Implementation of an Integrated Care Model for Frequent-Exacerbator COPD Patients: A Controlled Prospective Study / Implementación de un modelo de atención integral para pacientes con EPOC con agudizaciones frecuentes: un estudio prospectivo controlado

Introduction: Frequent-exacerbator COPD (fe-COPD) associated with frequent hospital admissions have high morbidity, mortality and use of health resources. These patients should be managed in personalized integrated care models (ICM). Accordingly, we aimed to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of a fe-COPD ICM on emergency room (ER) visits, hospital admissions, days of hospitalization, mortality and improvement of health status. Methods: Prospective-controlled study with analysis of a cohort of fe-COPD patients assigned to ICM and followed-up for maximally 7 years that were compared to a parallel cohort who received standard care. All patients had a confirmed diagnosis of COPD with a history of ≥2 hospital admissions due to exacerbations in the year before enrollment. The change in CAT score and mMRC dyspnea scale, hospital admissions, ER visits, days of hospitalization, and mortality were analyzed. Results: 141 patients included in the ICM were compared to 132 patients who received standard care. The ICM reduced hospitalizations by 38.2% and ER visits by 69.7%, with reduction of hospitalizations for COPD exacerbation, ER visits and days of hospitalization (p<0.05) compared to standard care. Further, health status improved among the ICM group after 1 year of follow-up (p=0.001), effect sustained over 3 years. However, mortality was not different between groups (p=0.117). Last follow-up CAT score>17 was the strongest independent risk factor for mortality and hospitalization among ICM patients. (AU)

Introducción: La EPOC con agudizaciones frecuentes (EPOC-AF), que se asocia a ingresos hospitalarios recurrentes, presenta altas tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad, y un importante uso de los recursos sanitarios. Estos pacientes deberían ser tratados en modelos de atención integral (MAI) personalizada. Por este motivo, nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la efectividad a largo plazo de un MAI para EPOC-AF valorando las visitas a urgencias, los ingresos hospitalarios, los días de hospitalización, la mortalidad y la mejora del estado de la salud. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo controlado que analizó una cohorte de pacientes con EPOC-AF incluidos en un MAI y en seguimiento durante un máximo de 7 años en comparación con una cohorte paralela que recibió atención estándar. Todos los pacientes tenían diagnóstico confirmado de EPOC y antecedentes de ≥2 ingresos hospitalarios por agudizaciones durante el año anterior a su inclusión en el estudio. Se analizaron los cambios en la puntuación del CAT© y en la escala de disnea del MRC, en los ingresos hospitalarios, las visitas a urgencias, los días de hospitalización y la mortalidad. Resultados: Se compararon 141 pacientes incluidos en el MAI con 132 pacientes que recibieron atención estándar. El MAI redujo las hospitalizaciones en un 38,2% y las visitas a urgencias en un 69,7%, mostrando reducción de las hospitalizaciones por exacerbación de la EPOC, las visitas a urgencias y los días de hospitalización (p<0,05) en comparación con la atención estándar. Además, el estado de salud mejoró en los pacientes del grupo del MAI después de un año de seguimiento (p=0,001), un efecto que se mantuvo durante 3 años. Sin embargo, la mortalidad no fue diferente entre ambos grupos (p=0,117). Una puntuación en el CAT©>17 en el último control de seguimiento fue el factor independiente de riesgo más fuertemente asociado a la mortalidad y la hospitalización de los pacientes en el MAI. (AU)

Implementation of an Integrated Care Model for Frequent-Exacerbator COPD Patients: A Controlled Prospective Study.

INTRODUCTION: Frequent-exacerbator COPD (fe-COPD) associated with frequent hospital admissions have high morbidity, mortality and use of health resources. These patients should be managed in personalized integrated care models (ICM). Accordingly, we aimed to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of a fe-COPD ICM on emergency room (ER) visits, hospital admissions, days of hospitalization, mortality and improvement of health status. METHODS: Prospective-controlled study with analysis of a cohort of fe-COPD patients assigned to ICM and followed-up for maximally 7 years that were compared to a parallel cohort who received standard care. All patients had a confirmed diagnosis of COPD with a history of ≥2 hospital admissions due to exacerbations in the year before enrollment. The change in CAT score and mMRC dyspnea scale, hospital admissions, ER visits, days of hospitalization, and mortality were analyzed. RESULTS: 141 patients included in the ICM were compared to 132 patients who received standard care. The ICM reduced hospitalizations by 38.2% and ER visits by 69.7%, with reduction of hospitalizations for COPD exacerbation, ER visits and days of hospitalization (p<0.05) compared to standard care. Further, health status improved among the ICM group after 1 year of follow-up (p=0.001), effect sustained over 3 years. However, mortality was not different between groups (p=0.117). Last follow-up CAT score>17 was the strongest independent risk factor for mortality and hospitalization among ICM patients. CONCLUSIONS: An ICM for fe-COPD patients effectively decreases ER and hospital admissions and improves health status, but not mortality.

