Low prevalence of asthma in Mexican children and adults with a positive rtRT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2: a cross-sectional study during the 2020 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: It has recently been argued that asthma does not increase the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. If so, the prevalence of asthma in subjects diagnosed with COVID-19 should be lower than in the general population. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of asthma in Mexican children and adults with SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS: A public database of the Epidemiological Surveillance System for Viral Respiratory Disease in Mexico was analyzed. Those who underwent the real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction-SARS-CoV-2 (rtRT-PCR-SARS-CoV-2) test from February 27 to June 21, 2020, were included. In addition to the prevalence of asthma, some factors associated with it were investigated. RESULTS: Data from 417,366 subjects were analyzed. Asthma prevalence in children, adults, and global were 3.7%, 3.3%, and 3.3%, respectively. Although the asthma prevalence was lower in SARS-CoV-2 positive over negative patients, significant differences were only found in adults (2.8% vs. 3.7% respectively; odds ratio (OR) = 0.74; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.71-0.77); but not in children (3.5% vs. 3.8%, respectively; OR = 0.91; 95%CI: 0.76-1.10). Multivariate analysis showed in younger than 18 years that girls and immunosuppression were factors associated with a decrease in the odds to develop asthma. In adults, asthma was positively associated with females, obesity, smoking, immunosuppression, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, arterial hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of asthma in child and adult were lower than those previously reported. Our study seems to support the hypothesis that asthma patients have a lower risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further studies are required to demonstrate the consistency of our findings.

Low prevalence of asthma in Mexican children and adults with a positive rtRT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2: a cross-sectional study during the 2020 pandemic

Background: It has recently been argued that asthma does not increase the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. If so, the prevalence of asthma in subjects diagnosed with COVID-19 should be lower than in the general population. Objective: To determine the prevalence of asthma in Mexican children and adults with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: A public database of the Epidemiological Surveillance System for Viral Respiratory Disease in Mexico was analyzed. Those who underwent the real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction-SARS-CoV-2 (rtRT-PCR-SARS-CoV-2) test from February 27 to June 21, 2020, were included. In addition to the prevalence of asthma, some factors associated with it were investigated. Results: Data from 417,366 subjects were analyzed. Asthma prevalence in children, adults, and global were 3.7%, 3.3%, and 3.3%, respectively. Although the asthma prevalence was lower in SARS-CoV-2 positive over negative patients, significant differences were only found in adults (2.8% vs. 3.7% respectively; odds ratio (OR) = 0.74; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.71–0.77); but not in children (3.5% vs. 3.8%, respectively; OR = 0.91; 95%CI: 0.76–1.10). Multivariate analysis showed in younger than 18 years that girls and immunosuppression were factors associated with a decrease in the odds to develop asthma. In adults, asthma was positively associated with females, obesity, smoking, immunosuppression, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, arterial hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Conclusion: The prevalence of asthma in child and adult were lower than those previously reported. Our study seems to support the hypothesis that asthma patients have a lower risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further studies are required to demonstrate the consistency of our findings (AU)

Anxiety and depression in adult patients with asthma: the role of asthma control, obesity and allergic sensitization.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of anxiety and depression in adult patients with asthma and to identify factors associated with them. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 164 consecutively recruited patients with asthma aged ≥ 18 years. Participants were clinically assessed and the mental state was analyzed through of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II); the Asthma Control Test (ACT) was measured, and allergic sensitization and respiratory function were also evaluated. Binary logistic regression models to identify the factors related to anxiety or depression were carried out. Complementary, 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated. RESULTS: Anxiety was present in 54.3% of patients (95% CI: 46.6%-61.7%) while depression was found in 50.6% (95% CI: 43.0%-58.2%). Depression increased the odds of anxiety in patients with asthma (OR: 26.00, p < 0.0001), whereas an ACT score ≥ 20 points and allergic asthma were associated with a lower odds than the reference group (OR: 0.29; p = 0.007 and OR: 0.29; p = 0.024, respectively). Depression was associated with anxiety and obesity (OR: 25.33, p < 0.0001 and OR: 3.66; p = 0.014, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, more than half of all asthmatic patients suffer from anxiety and depression. Well-controlled asthma and allergic sensitization decreased the likelihood of anxiety, while depression was associated with both obesity and anxiety.

