Hidrosálpinx en una niña prepuberal: un caso excepcional en la edad pediátrica / Hidrosalpinx in girl in pubertal age: An exceptional case in pediatric age

El hidrosálpinx consiste en una acumulación de líquido claro o seroso en la trompa de Falopio, debido a una obstrucción distal y a una dilatación de la misma. Es una entidad bien descrita, aunque infrecuente, sobre todo en mujeres sexualmente inactivas o prepúberes, puesto que la etiología principal del cuadro suele ser la enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica. Presentamos el caso de una niña de 11 años púber, en estadio II de Tanner, sin actividad sexual. En estas edades existen muy pocos casos descritos, y en la mayoría se encuentra una causa subyacente, aunque la patogenia es incierta. En el presente caso no encon-tramos ningún factor de riesgo para la aparición del hidrosálpinx, pero en revisiones de imagen posteriores, 3 meses después de la menarquia, se encontró un endometrioma. Lo excepcional del caso es precisamente la aparición de la malformación previa al endo-metrioma, si bien ambos procesos podrían estar condicionados por factores hormonales propios de la adolescencia

Hydrosalpinx consists of accumulation of clear or serous fluid in the fallopian tube, due to distal obstruction and dilatation of the same. It is a well-described but infrequent entity, especially in sexually inactive or prepubertal women, since the main etiology of the condition is usually pelvic inflammatory disease. We present the case of an 11-year-old pubertal girl (Tanner II) with no sexual activity. In these ages there are very few cases de-scribed and in all of them an underlying cause is found, although the pathogenesis is unclear. In our case, we did not find any risk factors for the appearance of hydrosalpinx, but in posterior image revisions, three months after menarche, an endometrioma was found, the exception being precisely the appearance of the malformation prior to the endometrioma, although both processes may be influenced by hormonal factors in adolescence

Papel complementario de la resonancia magnética en el estudio del sistema urinario fetal / Complementary role of magnetic resonance imaging in the study of the fetal urinary system

La patología urinaria es la anomalía que se detecta con mayor frecuencia en el estudio prenatal y representa del 30 al 50% del total de las anomalías estructurales en el nacimiento. Los trastornos más frecuentes son la dilatación del tracto urinario, las variantes del desarrollo, las enfermedades quísticas renales, la patología neoplásica renal y anomalías de la vejiga. Estas entidades pueden presentarse aisladas o asociadas a síndromes. Su evaluación se realiza con ecografía de forma rutinaria, y solo en aquellos casos en los que no sea concluyente se considera el estudio adicional con resonancia magnética (RM) fetal. Nuestro objetivo es exponer el potencial de la RM fetal como complemento a la ecografía en las enfermedades del sistema urinario fetal, analizando sus principales indicaciones y la información adicional que aporta en cada entidad, especialmente en la valoración de la funcionalidad renal mediante las secuencias de difusión (AU)

Urinary system birth defects represent the abnormality most often detected in prenatal studies, accounting for 30% to 50% of all structural anomalies present at birth. The most common disorders are urinary tract dilation, developmental variants, cystic kidney diseases, kidney tumors, and bladder defects. These anomalies can present in isolation or in association with various syndromes. They are normally evaluated with sonography, and the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered only in inconclusive cases. In this article, we show the potential of fetal MRI as a technique to complement sonography in the study of fetal urinary system anomalies. We show the additional information that MRI can provide in each entity, especially in the evaluation of kidney function through diffusion-weighted sequences (AU)

Complementary role of magnetic resonance imaging in the study of the fetal urinary system.

Urinary system birth defects represent the abnormality most often detected in prenatal studies, accounting for 30% to 50% of all structural anomalies present at birth. The most common disorders are urinary tract dilation, developmental variants, cystic kidney diseases, kidney tumors, and bladder defects. These anomalies can present in isolation or in association with various syndromes. They are normally evaluated with sonography, and the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered only in inconclusive cases. In this article, we show the potential of fetal MRI as a technique to complement sonography in the study of fetal urinary system anomalies. We show the additional information that MRI can provide in each entity, especially in the evaluation of kidney function through diffusion-weighted sequences.