Implementation of an Integrated Care Model for Frequent-Exacerbator COPD Patients: A Controlled Prospective Study.

INTRODUCTION: Frequent-exacerbator COPD (fe-COPD) associated with frequent hospital admissions have high morbidity, mortality and use of health resources. These patients should be managed in personalized integrated care models (ICM). Accordingly, we aimed to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of a fe-COPD ICM on emergency room (ER) visits, hospital admissions, days of hospitalization, mortality and improvement of health status. METHODS: Prospective-controlled study with analysis of a cohort of fe-COPD patients assigned to ICM and followed-up for maximally 7 years that were compared to a parallel cohort who received standard care. All patients had a confirmed diagnosis of COPD with a history of ≥2 hospital admissions due to exacerbations in the year before enrollment. The change in CAT score and mMRC dyspnea scale, hospital admissions, ER visits, days of hospitalization, and mortality were analyzed. RESULTS: 141 patients included in the ICM were compared to 132 patients who received standard care. The ICM reduced hospitalizations by 38.2% and ER visits by 69.7%, with reduction of hospitalizations for COPD exacerbation, ER visits and days of hospitalization (p<0.05) compared to standard care. Further, health status improved among the ICM group after 1 year of follow-up (p=0.001), effect sustained over 3 years. However, mortality was not different between groups (p=0.117). Last follow-up CAT score>17 was the strongest independent risk factor for mortality and hospitalization among ICM patients. CONCLUSIONS: An ICM for fe-COPD patients effectively decreases ER and hospital admissions and improves health status, but not mortality.

Etiología viral de las exacerbaciones de los pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica en la época invernal / Viral etiology of exacerbations of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during the winter season

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Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Epidemiology, Natural History, Phenotypes.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. It is characterized by a chronic, progressive, fibrotic interstitial lung disease of unknown cause that occurs primarily in older adults. Its prevalence and incidence have appeared to be increasing over the last decades. Despite its unknown nature, several genetic and environmental factors have been associated with IPF. Moreover, its natural history is variable, but could change depending on the currently suggested phenotypes: rapidly progressive IPF, familial, combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema, pulmonary hypertension, and that associated with connective tissue diseases. Early recognition and accurate staging are likely to improve outcomes and induce a prompt initiation of antifibrotics therapy. Treatment is expected to be more effective in the early stages of the disease, while developments in treatment aim to improve the current median survival of 3⁻4 years after diagnosis.

Guía de diagnóstico y tratamiento de la hipertensión pulmonar: resumen de recomendaciones / Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension: Summary of Recommendations

La hipertensión pulmonar es un trastorno hemodinámico definido por el aumento anómalo de la presión arterial pulmonar, que puede presentarse en numerosas enfermedades y situaciones clínicas. Las causas de hipertensión pulmonar se clasifican en 5 grandes grupos: arterial, debida a cardiopatía izquierda, debida a enfermedad pulmonar y/o hipoxemia, tromboembólica crónica y de mecanismo no establecido y/o multifactorial. El presente documento expone de forma resumida las recomendaciones de la Guía de Diagnóstico y Tratamiento de la Hipertensión Pulmonar de la Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica. En dicha guía se presentan las pautas actuales de diagnóstico y tratamiento de los distintos grupos de hipertensión pulmonar

Pulmonary hypertension is a hemodynamic disorder defined by abnormally high pulmonary artery pressure that can occur in numerous diseases and clinical situations. The causes of pulmonary hypertension are classified into 5 major groups: arterial, due to left heart disease, due to lung disease and/or hypoxemia, chronic thromboembolic, with unclear and/or multifactorial mechanisms. This is a brief summary of the Guidelines on the Diagnostic and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the Spanish Society of Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery. These guidelines describe the current recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of the different pulmonary hypertension groups

Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension: Summary of Recommendations. / Guía de diagnóstico y tratamiento de la hipertensión pulmonar: resumen de recomendaciones.