Asthma prevalence, but not allergic rhinitis nor atopic dermatitis, is associated to exposure to dogs in adolescents

Background: Exposure to pets can be a predisposing factor in the development of certain diseases, including allergic diseases. Objective: We analyzed the role that exposure to indoor dogs and cats plays in the prevalence of allergic diseases. Methods: We examined the cross-sectional data of 1056 women and 936 men aged 15 to 18 years; these individuals were selected through stratified and cluster random sampling. We asked all participants about their exposure to indoor dogs and cats during the year that preceded our study. The prevalence of allergic diseases was determined through core questions taken from The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire. Results: The prevalence was 12.7% (95% CI: 11.3%-14.2%) for asthma, 9.0% (95% CI: 7.8%-10.4%) for allergic rhinitis, and 5.2% (95% CI: 4.3%-6.2%) for atopic dermatitis. The multivariate analyses showed that exposure to indoor dogs, but not indoor cats, was associated with asthma prevalence (aOR 1.37; 95% CI: 1.03-1.83), as was male sex (aOR = 1.42; 95% CI: 1.08-1.86), a personal history of allergic rhinitis (aOR = 3.24; 95% CI: 2.25-4.66), and a maternal history of asthma (aOR = 3.06; 95% CI: 1.89-4.98). The population attributable risk for exposure to indoor dogs was 18%. Notably, neither allergic rhinitis nor atopic dermatitis was found to be associated with dog or cat exposure (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Exposure to dogs in late adolescence is a factor associated with asthma, although its contribution to the development of asthma should be investigated in new studies

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Asthma prevalence, but not allergic rhinitis nor atopic dermatitis, is associated to exposure to dogs in adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Exposure to pets can be a predisposing factor in the development of certain diseases, including allergic diseases. OBJECTIVE: We analyzed the role that exposure to indoor dogs and cats plays in the prevalence of allergic diseases. METHODS: We examined the cross-sectional data of 1056 women and 936 men aged 15 to 18 years; these individuals were selected through stratified and cluster random sampling. We asked all participants about their exposure to indoor dogs and cats during the year that preceded our study. The prevalence of allergic diseases was determined through core questions taken from The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire. RESULTS: The prevalence was 12.7% (95% CI: 11.3%-14.2%) for asthma, 9.0% (95% CI: 7.8%-10.4%) for allergic rhinitis, and 5.2% (95% CI: 4.3%-6.2%) for atopic dermatitis. The multivariate analyses showed that exposure to indoor dogs, but not indoor cats, was associated with asthma prevalence (aOR 1.37; 95% CI: 1.03-1.83), as was male sex (aOR=1.42; 95% CI: 1.08-1.86), a personal history of allergic rhinitis (aOR=3.24; 95% CI: 2.25-4.66), and a maternal history of asthma (aOR=3.06; 95% CI: 1.89-4.98). The population attributable risk for exposure to indoor dogs was 18%. Notably, neither allergic rhinitis nor atopic dermatitis was found to be associated with dog or cat exposure (p> 0.05). CONCLUSION: Exposure to dogs in late adolescence is a factor associated with asthma, although its contribution to the development of asthma should be investigated in new studies.

[The prevalence of allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis in late adolescents differs according to their gender]. / La prevalencia de rinitis alérgica y dermatitis atópica en adolescentes tardíos difiere de acuerdo con el sexo.

