Avaliação do manejo médico no atendimento de cefaleia na sala de urgência e emergência do Hospital Regional de Barbacena - MG / Evaluation of medical management in the treatment of headache in the urgency and emergency room of the Hospital Regional de Barbacena - MG

Introdução: O manejo da cefaleia nas salas de urgência e emergência deve ser baseada em uma anamnese detalhada para que o diagnóstico e tratamento sejam adequados, entretanto não é o que se encontra nos atendimentos. Objetivo: Avaliar o manejo do atendimento das cefaleias em uma sala de Urgência e Emergência. Métodos: Estudo de corte transversal retrospectivo, realizado através da análise de dados de 1317 prontuários eletrônicos de pacientes com queixa de cefaleia que procuraram o serviço de emergência do Hospital Regional de Barbacena durante o período de 01 de janeiro de 2017 a 30 de junho de 2019. Os diagnósticos relatados nos prontuários foram classificados de acordo com os critérios da Classificação Internacional das Cefaleias (ICHD-3). Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatísticas, pelo teste de qui-quadrado. Considerou-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas aquelas cujo valor p≤0,05. Resultados: Do total de prontuários, três foram excluídos, sendo analisados 1314. Entre os prontuários analisados, 73,21% apresentaram diagnósticos iniciais eram cefaleia, 16,67% migrânea e 10,12% cefaleia do tipo tensão. Já no diagnóstico final, cefaleia correspondeu a 59,67%, migrânea a 17,95% e cefaleia do tipo tensão a 8,52%. Em relação ao tratamento, foi receitado opioides para 43,99% dos pacientes e para o restante foram prescritos medicamentos não opioides. Conclusão: O trabalho sugeriu falha no manejo da cefaleia nas salas de urgência e emergência, provavelmente pela limitação do conhecimento dos profissionais de saúde acerca da dor de cabeça. O que acarretou no grande número de diagnósticos inespecíficos e inadequada abordagem terapêutica.

Introduction: Detailed clinical evaluation should be the basis for the proper management of headaches in emergency rooms, in order to allow adequate diagnosis and treatment. However, this is not usually observed on clinical rounds. Objective: To evaluate the management of headache consultations in an emergency rooms. Methods: This is a cross-section study was performed analyzing data from 1,317 electronic medical records of patients with headache complaints who sought treatment at the Barbacena City Regional Hospital's between January 1, 2017, and June 20, 2019. Medical records were classified according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3). The data collected were statistically analyzed using chi-square tests. The study considered a p-value≤0.05 to define statistically significant differences. Results: Three medical records were excluded and 1,314 were analyzed. Among the medical records analyzed, 73.21% of initial diagnoses were classified as headache, 16.67% as migraine, and 10.12% as tension-type headache. Headache corresponded to 59.76% of final diagnoses, migraine to 17.95%, and tension-type headache to 8.52%. Regarding the treatment, 43.99% of patients were prescribed opioids for the remaining were prescribed nonopioid medications. Conclusion: The study suggests that the management of headaches is inadequate in emergency rooms, probably due to limited knowledge of health professionals about headache. This resulted in a large number of nonspecific diagnoses and inadequate therapeutic approaches.

Eficácia de diferentes tratamentos para a síndrome da ardência bucal: revisão sistemática e metanálise em rede / Efficacy of different treatments for burning mouth syndrome: systematic review and network meta-analysis

