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1.
Psicol. conduct ; 32(1): 5-40, Abr 1, 2024. tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-232220

ABSTRACT

El diagnóstico categorial de los trastornos de la personalidad (TTPP) ha sido criticado por diversas razones, entras las que se encuentran el solapamiento de síntomas entre distintos trastornos, su elevada comorbilidad o el carácter dicotómico de su diagnóstico. Estas críticas han llevado al desarrollo de un planteamiento dimensional en las últimas versiones de los sistemas de clasificación, DSM-5/DSM-5-TR y CIE-11, considerando dos aspectos: el funcionamiento de la personalidad y una serie de rasgos patológicos. A pesar de la cuantiosa literatura publicada desde principio de este siglo sobre esta propuesta dimensional, no está claro, a día de hoy, que tenga alguna utilidad clínica. La vaga, abstracta y poco operativizable exposición de lo que constituye el funcionamiento de la personalidad y la compleja y forzada designación de rasgos mayores y menores (facetas) en el DSM-5/DSM-5-TR o sólo mayores y opcionales en la CIE-11, complican el diagnóstico dimensional de los TTPP. En este trabajo se discuten todas estas cuestiones en un intento de aportar algo de luz para un futuro menos sombrío que el actual panorama de los TTPP.(AU)


The categorical diagnosis of personality disorders (PDs) has been criticized forvarious reasons, among which are overlapping of symptoms between differentdisorders, their high comorbidity, and the dichotomous nature of their diagnosis.These criticisms have led to the development of a dimensional approach in thelatest versions of the classification systems, DSM-5/DSM-5-TR and ICD-11,considering two substantial aspects for its new diagnosis: personality functioning,and a series of pathological features. Despite the large amount of literature thathas been published since the beginning of this century on this dimensionalproposal, it is not clear, to date, that this approach enhances clinical utility. Thevague, abstract, and inoperative exposition of what constitutes personalityfunctioning and the complex and forced designation of major and minor traits(facets) in the DSM-5/DSM-5-TR, and only major and optional traits in the ICD-11,complicate, in an unusual way, the dimensional diagnosis of PDs. This paperdiscusses all of these issues in an attempt to shed some light on the potentially darkfuture of the current PDs panorama.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Personality Disorders/classification , Personality Disorders/diagnosis , Behavior , Psychology , Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , International Classification of Diseases
2.
Psicol. conduct ; 30(1): 19-49, abr. 2022. tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-204150

ABSTRACT

En un trabajo anterior (Caballo et al., 2021) comprobamos la eficacia del programa de Intervención multidimensional para la ansiedad social (IMAS) en la reducción de los síntomas de ansiedad social. En este estudio cuasiexperimental, con medidas pre/postratamiento y seguimiento, hallamos el impacto del programa IMAS en otros problemas relacionados con la ansiedad social. 57 personas diagnosticadas con un trastorno de ansiedad social (TAS), según el DSM-5, contestaron a cuestionarios que medían habilidades sociales, depresión, síntomas del trastorno de la personalidad por evitación, alcoholismo, autoestima, sensibilidad personal, preocupaciones y calidad de vida. Diferentes terapeutas llevaron a cabo el tratamiento en Ecuador, España y Paraguay. Los resultados mostraron importantes mejoras en el postratamiento en prácticamente todos los aspectos evaluados, mejoras que se mantenían a los seis meses. Los tamaños del efecto sobre la eficacia del tratamiento iban de medianos a grandes. Se comparó también el programa IMAS con terapia cognitivo conductual individual y tratamiento farmacológico, con resultados favorables para el programa IMAS. Este nuevo programa para el tratamiento de la ansiedad social tiene un impacto importante en otros problemas relacionados habitualmente con el TAS.


