ABSTRACT
"Guava" (Acca sellowiana) is an unconventional edible plant from Brazil. It is used in traditional medicine as an anti-diabetic; however, pharmacological studies on this plant are scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical and safety profile of an aqueous A. sellowiana peel extract (ASPE) and its effects on endothelial EA.hy926 cells under glucose overload and in vivo (Artemia salina). An ethanolic extract from A. sellowiana peels (ASPEetOH) was also produced and characterized. Results showed that ASPE did not present in vivo toxicity, and it was found to contain high phenolic content and redox capacity. ASPE (50⯵g/mL; 24â¯h) prevented oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, besides positively modulating Sirtuins 1 and 3, and prevented the increase of COX-2 and NF-kß expression levels in EA.hy926 cells under glucose overload. Chromatographic fractionation, metabolite profiling, spectroscopic and bioinformatics analyses revealed the presence of phenolic acids, flavan-3-ols, flavonols, flavones, flavanones, and anthocyanidins, displaying a diversity of compounds in the crude and fractionated ASPEetOH. This study provided evidence on the safety profile, chemical composition, and pharmacological activities of A. sellowiana.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Species of Connaraceae are globally used in traditional medicines. However, several of these have not been studied regarding their chemical composition, and some are even at risk of extinction without proper studies. Therefore, the chemical composition and pharmacological potential of Connarus blanchetii Planch., Connarus nodosus Baker, Connarus regnellii G. Schellenb., and Connarus suberosus Planch., which were previously unknown, were analyzed. OBJECTIVE: This work aims to investigate the pharmacological potential of these four Connarus species. The chemical composition of different extracts was determined by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), with subsequent analysis by the GNPS platform and competitive fragmentation modeling (CFM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Leaf extracts (C. blanchetii, C. nodosus, C. regnellii, and C. suberosus) and bark extracts (C. regnellii and C. suberosus) were obtained by decoction, infusion, and maceration. LC/HRMS data were submitted to the GNPS platform and evaluated using CFM in order to confirm the structures. RESULTS: The HRMS-GNPS/CFM analysis indicated the presence of 23 compounds that were mainly identified as phenolic derivatives from quercetin and myricetin, of which 21 are unedited in the Connarus genus. Thus, from the analyses performed, we can identify different compounds with pharmacological potential, as well as the most suitable forms of extraction. CONCLUSION: Using HRMS-GNPS/CFM, 21 unpublished compounds were identified in the studied species. Therefore, our combination of data analysis techniques can be used to determine their chemical composition.
Subject(s)
Connaraceae , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods , Connaraceae/chemistry , Medicine, Traditional , Phenols/analysis , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods , Tandem Mass SpectrometryABSTRACT
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: An interdisciplinary scientific investigation of biologically active agents is fundamental to search for natural substances with therapeutic action. This review collected the most relevant information on traditional knowledge related to the use of plants of the Connaraceae family. This work is the first to compile all the published ethnobotanical, chemical, pharmacological, and toxicological information about this important plant family. AIM OF THE STUDY: Our objective was to provide the scientific community with an up-to-date overview of the pharmacological potential of Connaraceae species. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We searched NCBI Pubmed Central, Google Scholar, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), ScienceDirect, SciFinder, and Scopus databases to review the research on ethnobotanical, chemical, pharmacognostical, pharmacological, and toxicological studies with Connaraceaes. Books that address the theme were also included. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The literature review indicated that 39 species of Connaraceaes have pharmacological potentiality. Ethnobotany reports listed 36 of the 39 species discussed. Pharmacognostical studies have been conducted with 23 species and isolates, and chemical compounds have been identified for only 15 species. At least one study has been published concerning the pharmacological activities for 20 of the 39 species analyzed. For Agelaea pentagyna, Cnestis ferruginea, Connars suberosus, and Rourea minor, pharmacological activity experiments were performed using isolated compounds, which have the highest current pharmacological potential. Studies employing a toxicological approach cover only 10 of the 39 Connaraceaes species. Thus, scientific community should conduct much more research for a broader understanding of this plant family.
Subject(s)
Connaraceae , Ethnobotany , Ethnopharmacology , Phytotherapy , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Animals , Connaraceae/chemistry , Connaraceae/classification , Connaraceae/toxicity , Humans , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , Plant Extracts/toxicity , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
Resumo Objetivos Estimar o custo e a economia da aquisição de medicamentos fornecidos por meio de ação judicial, considerando a aquisição de medicamentos de referência, genérico e similar. Métodos Estudo descritivo e analítico das ações judiciais (n=186) para acesso a medicamentos pleiteados na comarca de Antônio Prado/RS entre os anos de 2004 a 2015. Investigou-se o custo dos tratamentos em três cenários: A - a aquisição pela referência; B - a aquisição de genéricos; C - a aquisição do medicamento de menor valor. Resultados O valor acumulado necessário para o cumprimento integral das ações judiciais ativas entre os anos de 2004 a 2015 seria de R$6.592.936,58 para o cenário A, de R$5.573.571,19 para o cenário B e de R$5.357.309,82 para o cenário C. O percentual de economia comparativamente ao cenário A foi 13,44% pela aquisição de medicamentos genéricos (cenário B) e de 17,94% pela aquisição do medicamento de menor valor (cenário C). Conclusões As ações judiciais de acesso aos medicamentos deferidas pela marca de referência oneram o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e ferem o princípio da livre concorrência que orienta as licitações públicas.