O objetivo desta revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECRs) foi avaliar a eficácia dos tratamentos para o alívio da dor da síndrome da ardência bucal (SAB). Cinco bases de dados e literatura cinzenta foram pesquisadas e as listas de referências dos estudos incluídos foram pesquisadas manualmente. Revisores independentes selecionaram estudos, extraíram dados e avaliaram o risco de viés através da ferramenta Revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2.0). O principal desfecho foi o alívio da dor. Os desfechos secundários foram efeitos adversos, qualidade de vida, fluxo salivar, níveis de TNF-α e interleucina (IL-6), quando relatados por estudos. Para a meta análise em rede (network meta-analysis - NMA), foram agrupadas quatro intervenções comparáveis em diferentes geometrias para garantir o pressuposto da transitividade: terapia de fotobiomodulação (PBMT), ácido alfa-lipóico (ALA), fitoterápicos e ansiolíticos/antidepressivos. As estimativas de efeitos para dor foram: diferença de média (DM) para desfechos contínuos pois os estudos usaram escalas comparáveis variando de 0 a 10 para dor; e risco relativo (RR) para desfechos binários. Para qualidade de vida, a diferença de média padronizada (DMP) foi calculada pois os estudos usaram escalas diferentes. Para calcular a DM, usou-se a média e desvio padrão (DP) em baseline e no último momento de cada intervenção. Para ambas todas as estimativas, foram calculados os correspondentes intervalos de confiança (IC) de 95%. A certeza da evidência foi avaliada usando a abordagem GRADE para NMA. Para a certeza da evidência, foi avaliado ser havia problemas de risco de viés, inconsistência, evidência indireta, viés de publicação, intransitividade, imprecisão e incoerência. Para imprecisão, foi considerada a diferença mínima importante (minimal importante difference - MID) necessária para tomada de decisão de tratamento comparando intervenção e placebo, sendo este último o comparador. Para dor relatada como DM, o MID foi -1 ou 1, e 0,32 ou 1,68 para RR. A classificação de Cohen foi usada para determinar um MID de grande efeito para a qualidade de vida (DMP): < -0,8 ou >0,8. Para otimizar a interpretação dos resultados da NMA e a aplicabilidade clínica, foram usadas a abordagem GRADE minimamente contextualizada para dor e o parcialmente contextualizada para qualidade de vida. O ansiolítico (clonazepam) provavelmente reduz a dor da SAB quando comparado ao placebo (DM: - 1,88; IC 95%: -2,61; -1,16, certeza moderada). A DM do fluxo salivar aumentou ligeiramente em -0,20 tanto para o ansiolítico quanto para o placebo. A DM, para os níveis de IL-6 e TNF-α, foi maior para PBMT do que placebo, o que significa uma diminuição mais pronunciada nesses níveis para PBMT. Apesar de PBMT, pregabalina e fitoterápicos apresentarem superioridade quando comparados ao placebo, a certeza da evidência foi baixa ou muito baixa. A maioria dos demais tratamentos teve baixa e muito baixa certeza, principalmente devido à imprecisão e evidência indireta. Nenhum tratamento causou impacto na qualidade de vida. Os efeitos adversos foram pouco reportados e não influenciaram o curso dos tratamentos. Mais ECRs comparando tratamentos com placebo são encorajados para confirmar a evidência. Até o momento, o melhor tratamento para SAB é o ansiolítico clonazepam. No entanto, a aplicabilidade relacionada à eficácia, efeitos adversos e qualidade de vida são limitados à 120 dias.

This systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) aimed to assess the effectiveness of treatments for pain relief of burning mouth syndrome (BMS). Five databases and grey literature were searched, and the reference lists of included studies were hand-searched. Independent reviewers selected studies, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias (RoB 2.0). The main outcome was pain relief. The secondary outcomes were adverse effects, quality of life, salivary flow, TNF-α and interleukin (IL-6) levels, when reported by trials. For the network meta-analysis (NMA), four comparable interventions were grouped into different geometries to ensure the transitivity assumption: photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), phytotherapics, and anxiolytics/antidepressants. The effect estimate was a mean difference (MD) for continuous outcomes instead of the standardized mean difference (SMD), as studies used comparable scales varying from 0 to 10 for pain; and risk ratio (RR) for binary outcomes. The SMD was calculated for quality of life as studies used different scales. To calculate MD, we used mean and standard deviation (SD) at the baseline and at the last time point of each intervention. For both estimates, corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. The GRADE approach for NMA was used to assess the certainty of the evidence. We rated down the certainty of evidence if there were problems due to the risk of bias, inconsistency, indirectness, publication bias, intransitivity, imprecision, and incoherence. We considered the minimal important difference (MID) necessary to a treatment decision comparing intervention and placebo (comparator) to rate imprecision. For pain reported as MD, the MID was -1 or 1, and 0.32 or 1.68 for RR. The Cohen classification was used to determine a MID of large effect for the quality of life (SMD): < -0.8 or >0.8 To optimize the interpretation of results of NMA and clinical applicability, we followed the GRADE minimally contextualized framework for pain and the partially contextualized framework for quality of life. The anxiolytic (clonazepam) probably reduces pain of BMS compared to placebo (MD: - 1.88; 95% CI: -2.61; -1.16, moderate certainty). The MD of salivary flow slightly increased in -0.20 for both the anxiolytic and placebo (Heckmann et al. 2012). The MD for IL-6 and TNF-α levels was higher for PBMT than placebo, which means a more pronounced decrease in these levels for PBMT. Although PBMT, pregabalin and phytotherapics showed superiority compared to placebo, the certainty was low or very low. The majority of the other treatments had low and very low certainty, mainly due to imprecision and indirectness. No treatment improved the quality of life. Adverse effects were rarely reported and did not influence the course of treatments. More RCTs comparing treatments against placebo are encouraged to confirm the evidence. So far, the anxiolytic clonazepam is the best treatment for BMS. However, the applicability of effectiveness, adverse effects and quality of life are limited to 120 days.

Special Low Protein Foods Prescribed in England for PKU Patients: An Analysis of Prescribing Patterns and Cost.

Patients with phenylketonuria (PKU) are reliant on special low protein foods (SLPFs) as part of their dietary treatment. In England, several issues regarding the accessibility of SLPFs through the national prescribing system have been highlighted. Therefore, prescribing patterns and expenditure on all SLPFs available on prescription in England (n = 142) were examined. Their costs in comparison to regular protein-containing (n = 182) and 'free-from' products (n = 135) were also analysed. Similar foods were grouped into subgroups (n = 40). The number of units and costs of SLPFs prescribed in total and per subgroup from January to December 2020 were calculated using National Health Service (NHS) Business Service Authority (NHSBSA) ePACT2 (electronic Prescribing Analysis and Cost Tool) for England. Monthly patient SLPF units prescribed were calculated using patient numbers with PKU and non-PKU inherited metabolic disorders (IMD) consuming SLPFs. This was compared to the National Society for PKU (NSPKU) prescribing guidance. Ninety-eight percent of SLPF subgroups (n = 39/40) were more expensive than regular and 'free-from' food subgroups. However, costs to prescribe SLPFs are significantly less than theoretical calculations. From January to December 2020, 208,932 units of SLPFs were prescribed (excluding milk replacers), costing the NHS £2,151,973 (including milk replacers). This equates to £962 per patient annually, and prescribed amounts are well below the upper limits suggested by the NSPKU, indicating under prescribing of SLPFs. It is recommended that a simpler and improved system should be implemented. Ideally, specialist metabolic dietitians should have responsibility for prescribing SLPFs. This would ensure that patients with PKU have the necessary access to their essential dietary treatment, which, in turn, should help promote dietary adherence and improve metabolic control.

Customizing a Program for Older Adults Living with Frailty in Primary Care.

Coordination of primary care is essential to improving care delivery within health systems, especially for older adults with increased health/social needs. A program jointly funded by the Canadian Foundation for Healthcare Improvement and Canadian Frailty Network, was implemented in a nurse practitioner-led clinic to address the gap in frailty care for older adults. The clinic was situated within a health and social services organization with a mandate to enhance the quality of life of older adults living in the community. Through this program, a frailty assessment pathway and social/clinical prescriptions were implemented with necessary adaptations as a result of COVID-19.

Uniformity of Food Protein Interpretation Amongst Dietitians for Patients with Phenylketonuria (PKU): 2020 UK National Consensus Statements.