In a previous work (Caballo et al., 2021) we tested the effectiveness of the Multidimensional Intervention for Social Anxiety (MISA) program in reducing social anxiety symptoms. In this quasi-experimental study, with pre/post-treatment and follow-up measures, we examined the impact of the MISA program on other problems related to social anxiety. 57 people diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (SAD), according to DSM-5, were assessed with a diagnostic interview and questionnaires measuring social skills, depression, avoidant personality disorder symptoms, alcoholism, self-esteem, personal sensitivity, worries, and quality of life. Different therapists carried out the treatment in Ecuador, Spain, and Paraguay. The results showed significant improvements at post-treatment in virtually all measures assessing the above variables, improvements that were maintained at six months. Effect sizes on treatment effectiveness ranged from medium to large. The MISA program was also compared with individual cognitive behavioral therapy and pharmacological treatment, with favorable results for the MISA program. In conclusion, this new program for the treatment of social anxiety has a significant impact on other problems usually related to SAD.


Subject(s)
Young Adult , Adult , Middle Aged , Anxiety/therapy , Phobia, Social/therapy , Quality of Life , Social Skills , Self Concept , Personality , Mental Health , Interviews as Topic , Research Design , Phobic Disorders/therapy
3.
Psychol. av. discip ; 13(2): 107-120, jul.-dic. 2019. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1250601

ABSTRACT

Resumen La investigación sobre la evaluación de la ansiedad social en Iberoamérica es escasa. En los últimos años se ha informado sobre las características psicométricas del "Cuestionario de ansiedad social para adultos" (CASO) en distintos países iberoamericanos, excepto Perú. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las pruebas de validez basadas en el constructo, las pruebas de validez basadas en la relación con otras variables de tipo convergente y la fiabilidad del CASO, utilizando una muestra no clínica de 3064 peruanos. El análisis factorial confirmatorio comprobó que el modelo de cinco factores relacionados se ajustaba mejor a los datos que el modelo jerárquico y se halló que el modelo unifactorial no tenía un buen ajuste. Las correlaciones entre los factores del CASO (de .608 a .709) indicaron que cada uno de ellos evalúa aspectos específicos del constructo y aportan, a su vez, a la medición global del mismo. Los coeficientes de fiabilidad fueron de aceptables a muy buenos (.78( (( .85, .75( (( .83). La alta correlación (r= .69) con la subescala de Ansiedad de la "Escala de ansiedad social de Liebowitz, versión de autoinforme" (LSAS-SR), apoya su relación con la variable convergente. Estas adecuadas características psicométricas del CASO respaldan su utilización con población peruana.


Abstract Research on the assessment of social anxiety in Ibero-America is scarce. In recent years, the psychometric characteristics of the Social Anxiety Questionnaire for adults (SAQ) have been reported in different Ibero-American countries except Peru. The aim of this study was to analyze the construct and the convergent validity, and the reliability of the SAQ, using a non-clinical sample of 3064 Peruvians. The confirmatory factorial analysis showed that the model of five-related factors was better adjusted to the data than the hierarchical model, and that the unifactorial model did not have a good fit. The correlations between their factors (from .608 to .709) indicate that each of them evaluates specific aspects of the construct and also contribute to the overall measurement of it. The reliability coefficients were from acceptable to very good (.78( (( .85, .75( (( .83). The high correlation (r= .69) with the Anxiety subscale of the "Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale-Self-Report version" (LSAS-SR) supports its convergent validity. These appropriate psychometric characteristics of the questionnaire support its use with the Peruvian population.


Subject(s)
Anxiety/physiopathology , Anxiety/pathology , Psychometrics , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Phobia, Social , Anxiety/psychology , Peru , Adjustment Disorders , Surveys and Questionnaires , Patient Health Questionnaire
4.
J Psychopathol Behav Assess ; 41(1): 16-24, 2019 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30930532

ABSTRACT

Little research has focused on the measurement of specific facets of social anxiety disorder (SAD) in adolescents. In this study, we report on the Social Anxiety Questionnaire for Children (SAQ-C; Caballo et al., 2016), a 24-item questionnaire which assesses six facets of social anxiety in youth: 1) Speaking in public/Interactions with teachers, 2) Interactions with the opposite sex, 3) Criticism and embarrassment, 4) Assertive expression of annoyance, disgust, or displeasure, 5) Interactions with strangers, and 6) Performing in public. The SAQ-C has been shown to have sound psychometric properties in large samples of non-clinical Latin-American and Spanish youth. The present study aimed to provide the first evaluation of the psychometric properties of the SAQ-C in a clinical sample of 58 English-speaking adolescents diagnosed with SAD in the United States. Findings support the reliability and validity of this new measure and reveal specific facets of social anxiety not adequately captured in other frequently used self- report measures. Implications of the findings for assessment and treatment are addressed.