Resonancia magnética de cuerpo entero en un caso de neuroblastoma abdominal oculto con síndrome opsoclonus-myoclonus / Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in a patient with an occult abdominal neuroblastoma and opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome

El síndrome opsoclonus-myoclonus es un trastorno neurológico raro. En la infancia su etiología es variable, aunque en un 40-80% de los casos se trata de una manifestación paraneoplásica, principalmente del neuroblastoma. Con un algoritmo diagnóstico controvertido en la búsqueda de un posible tumor primario, la resonancia magnética de cuerpo entero se vislumbra como una poderosa herramienta. Presentamos el caso de un varón de 2 años con manifestaciones de un síndrome opsoclonus-myoclonus al que se detectó un neuroblastoma retroperitoneal mediante esta técnica de imagen (AU)

Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome is a rare neurological disorder. In children, the etiology varies, although it is a paraneoplastic manifestation (mainly of neuroblastoma) in 40% to 80% of cases. Whole-body MRI promises to be a powerful tool in the search for a possible primary tumor in this condition for which the diagnostic algorithm is yet to be established. We present the case of a two-year-old boy with signs of opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome in whom a retroperitoneal neuroblastoma was detected by whole-body MRI (AU)

[Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in a patient with an occult abdominal neuroblastoma and opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome]. / Resonancia magnética de cuerpo entero en un caso de neuroblastoma abdominal oculto con síndrome opsoclonus-myoclonus.

Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome is a rare neurological disorder. In children, the etiology varies, although it is a paraneoplastic manifestation (mainly of neuroblastoma) in 40% to 80% of cases. Whole-body MRI promises to be a powerful tool in the search for a possible primary tumor in this condition for which the diagnostic algorithm is yet to be established. We present the case of a two-year-old boy with signs of opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome in whom a retroperitoneal neuroblastoma was detected by whole-body MRI.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with operable breast cancer and positive axillary nodes at initial diagnosis

Objetivo. Valorar la utilidad de la biopsia selectiva del ganglio centinela (BGC) después de la quimioterapia neoadyuvante (QTN) en pacientes con cáncer de mama operable y axila positiva al diagnóstico. Material y métodos. Estudio prospectivo entre enero de 2008 y diciembre de 2012 en 52 pacientes, con una edad media de 50,7 años y con cáncer de mama infiltrante T1-3, N1, M0 (uno bilateral, 7 multifocales), tratadas con epirrubicina/ciclofosfamida, docetaxel y trastuzumab en HER-2/neu positivas. El estatus axilar se estableció por la exploración física, la ecografía axilar y la punción ecoguiada de ganglios sospechosos. El día antes de la cirugía se inyectó periareolarmente 74-111 MBq de 99mTc-nanocoloide de albúmina. En todas se realizó una cirugía mamaria, una BGC y una linfadenectomía axilar. El GC se analizó por cortes de congelación, hematoxilina-eosina, inmunohistoquímica u OSNA. Resultados. Tamaño medio del tumor: 3,5 cm. Tipo histológico: 81,1% carcinoma ductal infiltrante. Respuesta completa al tumor primario: clínica 43,4%, patológica 41,5%. Ninguna de las pacientes presentó adenopatías axilares palpables después del tratamiento. Respuesta completa patológica axilar: 42,2%. El porcentaje de identificación del GC fue de 84,9%. En 6 de las 8 pacientes sin migración del nanocoloide la axila resultó positiva en el estudio anatomopatológico. En el 95,5% de los casos el GC determinó correctamente el estatus axilar. La tasa de falsos negativos fue de 8,3%. En el 68,2% de los casos el GC fue el único afectado de la axila. El número medio de GC identificados fue de 1,9 y el de ganglios axilares extirpados fue de 13,2. Conclusión. La BGC post-QTN es una técnica segura y factible en pacientes con cáncer de mama operable T1-3, N1 y axila clínicamente negativa después del tratamiento (AU)