In phenylketonuria (PKU), variable dietary advice provided by health professionals and social media leads to uncertainty for patients/caregivers reliant on accurate, evidence based dietary information. Over four years, 112 consensus statements concerning the allocation of foods in a low phenylalanine diet for PKU were developed by the British Inherited Metabolic Disease Dietitians Group (BIMDG-DG) from 34 PKU treatment centres, utilising 10 rounds of Delphi consultation to gain a majority (≥75%) decision. A mean of 29 UK dietitians (range: 18-40) and 18 treatment centres (range: 13-23) contributed in each round. Statements encompassed all foods/food groups divided into four categories based on defined protein/phenylalanine content: (1) foods high in protein/phenylalanine (best avoided); (2) foods allowed without restriction including fruit/vegetables containing phenylalanine ≤75 mg/100 g and most foods containing protein ≤0.5 g/100 g; (3) foods that should be calculated/weighed as an exchange food if they contain protein exchange ingredients (categorized into foods with a protein content of: >0.1 g/100 g (milk/plant milks only), >0.5 g/100 g (bread/pasta/cereal/flours), >1 g/100 g (cook-in/table-top sauces/dressings), >1.5 g/100 g (soya sauces)); and (4) fruit/vegetables containing phenylalanine >75 mg/100 g allocated as part of the protein/phenylalanine exchange system. These statements have been endorsed and translated into practical dietary management advice by the medical advisory dietitians for the National Society for PKU (NSPKU).

Realização de interação mediada por telefone com idosos após a alta hospitalar: experiência de um programa de residência multiprofissional / Interaction of conduct mediated phone with elderly after hospital discharge: a multiprofessional program experience

Introdução: a transição do cuidado, principalmente no momento da alta hospitalar, é considerada um momento crítico e de muita ansiedade para o paciente. Destacam-se os problemas relacionados ao uso de medicamentos, principalmente quando ocorrem mudanças nas prescrições de fármacos no momento da alta, quando comparado aos medicamentos prescritos na pré-internação. A continuidade do uso de novos medicamentos após a alta pode gerar comprometimentos, principalmente quando nos referimos aos pacientes idosos, que apresentam especificidades fisiológicas e cognitivas que influenciam o uso dos medicamentos. Com o intuito de melhor identificar possíveis barreiras e propiciar segurança durante a continuidade do cuidado, um grupo composto por farmacêuticos propôs a realização de Interação Mediada por Telefone (IMT) com pacientes idosos que receberam alta hospitalar e que encontravam-se no ambiente domiciliar. Objetivo: identificar as ações realizadas e resultados alcançados por meio da IMT. Metodologia: realizou-se um estudo transversal de caráter exploratório, onde os registros em prontuários eletrônicos e planilha do serviço de IMT foram analisados, com descrição do perfil dos pacientes e realização de regressão logística a partir das características dos pacientes e equipe de referência a qual pertenciam na internação (Acidente Vascular Cerebral; Equipe Idoso Frágil; Cuidados Paliativos; Equipe de oferecimento de cuidados aos pacientes com Comprometimento do Pé Diabético e Equipe de Atendimento a Pacientes com Fratura de Fêmur). Resultados: 87 pacientes idosos participaram do IMT sendo 44 (50,6%) do sexo feminino e 43 (49,4%) do sexo masculino. A média da idade dos pacientes foi de 73,7 anos, comdesvio padrão de 8,3. Um percentual de 52,9% dos pacientes relataram procurar atendimento na Atenção Primária após a alta hospitalar, 20% relataram dificuldade no acesso, 13% relataram uso de medicamentos diferentes dos prescritos na alta, conforme orientação médica na Atenção Primária, e 13% automedicação. No modelo final da regressão logística, identificou-se que idade igual ou superior a 75 anos foi associada positivamente ao pertencimento do paciente na equipe Idoso Frágil/Cuidados Paliativos. Ainda no modelo final, a ocorrência de automedicação também esteve positivamente associada à equipe Idoso Frágil (OR=6,8; p<0,05).Conclusão: entende-se que o serviço de IMT apresentou-se como interessante ferramenta para identificação de problemas farmacoterapêuticos após a alta hospitalar. Automedicação após a alta hospitalar esteve associada positivamente aos pacientes das equipes cuidados paliativos/idoso frágil quando comparado à Unidade AVC e idade inferior a 75 anos esteve positivamente associada à Equipe complicações do pé diabético.