BACKGROUND: In Mexico, there are very few studies aimed at establishing the prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR) and atopic dermatitis (AD) in late adolescents. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis in late adolescents and compare it according to their gender. METHODS: A cross-sectional study that included 1992 15 to 18 year old adolescents who were recruited through a stratified and randomized probabilistic sample by clusters. The prevalence of AR (allergic rhinitis) and AD (atopic dermatitis) was identified with the questionnaire of "The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood". RESULTS: 1056 (53%) women and 936 (47%) men were included in the study. The prevalence of AR was 9.0% (95% CI = 7.8% - 10.4%); the frequency was higher in women (6.7% versus 11.1%, p = 0.001). The symptoms of rhinitis plus conjunctivitis predominated in women (16.0% versus 23.1%, p < 0.0001). The prevalence of AD was 5.2% (95% CI = 4.3% - 6.2%) and, once again, it was more frequent in women (7.7% versus 2.4%, p < 0.0001). The main factors associated with AR and AD were the female gender and a history of family atopic allergic diseases (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant difference in the prevalence of AR and AD according to gender in late adolescents; women were most affected. In addition, a history of family atopic allergic diseases was another risk factor that was linked to both diseases.

Antecedentes: En México son escasos los estudios encaminados a establecer la prevalencia de la rinitis alérgica y la dermatitis atópica en adolescentes tardíos. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de rinitis alérgica y dermatitis atópica en adolescentes tardíos y compararla conforme el sexo. Métodos: Estudio transversal de 1992 adolescentes de 15 a 18 años, reclutados mediante muestreo probabilístico por conglomerados, estratificado y aleatorizado. Las prevalencias de rinitis alérgica y dermatitis atópica se identificaron con el cuestionario propuesto en The Internacional Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Resultados: Se incluyeron 1056 mujeres (53 %) y 936 hombres (47 %). La prevalencia de rinitis alérgica fue de 9.0 % (IC 95 % = 7.8-10.4); la frecuencia fue mayor en las mujeres (6.7 % versus 11.1 %, p = 0.001). Los síntomas de rinitis más conjuntivitis predominaron en las mujeres (16.0 % versus 23.1 %, p < 0.0001). La prevalencia de dermatitis atópica fue de 5.2 % (IC 95 % = 4.3-6.2); fue más frecuente en las mujeres (7.7 % versus 2.4 %, p < 0.0001). Los principales factores asociados con rinitis alérgica y dermatitis atópica fueron sexo femenino y atopia familiar (p < 0.001). Conclusiones: Se registró diferencia significativa en la prevalencia de rinitis alérgica y dermatitis atópica conforme el sexo en los adolescentes tardíos; las mujeres fueron las más afectadas. La atopia familiar fue otro factor asociado.

Is suicidal ideation associated with allergic asthma and allergic rhinitis?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether there is an association between suicidal ideation (SI) and allergic diseases in adults. METHODS: This was a comparative cross-sectional study involving individuals ranging from 20 to 50 years of age recruited from a university hospital in the city of Guadalajara, Mexico. We included patients with a confirmed diagnosis of allergic asthma, those with a confirmed diagnosis of allergic rhinitis, and healthy controls. All subjects completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), which includes an item that evaluates the presence of suicidal thoughts or desires within the last two weeks, in order to identify SI. RESULTS: The sample comprised 115 patients with allergic asthma, 111 patients with allergic rhinitis, and 96 healthy controls. The number of individuals identified with SI in the three groups were, respectively, 17 (14.8%), 13 (11.7%), and 8 (8.3%). Regarding the presence of SI, no statistically significant association was found in the allergic asthma group (OR = 1.98; 95% CI: 0.78-4.64; p = 0.154) or in the allergic rhinitis group (OR = 1.46; 95% CI: 0.58-3.68; p = 0.424) when they were compared with the control group. However, the presence of depression was associated with SI in the three groups: allergic asthma (OR = 12.36; 95% CI: 2.67-57.15; p = 0.001); allergic rhinitis (OR = 6.20; 95% CI: 1.66-23.14; p = 0.006); and control (OR = 21.0; 95% CI: 3.75-117.36; p < 0,001). CONCLUSIONS: In comparison with the control group, no association was found between SI and the groups with allergic diseases. In contrast, there was association between SI and depression in the three groups.

Is suicidal ideation associated with allergic asthma and allergic rhinitis? / Ideação suicida apresenta associação com asma e rinite alérgicas?