Pulmonary hypertension is a hemodynamic disorder defined by abnormally high pulmonary artery pressure that can occur in numerous diseases and clinical situations. The causes of pulmonary hypertension are classified into 5 major groups: arterial, due to left heart disease, due to lung disease and/or hypoxemia, chronic thromboembolic, with unclear and/or multifactorial mechanisms. This is a brief summary of the Guidelines on the Diagnostic and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the Spanish Society of Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery. These guidelines describe the current recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of the different pulmonary hypertension groups.

Noninvasive ventilation for severely acidotic patients in respiratory intermediate care units : Precision medicine in intermediate care units.

BACKGROUND: Severe acidosis can cause noninvasive ventilation (NIV) failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure (AHRF). NIV is therefore contraindicated outside of intensive care units (ICUs) in these patients. Less is known about NIV failure in patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema (ACPE) and obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS). Therefore, the objective of the present study was to compare NIV failure rates between patients with severe and non-severe acidosis admitted to a respiratory intermediate care unit (RICU) with AHRF resulting from ACPE, COPD or OHS. METHODS: We prospectively included acidotic patients admitted to seven RICUs, where they were provided NIV as an initial ventilatory support measure. The clinical characteristics, pH evolutions, hospitalization or RICU stay durations and NIV failure rates were compared between patients with a pH ≥ 7.25 and a pH < 7.25. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the independent risk factors contributing to NIV failure. RESULTS: We included 969 patients (240 with ACPE, 540 with COPD and 189 with OHS). The baseline rates of severe acidosis were similar among the groups (45 % in the ACPE group, 41 % in the COPD group, and 38 % in the OHS group). Most of the patients with severe acidosis had increased disease severity compared with those with non-severe acidosis: the APACHE II scores were 21 ± 7.2 and 19 ± 5.8 for the ACPE patients (p < 0.05), 20 ± 5.7 and 19 ± 5.1 for the COPD patients (p < 0.01) and 18 ± 5.9 and 17 ± 4.7 for the OHS patients, respectively (NS). The patients with severe acidosis also exhibited worse arterial blood gas parameters: the PaCO2 levels were 87 ± 22 and 70 ± 15 in the ACPE patients (p < 0.001), 87 ± 21 and 76 ± 14 in the COPD patients, and 83 ± 17 and 74 ± 14 in the OHS patients (NS)., respectively Further, the patients with severe acidosis required a longer duration to achieve pH normalization than those with non-severe acidosis (patients with a normalized pH after the first hour: ACPE, 8 % vs. 43 %, p < 0.001; COPD, 11 % vs. 43 %, p < 0.001; and OHS, 13 % vs. 51 %, p < 0.001), and they had longer RICU stays, particularly those in the COPD group (ACPE, 4 ± 3.1 vs. 3.6 ± 2.5, NS; COPD, 5.1 ± 3 vs. 3.6 ± 2.1, p < 0.001; and OHS, 4.3 ± 2.6 vs. 3.7 ± 3.2, NS). The NIV failure rates were similar between the patients with severe and non-severe acidosis in the three disease groups (ACPE, 16 % vs. 12 %; COPD, 7 % vs. 7 %; and OHS, 11 % vs. 4 %). No common predictive factor for NIV failure was identified among the groups. CONCLUSIONS: ACPE, COPD and OHS patients with AHRF and severe acidosis (pH ≤ 7.25) who are admitted to an RICU can be successfully treated with NIV in these units. These results may be used to determine precise RICU admission criteria.

Airway Mucin 2 Is Decreased in Patients with Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease with Bacterial Colonization.