Aim. To evaluate the utility of the sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in patients with operable breast cancer and positive axillary nodes at initial diagnosis treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Material and methods. A prospective study was performed from January 2008 to December 2012 in 52 women, mean age 50.7 years, with infiltrating breast carcinoma T1-3, N1, M0 (1 bilateral, 7 multifocal) treated with epirubicin/cyclophosphamide, docetaxel and trastuzumab in Her2/neu-positive patients. Axillary evaluation included physical examination, axillary ultrasound, and ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy of any suspicious lymph node. The day before surgery, 74-111 MBq of 99mTc-albumin nanocolloid was injected periareolarly. All patients underwent breast surgery, with SLNB and complete axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). The SLNs were examined by frozen sections, hematoxylin-eosin staining, immunohistochemical analysis or one-step nucleic acid amplification assay (OSNA). Results. Mean tumor size: 3.5 cm. Histologic type: 81.1% invasive ductal carcinoma. Complete response of primary tumor was clinical 43.4%, pathological 41.5%. All patients were clinically node-negative after NAC. Pathological complete response of axillary node was 42.2%. SLN identification rate was 84.9%. Axilla was positive in the pathology study in 6 of 8 patients without nanocolloid migration. SLN accurately represented the axillary status in 95.5%. False negative rate was 8.3%. SLN was the only positive node in 68.2% of patients. Mean number of SLN removed was 1.9 and of nodes resected from the ALND 13.2. Conclusion. SLN biopsy after NAC is a feasible and accurate tool in patients with operable breast cancer T1-3, N1 and clinically node-negative after therapy (AU)

Sentinel lymph node biopsy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with operable breast cancer and positive axillary nodes at initial diagnosis.

AIM: To evaluate the utility of the sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in patients with operable breast cancer and positive axillary nodes at initial diagnosis treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective study was performed from January 2008 to December 2012 in 52 women, mean age 50.7 years, with infiltrating breast carcinoma T1-3, N1, M0 (1 bilateral, 7 multifocal) treated with epirubicin/cyclophosphamide, docetaxel and trastuzumab in Her2/neu-positive patients. Axillary evaluation included physical examination, axillary ultrasound, and ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy of any suspicious lymph node. The day before surgery, 74-111 MBq of (99m)Tc-albumin nanocolloid was injected periareolarly. All patients underwent breast surgery, with SLNB and complete axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). The SLNs were examined by frozen sections, hematoxylin-eosin staining, immunohistochemical analysis or one-step nucleic acid amplification assay (OSNA). RESULTS: Mean tumor size: 3.5 cm. Histologic type: 81.1% invasive ductal carcinoma. Complete response of primary tumor was clinical 43.4%, pathological 41.5%. All patients were clinically node-negative after NAC. Pathological complete response of axillary node was 42.2%. SLN identification rate was 84.9%. Axilla was positive in the pathology study in 6 of 8 patients without nanocolloid migration. SLN accurately represented the axillary status in 95.5%. False negative rate was 8.3%. SLN was the only positive node in 68.2% of patients. Mean number of SLN removed was 1.9 and of nodes resected from the ALND 13.2. CONCLUSION: SLN biopsy after NAC is a feasible and accurate tool in patients with operable breast cancer T1-3, N1 and clinically node-negative after therapy.

Biopsia del ganglio centinela en pacientes con cáncer de mama operable tratadas con quimioterapia neoadyuvante / Sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with operable breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy

Objetivo. Validar la biopsia selectiva del ganglio centinela (BGC) en pacientes con cáncer de mama tratadas con quimioterapia neoadyuvante. Materiales y métodos. Estudio prospectivo de enero de 2008 a enero de 2011, 88 pacientes con una edad media de 49,4 años, con cáncer de mama infiltrante T1-3, N0-1, M0, tratadas con epirrubicina/ciclofosfamida, docetaxel y trastuzumab en Her2/neu positivas. El estatus axilar se estableció por exploración física, ecografía axilar y punción ecoguiada de ganglios sospechosos. El día antes de la cirugía se inyectaron periareolarmente 74-111 MBq de 99mTc-nanocoloide de albúmina. En todas se realizó cirugía mamaria, BGC y linfadenectomía axilar. El ganglio centinela (GC) se analizó por cortes de congelación, hematoxilina-eosina, inmunohistoquímica u OSNA. Resultados. El tamaño medio del tumor fue de 3,5 cm. Según el tipo histológico, 69 se clasificaron como ductal infiltrante, 16 como lobulillar infiltrante y 3 como de otro tipo. Treinta y siete pacientes tenían axila clínica/ecográfica positiva al diagnóstico. La respuesta clínica del tumor primario fue: 38 completa, 45 parcial, 5 no respuesta. En todas las pacientes la axila fue clínica/ecográfica negativa después del tratamiento. En 25 casos hubo respuesta patológica completa en el tumor primario. El porcentaje de identificación del GC fue del 92,0%, 6 de las 7 pacientes sin migración eran axila clínica/ecográfica positiva al diagnóstico. En el 96,3% de los casos el GC determinó correctamente el estatus axilar. La tasa de falsos negativos fue del 8,3%. En el 69,4% de los casos el GC era el único afectado de la axila. El número medio de GC identificados fue 1,7 y el de ganglios axilares extirpados fue 13,2. Conclusión. La BGC es una técnica factible en pacientes con cáncer de mama tratadas con quimioterapia neoadyuvante, pudiendo evitar linfadenectomías innecesarias(AU)

Aim. To evaluate the accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in operable breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Materials and methods. Between January 2008-2011, 88 women, mean age 49.4 years, with infiltrating breast carcinoma, were studied prospectively. Patients were T1-3, N0-1, M0. Prior to surgery, the patients received chemotherapy (epirubicin/cyclophosphamide, docetaxel), and trastuzumab in Her2/neu-positive patients. Axillary status was established by physical examination, ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy of any suspicious lymph node. The day before surgery, 74-111 MBq of 99mTc-albumin nanocolloid was injected periareolarly. All patients underwent breast surgery, with SLNB, followed by complete axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Sentinel lymph node (SLN) were examined by frozen sections, hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical analysis or One Step Nucleic Acid Amplification (OSNA). Results. Mean tumor size: 3.5 cm. Histologic type: 69 invasive ductal, 16 invasive lobular and 3 others. Thirty seven patients had clinical/ultrasound node-positive at presentation. Clinical response of primary tumor to NAC: complete in 38, partial in 45, and stable disease in 5 patients. A pathological complete response was achieved in 25. All patients were clinically node-negative after NAC. SLN identification rate was 92.0%. Six of 7 patients in whom SLN was not found had clinical/ultrasound positive axilla before NAC. SLN accurately determined the axillary status in 96.5%. False negative rate was 8.3%. In 69.4% of patients, SLN was the only positive node. The mean number of SLN removed was 1.7 and nodes resected from the ALND were 13.2. Conclusion. SLN biopsy after NAC can predict the axillary status with a high accuracy in patients with breast cancer, avoiding unnecessary ALND(AU)

Sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with operable breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

AIM: To evaluate the accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in operable breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 2008-2011, 88 women, mean age 49.4 years, with infiltrating breast carcinoma, were studied prospectively. Patients were T1-3, N0-1, M0. Prior to surgery, the patients received chemotherapy (epirubicin/cyclophosphamide, docetaxel), and trastuzumab in Her2/neu-positive patients. Axillary status was established by physical examination, ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy of any suspicious lymph node. The day before surgery, 74-111 MBq of (99m)Tc-albumin nanocolloid was injected periareolarly. All patients underwent breast surgery, with SLNB, followed by complete axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Sentinel lymph node (SLN) were examined by frozen sections, hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical analysis or One Step Nucleic Acid Amplification (OSNA). RESULTS: Mean tumor size: 3.5 cm. Histologic type: 69 invasive ductal, 16 invasive lobular and 3 others. Thirty seven patients had clinical/ultrasound node-positive at presentation. Clinical response of primary tumor to NAC: complete in 38, partial in 45, and stable disease in 5 patients. A pathological complete response was achieved in 25. All patients were clinically node-negative after NAC. SLN identification rate was 92.0%. Six of 7 patients in whom SLN was not found had clinical/ultrasound positive axilla before NAC. SLN accurately determined the axillary status in 96.5%. False negative rate was 8.3%. In 69.4% of patients, SLN was the only positive node. The mean number of SLN removed was 1.7 and nodes resected from the ALND were 13.2. CONCLUSION: SLN biopsy after NAC can predict the axillary status with a high accuracy in patients with breast cancer, avoiding unnecessary ALND.

