found with the ABO blood group and the OB on the interactions of other environmental factors. The theoretical papers mention that people who eat foods compatible with your blood type predispose to developing OB. Conclusions: We need more scientific studies proving whether or not related to the blood group and the OB (AU)