Introduction: the transition from hospital to home care is considered a critical moment and brings a lot of anxiety for the patient, especially due to changes in the pharmacotherapy. Aim: to identify the actions taken and results achieved through Phone-Mediated Iinteraction (PMI). Methodology: an exploratory cross-sectional study was carried out, where the data in the electronic records and PMI service worksheet were analyzed, with a description of the patients' profile and logistic regression based on the characteristics of the patients and the reference team (Cerebral Vascular Accident, Fragile Elderly Person, Palliative Care, Team to offer care to patients with Diabetic Foot Impairment, Team of Patients with Fracture of the Femur). Results: a total of 87 elderly participated in the PMI, 44 (50.6%) were female and 43 (49.4%) were male. The mean age of the patients was 73.7 years, with a standard deviation of 8.3. A percentage of 52.9% of the patients reported seeking care in Primary Care after hospital discharge, 20% reported difficulty accessing, 13% reported using medications other than those prescribed at discharge, according to medical guidance in Primary Care, and 13% self-medication. In the final logistic regression model, it was identified that age equal to or greater than 75 years was positively associated with the patient's membership in the Fragile Elderly/Palliative Care team. In the final model, the occurrence of self-medication was also positively associated with the Fragile Aged (OR = 6.8, p <0.05). Conclusion: it is understood that the PMI service was an interesting tool for identifying pharmacotherapeutic problems after hospital discharge. Self-medication after hospital discharge was positively associated with patients in the palliative care / fragile elderly when compared to the Cerebral Vascular Accident Unit and age below 75 years was positively associated with Team for diabetic foot complications

Development of national consensus statements on food labelling interpretation and protein allocation in a low phenylalanine diet for PKU.

BACKGROUND: In the treatment of phenylketonuria (PKU), there was disparity between UK dietitians regarding interpretation of how different foods should be allocated in a low phenylalanine diet (allowed without measurement, not allowed, or allowed as part of phenylalanine exchanges). This led to variable advice being given to patients. METHODOLOGY: In 2015, British Inherited Metabolic Disease Group (BIMDG) dietitians (n = 70) were sent a multiple-choice questionnaire on the interpretation of protein from food-labels and the allocation of different foods. Based on majority responses, 16 statements were developed. Over 18-months, using Delphi methodology, these statements were systematically reviewed and refined with a facilitator recording discussion until a clear majority was attained for each statement. In Phase 2 and 3 a further 7 statements were added. RESULTS: The statements incorporated controversial dietary topics including: a practical 'scale' for guiding calculation of protein from food-labels; a general definition for exchange-free foods; and guidance for specific foods. Responses were divided into paediatric and adult groups. Initially, there was majority consensus (≥86%) by paediatric dietitians (n = 29) for 14 of 16 statements; a further 2 structured discussions were required for 2 statements, with a final majority consensus of 72% (n = 26/36) and 64% (n = 16/25). In adult practice, 75% of dietitians agreed with all initial statements for adult patients and 40% advocated separate maternal-PKU guidelines. In Phase 2, 5 of 6 statements were agreed by ≥76% of respondents with one statement requiring a further round of discussion resulting in 2 agreed statements with a consensus of ≥71% by dietitians in both paediatric and adult practice. In Phase 3 one statement was added to elaborate further on an initial statement, and this received 94% acceptance by respondents. Statements were endorsed by the UK National Society for PKU. CONCLUSIONS: The BIMDG dietitians group have developed consensus dietetic statements that aim to harmonise dietary advice given to patients with PKU across the UK, but monitoring of statement adherence by health professionals and patients is required.