Solución del caso 29. Hemangioma subglótico congénito / Solution to case 29. Congenital Subglottic hemangioma

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[Relationship between memory tests and volumetry and relaxometry of the hippocampus]. / Relación entre los tests de memoria y la volumetría y relaxometría del hipocampo.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Interdisciplinary research made by neuropsychologist, neurologists and radiologists is making possible descriptions of the anatomic bases of memory. The hippocampus is one of the main structures related to memory processing. The aim of the present study was to study the relationship between verbal and visual memory, and the volumetry and relaxometry of the. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 36 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS). Fist, a neuropsychological assessment of was made the verbal and visual memory. Second, hippocampal structure were studied by magnetic resonance image (hippocampal volumetry and relaxometry). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Reactive gliosis measured by T2 relaxation time predicted poorer visual memory in patients with right or left MTS. These results indicate that structural damage in right hippocampus implies worse performance in visual memory. Moreover, MTS was found to have negative effects on contralateral memory (poorer verbal memory in right MTS, and poorer visual memory in left MTS). These results could be due to memory compensation. Thus, the memory function associated with the sclerotic hippocampus is adopted by the contralateral structure. Therefore, the more damage there is to the latter, the poorer is the memory functioning.

Relación entre los tests de memoria y la volumetría y relaxometría del hipocampo / Relationship between memory tests and volumetry and relaxometry of the hippocampus

Introducción y objetivos. Los trabajos interdisplinares realizados desde la neuropsicología, la neurología y la radiología permiten describir las bases anatómicas de la memoria. El hipocampo es una de las principales estructuras relacionadas con el procesamiento de la memoria. El objetivo del presente trabajo es estudiar la relación de distintas tareas de memoria verbal y visual con dos técnicas de diagnóstico por imagen de resonancia magnética, como la volumetría y la relaxometría hipocampal. Pacientes y métodos. Se estudiaron 36 pacientes con crisis parciales complejas de origen temporal asociadas a esclerosis temporal mesial (ETM) unilateral. Se evaluó neuropsicológicamente el funcionamiento de la memoria verbal y visual, y se realizaron estudios de resonancia magnética, volumetría y relaxometría de ambos hipocampos. Resultados y conclusiones. La gliosis reactiva medida por el tiempo de relajación en T2 predice una peor ejecución en memoria visual, tanto en los pacientes con esclerosis temporal derecha como izquierda. Por tanto, los resultados muestran que la alteración estructural del hipocampo derecho implica una peor ejecución en memoria visual. Por otro lado, se ha encontrado que la memoria verbal en la ETM derecha y la memoria visual en la ETM izquierda, empeoran cuanto mayor era la afectación del hipocampo esclerótico. Estos datos podrían ser resultado de la compensación de funciones, al asumir el hipocampo menos dañado parte de las funciones del esclerótico, porque al verse dañado el primero se afectarían negativamente tanto la memoria verbal como la visual

Introduction and aims. Interdisciplinary research made by neuropsychologist, neurologists and radiologists is making possible descriptions of the anatomic bases of memory. The hippocampus is one of the main structures related to memory processing. The aim of the present study was to study the relationship between verbal and visual memory, and the volumetry and relaxometry of the. Patients and methods. 36 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS). Fist, a neuropsychological assessment of was made the verbal and visual memory. Second, hippocampal structure were studied by magnetic resonance image (hippocampal volumetry and relaxometry). Results and conclusions. Reactive gliosis measured by T2 relaxation time predicted poorer visual memory in patients with right or left MTS. These results indicate that structural damage in right hippocampus implies worse performance in visual memory. Moreover, MTS was found to have negative effects on contralateral memory (poorer verbal memory in right MTS, and poorer visual memory in left MTS). These results could be due to memory compensation. Thus, the memory function associated with the sclerotic hippocampus is adopted by the contralateral structure. Therefore, the more damage there is to the latter, the poorer is the memory functioning

[Patient aged 45 with refractory epilepsy of the temporal lobe since early childhood]. / Paciente de 45 años con epilepsia refractaria del lóbulo temporal desde la infancia.

