ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Epilepsy requires continuous medical attention from multiple healthcare specialists, specialized facilities, and community-based care. In Spain, there is no standardized approach to epilepsy care. The aim of this study was to identify the factors impacting on the delivery of high-quality care by exploring key steps and barriers along the patient journey through the Spanish National Healthcare System (NHS). METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted using opinions and experiences of neurologists, nurses, patients, and caregivers shared in discussion meetings. Using thematic content analyses, relevant aim-focused statements were coded according to prespecified issues in a discussion map (i.e., key steps and barriers), and sub-coded according to emerging issues. Thematic saturation and co-occurrence of key steps/barriers were evaluated to identify the most relevant factors impacting on the delivery of high-quality care. RESULTS: Sixty-five stakeholders took part in discussion meetings (36 neurologists, 10 nurses, 10 patients, and nine caregivers). Six key steps on the patient journey were identified: emergency care, diagnosis, drug therapy, follow-up, referral, and interventional treatment. Of these, follow-up was the most relevant step impacting on the delivery of high-quality patient care, followed by drug therapy and diagnosis. Emergency care was considered a hot-spot step with impact throughout the patient journey. Communication (among HCPs and between HCPs and patients) was a barrier to the delivery of high-quality care at several stages of the patient journey, including drug therapy, follow-up, referral, and interventional treatment. Resource availability was a barrier for diagnosis (especially for confirmation), drug therapy (drug availability), and referral (lack of professionals and specialized centers, and long waiting lists). SIGNIFICANCE: This is the first study capturing perspectives of four key stakeholders involved in epilepsy care in Spain. We provide an overview of the patient journey through the Spanish NHS and highlight opportunities to improve the delivery of patient-centered care with a chronicity perspective. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Patients with epilepsy may require prolonged medical care. In Spain, care is provided by a range of specialist and non-specialist centers. In this study, a team of Spanish neurologists, nurses, patients and caregivers identified barriers that affect the delivery of high-quality care for patients with epilepsy at each stage of their journey through the Spanish NHS. Specific epilepsy training for healthcare providers, appropriate resources for diagnosing and treating patients, and good communication between healthcare workers and patients were identified as important factors in providing high-quality care for patients with epilepsy.
ABSTRACT
Introducción. Las crisis epilépticas y la epilepsia son parte de la práctica clínica diaria en neurología. No obstante, el número de diagnósticos falsos positivos es sorprendentemente alto. Casi uno de cada cinco pacientes tratado por epilepsia en realidad no tiene ese diagnóstico, un porcentaje elevado teniendo en cuenta las consecuencias sociomédicas que conlleva el diagnóstico de epilepsia. Objetivos. Resumir los desafíos diagnósticos más importantes en epilepsia, describir posibles fuentes de error en el diagnóstico y proporcionar consejos sobre cómo evitarlos. Desarrollo. La epilepsia se caracteriza por una tendencia a sufrir crisis epilépticas no provocadas. El mayor obstáculo al diagnosticar una epilepsia radica en que las crisis epilépticas son fenómenos transitorios que ocurren relativamente con poca frecuencia y el médico que realiza el diagnóstico raramente llega a verlas. Además, existen otros eventos clínicos, como por ejemplo síncopes o crisis no epilépticas, que pueden tener una apariencia similar a las crisis epilépticas y, en consecuencia, confundirse con ellas. Finalmente, al interpretar las dos técnicas diagnósticas complementarias más importantes en epileptología, el electroencefalograma y la resonancia magnética cerebral, deben tenerse en cuenta los errores más comunes para prevenir diagnósticos erróneos. Conclusiones. El diagnóstico de una epilepsia es un reto y debe basarse en una historia clínica detallada y específica. Si desde el inicio existen dudas razonables sobre el diagnóstico de epilepsia o si el paciente no responde bien al tratamiento antiepiléptico, recomendamos derivar al paciente a un centro especializado que establezca un diagnóstico definitivo
Introduction. Epileptic seizures and epilepsy are part of daily clinical practice in neurology. Yet, the number of false positive diagnoses is surprisingly high. Almost one out of every five patients treated for epilepsy does not really have this diagnosis, which is a high percentage bearing in mind the social and medical consequences that being diagnosed with epilepsy entails. Aims. To summarise the most important diagnostic challenges in epilepsy, to describe possible sources of diagnostic error and to offer advice on how to avoid them. Development. Epilepsy is characterised by a tendency to suffer unprovoked epileptic seizures. The greatest obstacle when it comes to diagnosing a case of epilepsy is the fact that epileptic seizures are transient phenomena that occur relatively infrequently and the physician who must carry out the diagnosis will rarely see them. Moreover, there are other clinical events, such as syncopes or non-epileptic seizures, that may be similar to epileptic seizures in appearance and, consequently, can be mistaken for them. Finally, when interpreting the two most important complementary diagnostic techniques in epileptology, the electroencephalogram and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, the most common errors must be taken into account in order to prevent mistaken diagnoses. Conclusions. The diagnosis of epilepsy is a challenge and must be based on a detailed and specific medical record. If there are any reasonable doubts, from the outset, about the diagnosis of epilepsy or if the patient does not respond well to the antiepileptic treatment, we recommend referring the patient to a specialised centre to establish a definitive diagnosis