5.
Psicol. conduct ; 27(1): 149-172, ene.-abr. 2019. graf
Article in English | IBECS | ID: ibc-186307

ABSTRACT

This article presents a new treatment program for social anxiety, specifically for social anxiety disorder (social phobia) and avoidance personality disorder. Its name, Multidimensional Intervention for Social Anxiety (MISA), indicates that it revolves around the five dimensions that our research team found working on social anxiety with participants from 20 countries for more than 15 years, namely (1) interaction with strangers, (2) interaction with the opposite sex, (3) assertive expression of annoyance, disgust, or displeasure, (4) embarrassment or criticism, and (5) speaking in public/interaction with persons of authority. It incorporates both traditional techniques of cognitive behavioral therapy and strategies of third-generation therapies. The MISA program is applied in a group format through 15 treatment sessions of 2.5 hours each, plus one booster session, and pre/post-treatment and follow-up assessment sessions. We believe that it is currently the best treatment program available for social anxiety and in the coming months we will be able to substantiate this claim


Se presenta un nuevo programa de tratamiento para la ansiedad social, específicamente para el trastorno de ansiedad social (fobia social) y el trastorno de personalidad por evitación. Su nombre, Intervención multidimensional para la ansiedad social (IMAS), indica que gira alrededor de las cinco dimensiones que nuestro equipo de investigación encontró trabajando en ansiedad social con 20 países durante más de 15 años, como son: 1) Interacción con desconocidos, 2) Interacción con el sexo opuesto, 3) Expresión asertiva de molestia, desagrado o enfado, 4) Quedar en evidencia/Hacer el ridículo, y 5) Hablar en público/Interacción con personas de autoridad. Incorpora tanto técnicas tradicionales de la terapia cognitivo conductual como estrategias de las terapias de tercera generación. El programa IMAS se aplica en formato grupal a lo largo de 15 sesiones de tratamiento de 2,5 horas cada una, más una sesión de apoyo y las sesiones de evaluación pre/postratamiento y seguimiento. Creemos que en estos momentos constituye el mejor programa de tratamiento para la ansiedad social y en los próximos meses estaremos en disposición de demostrar esta afirmación


Subject(s)
Humans , Anxiety/psychology , Anxiety/therapy , Phobia, Social/therapy , Personality Disorders/therapy
6.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; 41(2): 122-130, Mar.-Apr. 2019. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-990829

ABSTRACT

Objective: To examine the psychometric properties of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale-Self Report (LSAS-SR) based on a large sample recruited from 16 Latin American countries, Spain, and Portugal. Methods: Two groups of participants were included: a non-clinical sample involving 31,243 community subjects and a clinical sample comprising 529 patients with a diagnosis of social anxiety disorder (SAD). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) were used in order to determine the psychometric properties of the LSAS-SR. Results: EFA identified five factors with eigenvalues greater than 1.00 explaining 50.78% of the cumulative variance. CFA and ESEM supported this 5-factor structure of the LSAS-SR. The factors included: 1) speaking in public; 2) eating/drinking in front of other people; 3) assertive behaviors; 4) working/writing while being observed; and 5) interactions with strangers. Other psychometric properties such as inter-factor correlations, invariance, reliability, and validity of the scale were also found. Conclusion: Psychometric data support the internal consistency and convergent validity of the LSAS-SR. It seems to be a valid and reliable measure of global social anxiety for Spanish and Portuguese-speaking countries, although when considering a multidimensional approach (factor-based assessment) it seems to be lacking some relevant social situations that are feared in those countries.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Young Adult , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Phobia, Social/diagnosis , Portugal , Psychometrics , Spain , Case-Control Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Cultural Characteristics , Latin America , Middle Aged
7.
Braz J Psychiatry ; 41(2): 122-130, 2019.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30328964