Abstract Aim Estimate the cost and economics of the purchase of medicines provided through lawsuit considering the acquisition of branded medicines, generic and similar equivalent. Methods The descriptive and analytical study of deferred lawsuits (n = 186) for access to medicines demanded in the Antonio Prado - RS, between the years 2004 to 2015, investigated the cost of the medicines for the full compliance of the shares considering three scenarios: A - the acquisition of brand name medicines; B - the acquisition of generic and C - acquisition of smaller value considering brand name drug, generic equivalent or similar. The financial impact of this difference was estimated as the annual cost of the acquisition of Pharmaceutical Services Basic Component (CBAF) of this municipality. Results The accumulated amount required for full compliance with the active lawsuits between the years 2004 to 2015 would be R $ 6,592,936.58 for scenario A, of R $ 5,573,571.19 for the scenario B and R $ 5,357,309.82 for scenario C. The percentage saving compared to scenario A was 13.44% for the acquisition of generic drugs (scenario B) and 17.94% for the acquisition of lower drug (C scenario). This difference in cost of the branded drugs ordered through judicial processes is over than 6 years and budget means comparing scenario B to A, and nearly 10 years comparing the scenario C to A. Conclusions The lawsuits of access to medicines that require brand name drugs further burden the public health system, and hurt the principle of free competition that guides public tenders, including the drug. As the Brazilian Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) under the requirements shall be according to the Brazilian Common Denomination, the lawsuits for access to medicines should respect this guidance.
ABSTRACT
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência dos tratos culturais no desenvolvimento vegetal, morfologia e teor de flavonóides para Calendula officinalis L., Asteraceae. Os tratos culturais foram: calagem (CA), calagem + adubação orgânica (CAO) e calagem + adubação química NPK (CAQ). O experimento foi inteiramente casualizado com sessenta repetições e a comparação das médias realizada por ANOVA e teste de Duncan (significância de 95 por cento). Os resultados apontam que CAO e CAQ apresentaram maior desenvolvimento vegetal comparados com tratamento CA. O tratamento CAO produziu ainda, plantas com maior homogeneidade, massa fresca e número de capítulos florais por planta, mas menor biomassa de flores produzidas por cada indivíduo. Observou-se também, variações morfoanatômicas com flores tubulares com centro amarelado (TCA) e tubulares com centro acastanhado (TAC) que produziram maior teor de flavonóides (1,41 e 1,44 por cento respectivamente) comparadas com flores ligulares com centro amarelado (LCA) e ligulares com centro acastanhado (LAC) (0,89 e 0,95 por cento respectivamente). Os compostos químicos nas flores de calêndula, visualizados por cromatografia em camada delgada, demonstraram que os tratamentos não têm influencia sobre o perfil químico qualitativo do vegetal. Entretanto, cultivares de calêndula submetidas ao tratamento CAQ produziram maior quantidade de flavonóides totais (1,14 por cento) contra 1,04 por cento do CAO e 1,03 por cento de CA.
The objective of this study was to examine the influence of cultivation treatments on plant development, morphology and flavonoid content in Calendula officinalis L., Asteraceae. The cultivation treatments were liming (LIM), liming + organic fertilizer (LORG) and liming + NPK chemical fertilizer (LCHEM). The experiment was completely randomized with sixty repetitions and the means were compared by ANOVA and Duncan's test (significance of 95 percent). The results show that LORG and LCHEM produced greater plant development compared with LIM treatment. The LORG treatment also produced plants with greater homogeneity, fresh mass, and higher numbers of flowers per plant, but lower biomass of flower produced by each individual. Morphoanatomical variations were also observed with tubular flowers with yellow centres (TCA) and tubular flowers with brown centres (TAC) that produced a higher content of flavonoids (1.41 and 1.44 percent respectively), compared with ligulate flowers with yellow centres (LCA) and ligulate flowers with brown centres (LAC) (0.89 and 0.95 percent respectively). The chemical compounds in the flowers of calendula viewed by thin-layer chromatography showed that the treatments did not have any influence on the qualitative chemical profile of the plant. However, cultivars of calendula that underwent treatment LCHEM produced a greater quantity of total flavonoids (1.14 percent) against 1.04 percent for LORG and 1.03 percent for LIM.