INTRODUCTION: Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most frequent of the epilepsies related with localization and one of the most refractory to pharmacological treatment. Temporal lobectomy curbs seizures in many of these patients, which improves their quality of life. CASE REPORT: Patient aged 45 who, during early infancy, started to suffer simple partial seizures that later went on to become generalised. These were well under control by adolescence but at 23 they became complex partial seizures that were resistant to different antiepileptic drugs. The patient was submitted to a complete presurgical evaluation and a left anterior temporal lobectomy was performed at the age of 44. After surgery he evolved favourably. The final diagnosis was that he was suffering from mesial temporal sclerosis, associated with a subcortical neuronal heterotopy of the parahippocampal region. We discuss the semiology and the aetiology with regard to this patient and in a general sense, and we also define the foundations upholding the decision to perform surgery, the areas that make up the epileptogenic zone, and the neurophysiological and neuropsychological tests, and the structural and functional neuroimaging that are used to measure those areas. Likewise, the different techniques that can be used in resection of the temporal lobe are analysed. We also set out an etiopathogenic hypothesis according to the histopathological results and comment on a number of related general aspects. CONCLUSIONS: Progress in physiopathological knowledge, the development of diagnostic and surgical techniques, and its high efficiency and low morbidity have consolidated temporal lobectomy as a radical form of treatment for temporal lobe epilepsy that should be performed as early as possible once resistance to medication has been observed.

[Changes in episodic and semantic memory associated with temporal lobectomy]. / Cambios en memoria episódica y semántica asociados a la lobulectomía temporal.

INTRODUCTION: Temporal lobectomy (TL) is an effective treatment for drug refractory temporal lobe epilepsy. The main neuropsychological consequences of the intervention are changes in episodic and semantic memory. Aim. To study the consequences of right temporal lobectomy (RTL) and left temporal lobectomy (LTL) on episodic and semantic mnemonic functioning. PATIENTS AND METHOD: 27 patients who had undergone TL in the Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves in Granada were submitted to pre and post surgical evaluation by means of a battery of neuropsychological tests that included episodic and semantic memory tests for both verbal and visual material. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: ANOVA analysis was employed to analyse the pre and post surgical changes for the whole group of patients, and Student s t and Wilcoxon s non parametric test were used for each group of RTL and LTL. No deterioration was found in ipsilateral memory after the intervention, that is to say, in the verbal memory of the patients submitted to LTL and in the visual memory of RTL patients. With regard to contralateral memory, that is, the visual memory of patients submitted to LTL and the verbal memory of RTL patients, the ANOVA analyses of the whole group revealed a statistically significant improvement. The analyses performed for the whole group (LTL and RTL), however, did not reveal any statistically significant changes.

Cambios en la memoria episódica y semántica asociados a la lobulectomía temporal / Changes in episodic and semantic memory associated to temporal lobectomy

Introducción. La lobulectomía temporal (LT) representa un tratamiento eficaz para la epilepsia del lóbulo temporal refractaria al tratamiento farmacológico. Las principales consecuencias neuropsicológicas de la intervención son los cambios en memoria episódica y semántica. Objetivo. Estudiar las consecuencias de la lobulectomía temporal derecha (LTD) y lobulectomía temporal izquierda (LTI) sobre el funcionamiento mnésico episódico y semántico. Pacientes y métodos. 27 pacientes sometidos a LT en el Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves de Granada. Se evaluaron pre y posquirúrgicamente mediante una amplia batería de pruebas neuropsicológicas, que incluía tests de memoria episódica y semántica, tanto para material verbal como visual. Resultados y conclusiones. Se analizaron los cambios pre y posquirúrgicos mediante análisis ANOVA para todo el conjunto de pacientes, y t de Student y test no paramétrico de Wilcoxon para cada grupo de LTD y LTI. No se han encontrado empeoramientos en la memoria ipsilateral a la intervención, es decir, en la memoria verbal de los pacientes sometidos a LTI y en la memoria visual de las LTD. Respecto a la memoria contralateral, es decir, la memoria visual de los pacientes sometidos a LTI y la memoria verbal de los pacientes con LTD, los análisis de todo el grupo mediante ANOVA revelaron una mejora estadísticamente significativa. En cambio, los análisis realizados a cada grupo (LTI y LTD) no mostraron cambios estadísticamente significativos (AU)