RATIONALE: Mucins are essential for airway defense against bacteria. We hypothesized that abnormal secreted airway mucin levels would be associated with bacterial colonization in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Objectives: To investigate the relationship between mucin levels and the presence of potentially pathogenic micro-organisms in the airways of stable patients with severe COPD Methods: Clinically stable patients with severe COPD were examined prospectively. All patients underwent a computerized tomography scan, lung function tests, induced sputum collection, and bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and protected specimen brush. Patients with bronchiectasis were excluded. Secreted mucins (MUC2, MUC5AC, and MUC5B) and inflammatory markers were assessed in BAL and sputum by ELISA. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We enrolled 45 patients, with mean age (±SD) of 67 (±8) years and mean FEV1 of 41 (±10) % predicted. A total of 31% (n = 14) of patients had potentially pathogenic micro-organisms in quantitative bacterial cultures of samples obtained by protected specimen brush. Patients with COPD with positive cultures had lower levels of MUC2 both in BAL (P = 0.02) and in sputum (P = 0.01). No differences in MUC5B or MUC5AC levels were observed among the groups. Lower MUC2 levels were correlated with lower FEV1 (r = 0.32, P = 0.04) and higher sputum IL-6 (r = -0.40, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Airway MUC2 levels are decreased in patients with severe COPD colonized by potentially pathogenic micro-organisms. These findings may indicate one of the mechanisms underlying airway colonization in patients with severe COPD. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01976117).

Noninvasive ventilation during the weaning process in chronically critically ill patients.

Chronically critically ill patients often undergo prolonged mechanical ventilation. The role of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) during weaning of these patients remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the value of NIV and whether a parameter can predict the need for NIV in chronically critically ill patients during the weaning process. We conducted a prospective study that included chronically critically ill patients admitted to Spanish respiratory care units. The weaning method used consisted of progressive periods of spontaneous breathing trials. Patients were transferred to NIV when it proved impossible to increase the duration of spontaneous breathing trials beyond 18 h. 231 chronically critically ill patients were included in the study. 198 (85.71%) patients achieved weaning success (mean weaning time 25.45±16.71 days), of whom 40 (21.4%) needed NIV during the weaning process. The variable which predicted the need for NIV was arterial carbon dioxide tension at respiratory care unit admission (OR 1.08 (95% CI 1.01-1.15), p=0.013), with a cut-off point of 45.5 mmHg (sensitivity 0.76, specificity 0.67, positive predictive value 0.76, negative predictive value 0.97). NIV is a useful tool during weaning in chronically critically ill patients. Hypercapnia despite mechanical ventilation at respiratory care unit admission is the main predictor of the need for NIV during weaning.

Mesenchymal stem cells use extracellular vesicles to outsource mitophagy and shuttle microRNAs.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and macrophages are fundamental components of the stem cell niche and function coordinately to regulate haematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and mobilization. Recent studies indicate that mitophagy and healthy mitochondrial function are critical to the survival of stem cells, but how these processes are regulated in MSCs is unknown. Here we show that MSCs manage intracellular oxidative stress by targeting depolarized mitochondria to the plasma membrane via arrestin domain-containing protein 1-mediated microvesicles. The vesicles are then engulfed and re-utilized via a process involving fusion by macrophages, resulting in enhanced bioenergetics. Furthermore, we show that MSCs simultaneously shed micro RNA-containing exosomes that inhibit macrophage activation by suppressing Toll-like receptor signalling, thereby de-sensitizing macrophages to the ingested mitochondria. Collectively, these studies mechanistically link mitophagy and MSC survival with macrophage function, thereby providing a physiologically relevant context for the innate immunomodulatory activity of MSCs.

Predicción en tiempo real de la malignidad de ganglios linfáticos mediastínicos mediante ecografía endobronquial / Real-Time Prediction of Mediastinal Lymph Node Malignancy by Endobronchial Ultrasound