Análise das intervenções realizadas na alta hospitalar de idosos acompanhados em serviço / Analysis of interventions at hospital discharge of elderly seen in guidance service and referencing pharmacotherapeutic

Introdução: A alta hospitalar é um período de transição do cuidado e de responsabilidades em nível de rede e, também, em relação ao indivíduo e à família que retomam o cuidado.8 Algumas experiências em projetos na transição do cuidado abordam a reconciliação medicamentosa, a orientação do paciente e familiares e o contato por telefone.2 Farmacêuticos vinculados a um programa de residência multiprofissional propuseram a realização do referenciamento farmacoterapêutico de idosos na rede, com o intuito de contribuir para a segurança da farmacoterapia durante a transição do cuidado e a realização de contato pós-alta por telefone. Este trabalho destinouse à análise das orientações realizadas durante a alta e descritas nos encaminhamentos farmacoterapêuticos e ao perfil desses indivíduos no contato pós-alta. Materiais e métodos: Trata-se de estudo de coorte retrospectivo, desenvolvido em um hospital público geral de ensino de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, que realiza atividades de ensino, pesquisa e assistência, sendo referência para a rede em urgência e emergência, integrado ao SUS. A amostra estudada foi a de prontuários dos pacientes acompanhados pelos farmacêuticos residentes nas equipes multiprofissionais da instituição em estudo que receberam alta de 17 de janeiro de 2014 a 3 de dezembro de 2014, que possuíssem o encaminhamento farmacoterapêutico elaborado e com os quais foi realizado o contato pós-alta. Foram excluídos os pacientes que não preenchessem um dos critérios de inclusão. Resultados: Foram realizados encaminhamentos farmacoterapêuticos para 135 pacientes, entretanto o contato pós-alta foi realizado com 63 desses. Sobre as principais orientações realizadas na alta e descritas nos encaminhamentos farmacoterapêuticos, observamos que a orientação verbal sobre o uso dos medicamentos foi realizada com 133 (93,66 %) pacientes, a orientação para acesso com 130 (91,55%) e o alerta sobre reações adversas e registro das ocorrências ocorreu com 71 (71,13%). A maioria dos entrevistados precisava de ajuda para administrar os medicamentos: 50 (79,37%). Os principais cuidadores eram as filhas, em 22 (34,92%) pacientes, e as esposas, 12 (19,05%); apenas 38 (58,46%) pacientes relataram que fizeram consulta com médico da atenção primária após internação. Conclusão: A orientação farmacêutica na alta e o contato pós-alta são estratégias adotadas na transição do cuidado que podem contribuir para melhoria da educação em saúde, segurança e acessibilidade no uso dos medicamentos.

Introduction: Hospital care is a period of transition and network-level responsibilities and also in relation to the individual and the family which take care.8 Some experience in projects in the care transition approach the medication reconciliation, patient counseling and family and contact by phone.2 Pharmaceutical linked to a multi-residency program proposed carrying out the pharmacotherapeutic referencing elderly on the network in order to contribute to security of pharmacotherapy during the transition from care and conducting postdischarge telephone contact. This study was aimed at analyzing the instructions given during the high and described in pharmacotherapeutic referrals and profile of these indivíuos in postdischarge contact. Methods: It is retrospective cohort study, developed in a general public hospital in Belo Horizonte teaching, Minas Gerais, which conducts teaching, research and care, with reference to the network in emergency care, integrated into the SUS . The sample was the medical records of patients followed by pharmaceutical residents in multidisciplinary teams of the institution under study who were discharged on 17 January 2014 to December 3, 2014 and possessing pharmacotherapeutic forwarding drafted and which was carried out contact High post. Patients who did not meet one of the inclusion criteria were excluded. Results: Pharmacotherapeutic referrals were made to 135 patients, however, the postdischarge contact was made with 63 of these. On the main orientations held high and described in pharmacotherapeutic referrals observed that the verbal guidance on the use of medicines was carried out with 133 (93.66%) patients, the guidance for access in 130 (91.55%) and the alert on adverse events and record the reactions occurred in 71 (71.13%). Most respondents needed help to administer medicines 50 (79.37%). The main caregivers were the daughters in 22 (34.92%) patients and wives 12 (19.05%), only 38 (58.46%) of the patients reported that they did consult with primary care physician after admission. Conclusion: The pharmaceutical guidance in high and postdischarge contact are strategies adopted in the transition of care that can contribute to improved health education, safety and accessibility in the use of medicines.