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate whether there is an association between suicidal ideation (SI) and allergic diseases in adults. Methods: This was a comparative cross-sectional study involving individuals ranging from 20 to 50 years of age recruited from a university hospital in the city of Guadalajara, Mexico. We included patients with a confirmed diagnosis of allergic asthma, those with a confirmed diagnosis of allergic rhinitis, and healthy controls. All subjects completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), which includes an item that evaluates the presence of suicidal thoughts or desires within the last two weeks, in order to identify SI. Results: The sample comprised 115 patients with allergic asthma, 111 patients with allergic rhinitis, and 96 healthy controls. The number of individuals identified with SI in the three groups were, respectively, 17 (14.8%), 13 (11.7%), and 8 (8.3%). Regarding the presence of SI, no statistically significant association was found in the allergic asthma group (OR = 1.98; 95% CI: 0.78-4.64; p = 0.154) or in the allergic rhinitis group (OR = 1.46; 95% CI: 0.58-3.68; p = 0.424) when they were compared with the control group. However, the presence of depression was associated with SI in the three groups: allergic asthma (OR = 12.36; 95% CI: 2.67-57.15; p = 0.001); allergic rhinitis (OR = 6.20; 95% CI: 1.66-23.14; p = 0.006); and control (OR = 21.0; 95% CI: 3.75-117.36; p < 0,001). Conclusions: In comparison with the control group, no association was found between SI and the groups with allergic diseases. In contrast, there was association between SI and depression in the three groups.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar se existe associação entre ideação suicida (IS) e doenças alérgicas em adultos. Métodos: Estudo transversal comparativo envolvendo indivíduos com idade entre 20 e 50 anos recrutados em um hospital universitário da cidade de Guadalajara, México. Foram incluídos pacientes com diagnóstico confirmado de asma alérgica, aqueles com diagnóstico confirmado de rinite alérgica e controles saudáveis. Todos os sujeitos preencheram o Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), que inclui um item que avalia a presença de pensamentos ou desejos suicidas nas últimas duas semanas, a fim de identificar IS. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 115 pacientes com asma alérgica, 111 pacientes com rinite alérgica e 96 controles saudáveis. O número de indivíduos identificados com IS nos três grupos foi de 17 (14,8%), 13 (11,7%) e 8 (8,3%), respectivamente. Quanto à presença de IS, não foi encontrada associação estatisticamente significativa no grupo asma alérgica (OR = 1,98; IC95%: 0,78-4,64; p = 0,154) ou no grupo rinite alérgica (OR = 1,46; IC95%: 0,58-3,68; p = 0,424) quando os mesmos foram comparados com o grupo controle. No entanto, a presença de depressão apresentou associação com IS nos três grupos: asma alérgica (OR = 12,36; IC95%: 2,67-57,15; p = 0,001); rinite alérgica (OR = 6,20; IC95%: 1,66-23,14; p = 0,006); e controle (OR = 21,0; IC95%: 3,75-117,36; p < 0,001). Conclusões: Em comparação com o grupo controle, não foi encontrada associação entre IS e os grupos com doenças alérgicas. Por outro lado, houve associação entre IS e depressão nos três grupos.

Rhinitis as an associated factor for anxiety and depression amongst adults / Rinite como fator associado para ansiedade e depressão entre adultos