Objetivo: Evaluar la utilidad de diferentes características ecográficas para diferenciar los ganglios linfáticos (GL) benignos y malignos mediante ecografía endobronquial (EBUS) y validar una puntuación para una aplicación clínica en tiempo real. Métodos: Se analizaron 208 GL mediastínicos procedentes de 141 pacientes. Dos observadores evaluaron de manera independiente 6 criterios ecográficos diferentes (eje menor ≥ 10 mm, forma, margen, ecogenicidad y estructura hiliar central [EHC] y presencia de densidad hiperecogénica). Se generó una puntuación simplificada en la que a la presencia de márgenes bien definidos, la forma redondeada y el eje menor ≥ 10 mm se les asignaba una puntuación de 1 y a la ecogenicidad heterogénea y la ausencia de EHC se les asignaba una puntuación de 1,5. La puntuación se evaluó prospectivamente para la aplicación clínica en tiempo real en 65 GL durante la EBUS llevada a cabo por 2 operadores experimentados en 39 pacientes. Estos criterios se correlacionaron con los resultados histopatológicos, y se calcularon la sensibilidad, la especificidad y los valores predictivos positivo (VPP) y negativo (VPN). Resultados: La heterogeneidad y la ausencia de EHC fueron los parámetros que mostraron la máxima sensibilidad y VPN (≥ 90%) en la predicción de la malignidad de los GL, con una coincidencia interobservadores aceptable (92 y 87%, respectivamente). En la aplicación en tiempo real, la sensibilidad y la especificidad de la puntuación > 5 fueron del 78 y del 86%, respectivamente; tan solo la ausencia de EHC, la forma redondeada y el tamaño de los GL mostraron una asociación significativa con la malignidad de estos. Conclusiones: La combinación de diferentes criterios ecográficos puede ser útil en la predicción de la malignidad de los GL mediastínicos y válida para una aplicación clínica en tiempo real

Objective: To evaluate the utility of different ultrasonographic (US) features in differentiating benign and malignant lymph node (LN) by endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) and validate a score for real-time clinical application. Methods: A total of 208 mediastinal LNs acquired from 141 patients were analyzed. Six different US criteria were evaluated (short axis ≥ 10 mm, shape, margin, echogenicity, central hilar structure [CHS], and presence of hyperechoic density) by two observers independently. A simplified score was generated where the presence of margin distinction, round shape and short axis ≥ 10 mm were scored as 1, and heterogeneous echogenicity and absence of CHS were scored as 1.5. The score was evaluated prospectively for real-time clinical application in 65 LNs during EBUS procedure in 39 patients undertaken by two experienced operators. These criteria were correlated with the histopathological results and the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) were calculated. Results: Both heterogenicity and absence of CHS had the highest sensitivity and NPV (≥ 90%) for predicting LN malignancy with acceptable inter-observer agreement (92% and 87% respectively). On real-time application, the sensitivity and specificity of the score > 5 were 78% and 86% respectively; only the absence of CHS, round shape and size of LN were significantly associated with malignant LN. Conclusions: A combination of different US criteria can be useful for the prediction of mediastinal LN malignancy and valid for real-time clinical application

TNFR1/phox interaction and TNFR1 mitochondrial translocation Thwart silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis.

Macrophages play a fundamental role in innate immunity and the pathogenesis of silicosis. Phagocytosis of silica particles is associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), secretion of cytokines, such as TNF, and cell death that contribute to silica-induced lung disease. In macrophages, ROS production is executed primarily by activation of the NADPH oxidase (Phox) and by generation of mitochondrial ROS (mtROS); however, the relative contribution is unclear, and the effects on macrophage function and fate are unknown. In this study, we used primary human and mouse macrophages (C57BL/6, BALB/c, and p47(phox-/-)) and macrophage cell lines (RAW 264.7 and IC21) to investigate the contribution of Phox and mtROS to silica-induced lung injury. We demonstrate that reduced p47(phox) expression in IC21 macrophages is linked to enhanced mtROS generation, cardiolipin oxidation, and accumulation of cardiolipin hydrolysis products, culminating in cell death. mtROS production is also observed in p47(phox-/-) macrophages, and p47(phox-/-) mice exhibit increased inflammation and fibrosis in the lung following silica exposure. Silica induces interaction between TNFR1 and Phox in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Moreover, TNFR1 expression in mitochondria decreased mtROS production and increased RAW 264.7 macrophage survival to silica. These results identify TNFR1/Phox interaction as a key event in the pathogenesis of silicosis that prevents mtROS formation and reduces macrophage apoptosis.