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To examine the psychometric properties of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale-Self Report (LSAS-SR) based on a large sample recruited from 16 Latin American countries, Spain, and Portugal. METHODS: Two groups of participants were included: a non-clinical sample involving 31,243 community subjects and a clinical sample comprising 529 patients with a diagnosis of social anxiety disorder (SAD). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) were used in order to determine the psychometric properties of the LSAS-SR. RESULTS: EFA identified five factors with eigenvalues greater than 1.00 explaining 50.78% of the cumulative variance. CFA and ESEM supported this 5-factor structure of the LSAS-SR. The factors included: 1) speaking in public; 2) eating/drinking in front of other people; 3) assertive behaviors; 4) working/writing while being observed; and 5) interactions with strangers. Other psychometric properties such as inter-factor correlations, invariance, reliability, and validity of the scale were also found. CONCLUSION: Psychometric data support the internal consistency and convergent validity of the LSAS-SR. It seems to be a valid and reliable measure of global social anxiety for Spanish and Portuguese-speaking countries, although when considering a multidimensional approach (factor-based assessment) it seems to be lacking some relevant social situations that are feared in those countries.


Subject(s)
Phobia, Social/diagnosis , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Case-Control Studies , Cultural Characteristics , Female , Humans , Latin America , Male , Middle Aged , Portugal , Psychometrics , Spain , Surveys and Questionnaires , Young Adult
8.
Psicol. conduct ; 26(1): 23-53, ene.-abr. 2018. tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-176273

ABSTRACT

Este trabajo examina la autoestima y sus dimensiones utilizando la "Escala Janis-Field de sentimientos de inadecuación-Revisada" (RJFFIS) y la "Escala Rosenberg de autoestima" (RSES) en una muestra mayoritariamente universitaria (n= 826). Analizamos su relación con la ansiedad social (AS) y las habilidades sociales (HHSS), evaluadas con el "Cuestionario de ansiedad social para adultos" (CASO), el "Cuestionario de habilidades sociales" (CHASO) y el "Inventario de asertividad de Rathus" (RAS). La solución heptafactorial de la RJFFIS explica el 59,65% de la varianza común y apoya un concepto multifactorial de la autoestima, incluyendo facetas que tienen que ver con la apariencia y habilidades físicas, relaciones sociales y habilidades académicas o laborales. Las correlaciones moderadas con la RSES apoyan la validez convergente de la RJFFIS. Por otra parte, la autoestima se relaciona de forma moderada con la AS y las HHSS. Los sujetos con alta AS muestran una autoestima significativamente más baja que aquellos con baja AS y lo opuesto ocurre respecto a las HHSS. Existen diferencias de sexo en cuanto a la autoestima, mostrando los hombres puntuaciones más altas que las mujeres. Estos resultados sustentan la naturaleza multidimensional de la autoestima y la necesidad de investigar su papel en las áreas tanto de la AS como de las HHSS


This paper examines self-esteem and its dimensions using the Revised Janis-Field Feelings of Inadequacy Scale (RJFFIS) and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) in a sample comprising mostly university undergraduates (n= 826). We analyzed their relationship with social anxiety (SA) and social skills (SS), assessed with the Social Anxiety Questionnaire for adults (SAQ), the Social Skills Questionnaire (CHASO) and the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule (RAS). The heptafactorial solution for the RJFFIS explains 59.65% of the common variance and supports a multifactorial concept of self-esteem, including facets that have to do with physical appearance and abilities, social relationships, and academic or work skills. The moderate correlations with the RSES support the convergent validity of the RJFFIS. On the other hand, self-esteem is moderately related to SA and SS. Subjects with high SA show significantly lower self-esteem than those with a low SA and the opposite occurs regarding SS. There are gender differences in terms of self-esteem, with men showing higher scores than women. These results support the multidimensional nature of self-esteem and the need to investigate its role in the areas of both SA and SS