Abstract Introduction: Anxiety and depression are frequent disorders of chronic diseases, yet there is no conclusive information to their association with rhinitis. Objective: The objective is to determine the frequency of anxiety and depression and its possible association to allergic rhinitis (AR) and non-allergic rhinitis (NAR). Methods: This is a cross-sectional study in which procured subjects with AR (n = 111), NAR (n = 34) and a control group (n = 96) from the university hospital. The presence of anxiety and depression was considered when it reached a score > 13 based on The Beck Anxiety Inventory Test and The Beck Depression Inventory II Test, respectively. The association between AR and NAR with anxiety and depression was adjusted with the Mantel-Haenszel Method and logistic regression. Results: The frequency for anxiety in AR, NAR and the control group was 45.9%, 52.9%, 10.4%, respectively (p < 0.001); depression frequency was 38.7%, 47.1%, 16.6% (p = 0.0003), respectively. Both AR and NAR were associated to anxiety and depression in women, but not to men. After adjusting the sex: AR was associated to anxiety (OR = 5.7, p < 0.001) and depression (OR = 2.5, p = 0.015), while NAR was also associated to anxiety (OR = 7.8, p < 0.001) and depression (OR = 3.3, p < 0.014). In multivariate analysis it was identified that AR, NAR and the individual's sex (women) were factors associated to anxiety and depression. Results showed that age was only associated to anxiety. Conclusion: AR and NAR are diseases associated to anxiety and depression, at least in women.

Resumo Introdução: Ansiedade e depressão são distúrbios frequentes em doenças crônicas, embora não haja informação conclusiva sobre sua associação com a rinite alérgica. Objetivo: Determinar a frequência de ansiedade e depressão e sua possível associação a rinite alérgica (RA) e rinite não alérgica (NRA). Método: Estudo transversal, no qual indivíduos com RA (n = 111), NRA (n = 34) e um grupo controle (n = 96) foram recrutados a partir do hospital universitário. A presença de ansiedade e depressão foi considerada quando atingiu uma pontuação > 13 no Teste do Inventário de Ansiedade de Beck e no Teste II do Inventário de Depressão de Beck, respectivamente. A associação entre a RA e RNA com ansiedade e depressão foi ajustada com o Método de Mantel-Haenszel e regressão logística. Resultados: A frequência de ansiedade na RA, RNA e grupo controle foi de 45,9%, 52,9%, 10,4%, respectivamente (p < 0,001); a frequência de depressão foi de 38,7%, 47,1%, 16,6% (p = 0,0003), respectivamente. Tanto a RA como a RNA foram associadas a ansiedade e depressão em mulheres, mas não para os homens. Depois de ajustar o sexo: RA foi associada à ansiedade (OR = 5,7, p < 0,001) e depressão (OR = 2,5, p = 0,015), enquanto a RNA foi associada a ansiedade (OR = 7,8, p < 0,001) e depressão (OR = 3,3, p < 0,014). Na análise multivariada identificou-se que a RA, RNA e o sexo do indivíduo (mulheres) foram fatores associados a ansiedade e depressão. Os resultados mostraram que a idade só foi associada à ansiedade. Conclusão: RA e RNA são doenças associadas a ansiedade e depressão, pelo menos em mulheres.

Rhinitis as an associated factor for anxiety and depression amongst adults.

INTRODUCTION: Anxiety and depression are frequent disorders of chronic diseases, yet there is no conclusive information to their association with rhinitis. OBJECTIVE: The objective is to determine the frequency of anxiety and depression and its possible association to allergic rhinitis (AR) and non-allergic rhinitis (NAR). METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study in which procured subjects with AR (n=111), NAR (n=34) and a control group (n=96) from the university hospital. The presence of anxiety and depression was considered when it reached a score>13 based on The Beck Anxiety Inventory Test and The Beck Depression Inventory II Test, respectively. The association between AR and NAR with anxiety and depression was adjusted with the Mantel-Haenszel Method and logistic regression. RESULTS: The frequency for anxiety in AR, NAR and the control group was 45.9%, 52.9%, 10.4%, respectively (p<0.001); depression frequency was 38.7%, 47.1%, 16.6% (p=0.0003), respectively. Both AR and NAR were associated to anxiety and depression in women, but not to men. After adjusting the sex: AR was associated to anxiety (OR=5.7, p<0.001) and depression (OR=2.5, p=0.015), while NAR was also associated to anxiety (OR=7.8, p<0.001) and depression (OR=3.3, p<0.014). In multivariate analysis it was identified that AR, NAR and the individual's sex (women) were factors associated to anxiety and depression. Results showed that age was only associated to anxiety. CONCLUSION: AR and NAR are diseases associated to anxiety and depression, at least in women.