Real-time prediction of mediastinal lymph node malignancy by endobronchial ultrasound.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the utility of different ultrasonographic (US) features in differentiating benign and malignant lymph node (LN) by endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) and validate a score for real-time clinical application. METHODS: 208 mediastinal LN acquired from 141 patients were analyzed. Six different US criteria were evaluated (short axis ≥10 mm, shape, margin, echogenicity, and central hilar structure [CHS], and presence of hyperechoic density) by two observers independently. A simplified score was generated where the presence of margin distinction, round shape and short axis ≥10 mm were scored as 1 and heterogeneous echogenicity and absence of CHS were scored as 1.5. The score was evaluated prospectively for real-time clinical application in 65 LN during EBUS procedure in 39 patients undertaken by two experienced operators. These criteria were correlated with the histopathological results and the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) were calculated. RESULTS: Both heterogenicity and absence of CHS had the highest sensitivity and NPV (≥90%) for predicting LN malignancy with acceptable inter-observer agreement (92% and 87% respectively). On real-time application, the sensitivity and specificity of the score >5 were 78% and 86% respectively; only the absence of CHS, round shape and size of LN were significantly associated with malignant LN. CONCLUSIONS: Combination of different US criteria can be useful for prediction of mediastinal LN malignancy and valid for real-time clinical application.

Características de pacientes asmáticos ingresados en una unidad de cuidados respiratorios intermedios / Characteristics of Asthma Patients Admitted to an Intermediate Respiratory Care Unit

Introducción: Las unidades de cuidados respiratorios intermedios (UCRI) permiten la monitorización continua y la ventilación mecánica no invasiva (VMNI) en los pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria grave que habitualmente ingresan en unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI). La utilidad de las UCRI en el manejo de las agudizaciones graves del asma nunca ha sido evaluada. Métodos: Se recogieron de forma prospectiva y sistemática los datos clínicos de pacientes ingresados en la UCRI con el diagnóstico principal de asma bronquial agudizada, se evaluó el fracaso terapéutico (intubación o fallecimiento) y su evolución hasta 6meses tras el alta, comparada con un grupo de pacientes ingresados en planta de hospitalización convencional pareados por edad y sexo, con el mismo diagnóstico principal. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 74 pacientes asmáticos (37 ingresan en la UCRI y 37 en planta) con una edad media (±DE) de 58±20 años, predominantemente mujeres (67%), con diagnóstico previo y tratamiento de asma persistente. La causa principal de ingreso en la UCRI fue insuficiencia respiratoria grave. Los pacientes que ingresaron en la UCRI presentaron más afectación radiológica (infiltrados alveolares) y tenían una pCO2 significativamente mayor. Diez pacientes ingresados en la UCRI precisaron VMNI. No hubo diferencias entre ambos grupos en fracasos terapéuticos, ni en seguimiento a los 6meses del alta. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con agudizaciones graves del asma pueden ser atendidos en una UCRI, evitando ingresos en la UCI y con un pronóstico similar a las agudizaciones más leves que son ingresadas en una planta de hospitalización convencional(AU)

Introduction: Intermediate respiratory care units (IRCU) provide continuous monitoring and non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) in patients with severe respiratory failure who are usually admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). The usefulness of IRCU in managing severe asthma exacerbations has never been evaluated. Methods: Clinical data were prospectively and systematically compiled from patients admitted to the IRCU with a principal diagnosis of bronchial asthma exacerbation. We assessed therapeutic failure (intubation or exitus) and patient evolution up until 6 months after discharge compared with a group of patients admitted to a conventional hospital ward, paired for age and sex, and with the same principal diagnosis. Results: A total of 74 asthma patients were included (37 admitted to IRCU and 37 to the hospital ward) with a mean age (±SD) of 58±20, who were predominantly women (67%), with previous diagnosis of asthma and persistent asthma treatment. The main cause of admittance to the IRCU was severe respiratory failure. The patients who were admitted to the IRCU presented more radiological affectation (alveolar infiltrates) and had significantly higher pCO2. Ten patients admitted to the IRCU required non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV). There were no differences between the two groups regarding either therapeutic failure or the 6-month follow-up after discharge. Conclusions: Patients with severe asthma exacerbations can be managed in an IRCU while avoiding hospitalization in an ICU and demonstrating a prognosis similar to milder exacerbations treated in conventional hospital wards(AU)

Characteristics of asthma patients admitted to an intermediate respiratory care unit.