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Self Concept , Anxiety , Aptitude , Psychological Tests , Surveys and Questionnaires , Students/psychology , Students/statistics & numerical data , Factor Analysis, Statistical
9.
Psicol. teor. prát ; 19(2): 131-150, ago. 2017. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-895896

ABSTRACT

Uma prática comum no campo da avaliação da ansiedade social em países de língua espanhola e portuguesa é o uso de instrumentos de origem anglo-saxã sem adaptação prévia para o país de nova aplicação. Recentemente, desenvolveu-se empiricamente o novo Questionário de Ansiedade Social para Adultos (CASO) com situações sociais provenientes da América Latina, da Espanha e de Portugal. Este artigo apresenta as propriedades psicométricas do CASO aplicado a uma amostra de 2.422 brasileiros. Os resultados mostram que o questionário mantém a sua estrutura original de cinco dimensões, com os seus 30 itens apresentando carga fatorial superior a 0,40 em cada um dos cinco fatores. A confiabilidade e a consistência interna são elevadas. Foram encontradas diferenças associadas ao sexo, com mulheres pontuaram de maneira mais elevada em três das cinco dimensões e na ansiedade social geral. Esses dados indicam que o CASO (SAQ) é uma medida válida e confiável para uso no Brasil.


A common practice in the field of social anxiety assessment in Portuguese and Spanish-speaking countries is the use of instruments, developed in English-speaking countries, without prior adaptation to the country of application. Recently, it has been empirically developed the new Social Anxiety Questionnaire for Adults (SAQ) with social situations from Ibero America, Spain, and Portugal. This article presents the psychometric properties of the SAQ, applied to a sample of 2,422 Brazilians. The results show that the questionnaire maintains its five-factor original structure, with its 30 items loading above 0.40 in each of the five factors. The reliability and internal consistency are high. Differences associated with gender were found, showing that women scored higher than men in three out of the five factors and in global social anxiety. These data indicate that the SAQ is a reliable and valid measure for use in Brazil.


Una práctica frecuente en el campo de la evaluación de la ansiedad social en países de lengua española y portuguesa es el empleo de instrumentos de origen anglosajón. Recientemente se ha desarrollado de forma empírica el nuevo Cuestionario de ansiedad social para adultos (CASO) con situaciones sociales generadas en Latinoamérica, España y Portugal. Este artículo presenta las propiedades psicométricas del CASO aplicado a una muestra de 2.422 brasileños. Los resultados muestran que el cuestionario mantiene su estructura original de cinco dimensiones, con sus 30 ítems presentando una saturación factorial superior a 0,40 en cada uno de los cinco factores. La fiabilidad y la consistencia interna son elevadas. Se encontraron diferencias asociadas al sexo, con las mujeres puntuando más alto que los hombres en tres de las cinco dimensiones y en la ansiedad social global. Estos datos indican que el CASO (SAQ) es una medida válida y fiable para su utilización en Brasil.


Subject(s)
Female , Portugal , Spain , Surveys and Questionnaires
10.
Psicol. conduct ; 25(1): 5-24, 2017. tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-162151

ABSTRACT

La evaluación y entrenamiento de las habilidades sociales constituye un área de permanente actualidad tanto en la clínica como en la investigación. No obstante, la evaluación de las habilidades sociales ha sido, desde sus comienzos, un área difícil de abordar. Un problema actual es que aún hoy día se siguen utilizando profusamente instrumentos de autoinforme de las habilidades sociales publicados en la década de los años 70. El objetivo principal de este estudio ha sido desarrollar un nuevo cuestionario que evaluase las principales dimensiones o clases de respuesta que comprende el constructo de las habilidades sociales. La tercera versión del «Cuestionario de habilidades sociales» (CHASO-III), formada por 76 ítems, se aplicó a 826 participantes de diversas provincias españolas. El análisis factorial exploratorio arrojó 10 factores coherentes y con escaso solapamiento entre ellos. Se seleccionaron los mejores cuatro ítems por factor, con el fin de establecer la versión final del cuestionario, el CHASO. Las propiedades psicométricas obtenidas para esta versión final, incluyendo su consistencia interna, su fiabilidad y su validez, fueron muy adecuadas, ofreciendo, así, un nuevo y actualizado instrumento de autoinforme de las habilidades sociales