Paciente de 45 años con epilepsia refractaria del lóbulo temporaldes de la infancia / Patient aged 45 with refractory epilepsy of the temporal lobe since early childhood

Introducción. La epilepsia del lóbulo temporal es la más frecuente de las epilepsias relacionadas con la localización y una de las más refractarias al tratamiento farmacológico. La lobulectomía temporal suprime las crisis en muchos de estos pacientes, lo que hace mejorar su calidad de vida. Caso clínico. Paciente de 45 años, que empezó con crisis parciales simples y secundariamente generalizadas en la primera infancia; bien controlado durante la adolescencia, con 23 años comenzó con crisis parciales complejas, resistentes a diversos fármacos antiepilépticos. Se le realizó una evaluación prequirúrgica completa y una lobulectomía temporal anterior izquierda con 44 años; evolucionó favorablemente tras la cirugía. El diagnóstico final fue de esclerosis temporal mesial, asociada a una heterotopía neuronal subcortical de la región parahipocampal. Aplicado al paciente y en sentido amplio, se realiza una discusión semiológica y etiológica, se definen las bases que sustentan la cirugía, las áreas que componen la zona epileptógena y las pruebas neurofisiológicas, de neuroimagen estructural y funcional y neuropsicológicas que las miden. Asimismo, se analizan las distintas técnicas de resección del lóbulo temporal, se establece una hipótesis etiopatogénica en función de los resultados histopatológicos y se comentan algunos aspectos generales relacionados. Conclusiones. El avance en el conocimiento fisiopatológico, el desarrollo de los medios diagnósticos y quirúrgicos y la demostración de su gran eficacia y escasa morbilidad han consolidado la lobulectomía temporal como una forma de tratamiento radical en la epilepsia del lóbulo temporal, que debe practicarse precozmente, en cuanto se demuestre la farmacorresistencia (AU)

Ictus isquémico tras infección por varicela / Ischemic stroke after varicella infection

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[Lipoma of the cerebral convexity and refractory focal epilepsy]. / Lipoma de convexidad cerebral y epilepsia focal refractaria.

INTRODUCTION: Intracranial lipomas make up approximately 0.1% of all cerebral tumours. They are considered to be congenital malformations, caused by poor differentiation and abnormal persistence of the primitive meninges, which has become adipose tissue during the development of the subarachnoid space. They are usually found in the midline, often in the cisterna pericallosa. It is very unusual for them to be in the fissure of Sylvius and cerebral convexity. Most cerebral lipomas are aymptomatic. Epileptic seizures are the commonest symptom, and are sometimes refractory to treatment. CASE REPORT: A 20 year old man with no previous clinical history. From the age of three years he had frequent senso-motor seizures of the lower half of the right side of his body, which were resistant to anti-epileptic drugs. On magnetic resonance there was an extra axial lesion in the left posterior parietal and parasagittal convexity. This was hyperintense in T(1) sequences, not seen in STIR sequences, and was compatible with fatty tissue. Subtotal removal of the tumour was carried out and the histopathological diagnosis was lipoma. The patient had no seizures in the year after operation. CONCLUSIONS: Lipomas of the cerebral hemispheres are very uncommon. The usual symptoms are focal epileptic seizures, as a result of the cortical irritation caused by close adherence of the lipoma to the cerebral cortex or associated cortical or vascular dysplasias. They have easily recognized characteristics on computerized axial tomography and magnetic resonance. Treatment should be conservative unless it is associated with refractory epilepsy, in which case careful resection may be considered, although this is rarely complete.