INTRODUCTION: Intermediate respiratory care units (IRCU) provide continuous monitoring and non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) in patients with severe respiratory failure who are usually admitted to intensive care units (ICU). The usefulness of IRCU in managing severe asthma exacerbations has never been evaluated. METHODS: Clinical data were prospectively and systematically compiled from patients admitted to the IRCU with a principal diagnosis of bronchial asthma exacerbation. We assessed therapeutic failure (intubation or exitus) and patient evolution up until 6 months after discharge compared with a group of patients admitted to a conventional hospital ward, paired for age and sex, and with the same principal diagnosis. RESULTS: A total of 74 asthma patients were included (37 admitted to IRCU and 37 to the hospital ward) with a mean age (±SD) of 58±20, who were predominantly women (67%), with previous diagnosis of asthma and persistent asthma treatment. The main cause of admittance to the IRCU was severe respiratory failure. The patients who were admitted to the IRCU presented more radiological affectation (alveolar infiltrates) and had significantly higher pCO(2). Ten patients admitted to the IRCU required NIMV. There were no differences between the two groups regarding either therapeutic failure or the 6-month follow-up after discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with severe asthma exacerbations can be managed in an IRCU while avoiding hospitalization in an ICU and demonstrating a prognosis similar to milder exacerbations treated in conventional hospital wards.

Documento de consenso sobre el fenotipo mixto EPOC-asma en la EPOC / Consensus Document on the Overlap Phenotype COPD-Asthma in COPD

Introducción: Aunque asma y EPOC son enfermedades distintas, muchos pacientes comparten características de ambas entidades. Estos casos pueden tener una evolución y una respuesta al tratamiento diferente. Sin embargo, la evidencia disponible es escasa, y es necesario valorar si representan un fenotipo diferencial y aportar recomendaciones sobre su diagnóstico y tratamiento, además de identificar posibles lagunas de conocimiento. Método: Consenso nacional de expertos en EPOC en dos etapas: 1) Se establecieron los bloques temáticos a tratar y se elaboró una primera propuesta de aseveraciones, mediante una reunión presencial con metodología de «tormenta de ideas» estructurada. 2) Se realizaron dos rondas de consenso vía correo electrónico, utilizando una escala tipo Likert. Resultados: Se consensua la existencia de un fenotipo clínico diferencial denominado «fenotipo mixto EPOC-asma», cuyo diagnóstico se realizará si se cumplen 2 criterios mayores o uno mayor y 2 menores (criterios mayores: prueba broncodilatadora muy positiva [aumento del FEV1≥15% y≥400ml], eosinofilia en esputo y antecedentes personales de asma; criterios menores: IgE total elevada, antecedentes personales de atopia y prueba broncodilatadora positiva [aumento del FEV1≥12% y≥200ml] en dos o más ocasiones). Se recomienda el uso precoz de corticoides inhalados (CI) ajustados individualmente, ser cautos con la retirada brusca de CI y, en casos graves, valorar el uso de la triple terapia. Finalmente, queda patente la falta de estudios específicos sobre la historia natural y el tratamiento de estos pacientes. Conclusiones: Es preciso profundizar en el conocimiento de este fenotipo para establecer pautas y recomendaciones adecuadas para su diagnóstico y tratamiento(AU)

Introduction: Although asthma and COPD are different pathologies, many patients share characteristics from both entities. These cases can have different evolutions and responses to treatment. Nevertheless, the evidence available is limited, and it is necessary to evaluate whether they represent a differential phenotype and provide recommendations about diagnosis and treatment, in addition to identifying possible gaps in our understanding of asthma and COPD. Methods: A nation-wide consensus of experts in COPD in two stages: 1) during an initial meeting, the topics to be dealt with were established and a first draft of statements was elaborated with a structured «brainstorming» method; 2) consensus was reached with two rounds of e-mails, using a Likert-type scale. Results: Consensus was reached about the existence of a differential clinical phenotype known as «Overlap Phenotype COPD-Asthma», whose diagnosis is made when 2 major criteria and 2 minor criteria are met. The major criteria include very positive bronchodilator test (increase in FEV1 ≥15% and ≥400ml), eosinophilia in sputum and personal history of asthma. Minor criteria include high total IgE, personal history of atopy and positive bronchodilator test (increase in FEV1 ≥12% and ≥200ml) on two or more occasions. The early use of individually-adjusted inhaled corticosteroids is recommended, and caution must be taken with their abrupt withdrawal. Meanwhile, in severe cases the use of triple therapy should be evaluated. Finally, there is an obvious lack of specific studies about the natural history and the treatment of these patients. Conclusions: It is necessary to expand our knowledge about this phenotype in order to establish adequate guidelines and recommendations for its diagnosis and treatment(AU)