The assessment and training of social skills constitutes a continuous hot topic both in clinic and research settings. However, social skills assessment has been since its beginnings a difficult area to address. One ongoing issue is that even today self-report instruments for social skills published in the 1970s are still profusely used. The main objective of this study has been to develop a new questionnaire to assess the main dimensions or response classes included in the construct of social skills. The third version of the Social Skills Questionnaire (CHASO-III), comprising 76 items, was administered to 826 participants from various Spanish regions. The exploratory factor analysis yielded 10 coherent factors with little overlap between them. The best four items from each factor were selected in order to establish the final version of the CHASO. The psychometric properties obtained for this final version, including its internal consistency, its reliability and its validity, were very adequate, thus offering a new and updated social skills self-report instrument


Subject(s)
Humans , Psychological Tests , Social Skills , Psychometrics/instrumentation , Reproducibility of Results , Reproducibility of Results , Self Report , Surveys and Questionnaires
11.
Rev. latinoam. psicol ; 48(2): 98-107, May-Aug. 2016. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: lil-791368

ABSTRACT

El «Cuestionario de ansiedad social para adultos¼ (CASO) es una medida de autoinforme desarrollada para los países de habla española y portuguesa. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la validez de constructo y la fiabilidad del CASO en Colombia. Participaron 5477 personas de la población general contestando el CASO y la «Escala de ansiedad social de Liebowitz-versión de autoinforme¼ (LSAS-SR). El análisis paralelo y el análisis factorial exploratorio del CASO arrojaron una solución de cinco factores (hablar en público/interacción con personas de autoridad; quedar en evidencia o en ridículo; expresión asertiva de molestia, desagrado o enfado; interacción con el sexo opuesto e interacción con desconocidos), que explicaban el 53.44% de la varianza. El análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró que el modelo de cinco factores correlacionados era el modelo con mejor ajuste. Las correlaciones entre la puntuación total del CASO y las subescalas y la puntuación total de la LSAS-SR fueron de moderadas a altas (0.53< r <0.64). La fiabilidad y la consistencia interna de la puntuación total del CASO fueron de 0.91 y 0.93, respectivamente, y para las dimensiones estuvieron entre 0.74 y 0.84. Estos resultados permiten concluir que el CASO es una medida válida y fiable para medir la ansiedad social en la población colombiana.


The Social Anxiety Questionnaire for adults (SAQ) is a self-report measurement tool developed for Portuguese and Spanish-speaking countries. The aim of this study was to examine the construct validity and reliability of the SAQ in Colombia. A total of 5477 people from the general population answered the SAQ and the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, Self-Report version (LSAS-SR). The parallel and exploratory factor analysis of the SAQ yielded a five-factor solution with, speaking in public/talking with people in authority; criticism and embarrassment; assertive expression of annoyance, disgust, or displeasure; interaction with the opposite sex, and interactions with strangers, explaining 53.44% of variance. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the five correlated factors model was the best fitted model. Correlations between the total score of the SAQ and total score of the LSAS-SR and its subscales were from moderate to high (0.53 < r< 0.64). The reliability and internal consistency for the total score and dimensions of the SAQ were 0.91 and 0.93, respectively, and for the dimensions were between 0.74 and 0.84. These results suggest that the SAQ is a valid and reliable measurement tool for the Colombian population.


Subject(s)
Anxiety , Surveys and Questionnaires , Reproducibility of Results , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Test Anxiety
12.
An. psicol ; 31(3): 759-772, oct. 2015. tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-143140

ABSTRACT

Se evaluó la eficacia de un programa de intervención grupal para la disminución de problemas psicológicos de familiares que conviven con pacientes con trastorno mental grave. Participaron ocho madres y un padre cuyos hijos recibían tratamiento en un Hospital de Día de Salud Mental. Se les aplicó el 'Inventario de ansiedad de Beck', el 'Inventario de depresión de Beck-II', la 'Escala de estrés percibido', el “Cuestionario de salud SF- 36', el 'Inventario de estrategias de afrontamiento' y el 'Inventario de aserción'. Asistieron a 20 sesiones de tratamiento psicológico grupal, basado en la aceptación y el desarrollo de competencias. Tras la intervención, los participantes disminuyeron significativamente el nivel de depresión, aumentaron la conducta asertiva y el uso de estrategias de afrontamiento orientadas a la solución de problemas. Los familiares valoraron el programa como útil, aplicaron lo aprendido en su vida cotidiana, disminuyeron los niveles de malestar psicológico y la mayoría realizó acciones en la dirección de lo que valora en su vida. En conclusión, el programa fue eficaz para disminuir la depresión en los familiares y aumentar estrategias de afrontamiento adaptativas. No obstante, son necesarios más estudios para superar algunas limitaciones como el tamaño de la muestra y la ausencia del grupo control


The effectiveness of a group intervention program to reduce psychological problems in relatives living with patients with severe mental disorders was evaluated. Attended eight mothers and one father whose adult children were receiving treatment in a Mental Health Day Hospital. They followed the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory-II, the Perceived Stress Scale, the SF-36 Health Survey, the Coping Strategies Inventory, and the Assertiveness Inventory. They attended 20 sessions of group psychological acceptance and development of skills based treatment. Following the completion of the program, the level of depression in the parents decreased significantly, assertive conduct increased, as did the use of coping strategies aimed at the solution of problems. The relatives rated the program as useful, applied what they have learned to their daily lives, decreased the levels of psychological discomfort, and the majority applied what they have learned to what they value most. Concluding the program was successful in decreasing depression among patients’ relatives and in increasing their adaptive coping skills. Nevertheless, more studies are needed in order to overcome some limitations such as the size of the cohort and the lack of a control group


Subject(s)
Humans , Psychotherapy, Group/methods , Acceptance and Commitment Therapy/methods , Communication , Family Relations , Mental Disorders/epidemiology , Caregivers/psychology , Evaluation of Results of Therapeutic Interventions
13.
Psicol. conduct ; 23(2): 325-343, mayo-ago. 2015. tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-151100

ABSTRACT

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la autoeficacia de consumidores de heroína y alcohol que están en tratamiento para su adicción, a partir de los modelos teóricos propuestos por Bandura y Annis. Participaron 162 pacientes ambulatorios, asignados a uno de los tres grupos de tratamiento: con metadona, libre de drogas y para el consumo de alcohol. Los sujetos fueron evaluados con la "Escala de autoeficacia" (Sherer et al., 1982), el "Cuestionario de confianza situacional" (IDTS; Annis y Martin, 1985) y la "Entrevista de investigación acerca del comportamiento adictivo" (EICA; López-Torrecillas, 1996). Los grupos con metadona y libre de drogas obtuvieron puntuaciones más altas en autoeficacia (general y total) que el grupo de alcohol y el grupo con metadona obtuvo puntuaciones más bajas en confianza situacional que el grupo libre de drogas y el grupo de alcohol, obteniendo este último las puntuaciones más altas. Los resultados parecen indicar que los modelos hacen referencia a aspectos diferentes de la autoeficacia. Serán necesarias más investigaciones para analizar la naturaleza de esta diferencia


The aim of this study was to examine the self-efficacy of outpatient drug heroin and alcohol abusers in treatment for their addiction, using the theoretical models proposed by Bandura and Annis. The sample consisted of 162 participants, who were assigned to one of three treatment groups: methadone, drug-free and alcohol. The Self-Efficacy Scale (Sherer et al., 1982), the Inventory of Drug-Taking Situation (IDTS; Annis & Martin, 1985) and the Interview for Research on Addictive Behavior (EICA; López-Torrecillas, 1996) were used to assess them. Methadone and the drug-free groups had higher scores of selfefficacy (general and total score) than the alcohol group. Methadone group showed lower scores in situational confidence that free drug and the alcohol groups, the latter showing highest scores. The results suggest that the models refer to different aspects of self-efficacy. More research is necessary to analyze the nature of this difference


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Self Efficacy , Trust/psychology , Methadone/administration & dosage , Methadone/pharmacology , Methadone/therapeutic use , Substance-Related Disorders/psychology , Substance-Related Disorders/therapy , Drug Users/psychology , Alcohol Drinking/psychology , Alcohol Drinking/therapy , Alcohol-Related Disorders/pathology , Alcohol-Related Disorders/psychology , Alcohol-Related Disorders/therapy , Psychotic Disorders/therapy , Psychopathology/instrumentation , Psychopathology/methods , Psychopathology/trends
14.
Psychol Assess ; 27(3): 997-1012, 2015 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25774643

ABSTRACT

This article presents the psychometric properties of a new measure of social anxiety, the Social Anxiety Questionnaire for adults (SAQ), composed of 30 items that were developed based on participants from 16 Latin American countries, Spain, and Portugal. Two groups of participants were included in the study: a nonclinical group involving 18,133 persons and a clinical group comprising 334 patients with a diagnosis of social anxiety disorder (social phobia). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a 5-factor structure of the questionnaire. The factors were labeled as follows: (1) Interactions with strangers, (2) Speaking in public/talking with people in authority, (3) Interactions with the opposite sex, (4) Criticism and embarrassment, and (5) Assertive expression of annoyance, disgust, or displeasure. Psychometric evidence supported the internal consistency, convergent validity, and measurement invariance of the SAQ. To facilitate clinical applications, a receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis identified cut scores for men and women for each factor and for the global score.


Subject(s)
Phobia, Social/diagnosis , Self Report , Surveys and Questionnaires , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Psychometrics , ROC Curve , Reproducibility of Results , Young Adult
15.
Psicol. conduct ; 22(3): 375-399, sept.-dic. 2014. tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-152366

ABSTRACT

La evaluación de las habilidades sociales por medio de medidas de autoinforme sigue realizándose con instrumentos desarrollados en los años 70, como el "inventario de asertividad de Rathus" (RAS), el "Inventario de aserción" (AI) o la "Escala de autoexpresión universitaria" (CSES). Este estudio llevado a cabo con 421 estudiantes universitarios (76,5% mujeres) halló las estructuras factoriales de dichos instrumentos así como el nuevo "Cuestionario de habilidades sociales" (CHASO-I). Las soluciones factoriales obtenidas fueron de 6, 8, 11 y 12 factores respectivamente. La fiabilidad (dos mitades de Guttman y alfa de Cronbach) de todos los cuestionarios fue alta y las correlaciones entre el CHASO-I y el resto de los cuestionarios fueron moderadas. Se encontraron diferencias de sexo en la puntuación total del RAS y en los factores de «Hablar o actuar en público/ interaccionar con superiores», "Interaccionar con personas que me atraen" e "Interaccionar con desconocidos", con los hombre más habilidosos que las mujeres, y en el factor "Pedir disculpas/Reconocer errores propios" con las mujeres más habilidosas que los hombres. El estudio concluye señalando algunos problemas comunes a las medidas de autoinforme de las habilidades sociales así como algunas virtudes del nuevo CHASO-I


The self-reporting of social skills continues to be assessed through the assertiveness inventories developed in the 1970s, such as the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule (RAS), the Assertion Inventory (AI), and the College Self Expression Scale (CSES). The study report here involved 421 university students (7, 5% women) and obtained the factor structures for the aforementioned instruments, plus the new Social Skills Questionnaires (SSQ-I) (Cuestionario de habilidades sociales, CHASO-I). The factorial solutions obtained were 6,8, 11 and 12 factors, respectively. The reliability (Guttman split-half and Cronbach’s alpha) of all the questionnaires was high, and the correlations between the CHASO-I and all the other questionnaires were moderate. The sex differences found involved the total scores Of the RAS and the factors "Speakings or performing in public/Interacting with figures in authority", "Interacting with persons I am attracted to", and "Interacting with strangers", with men being more skilled than women, and the factor "apologizing/recognizing their own mistakes", with women being more skilled than men. The study concluded by recognizing certain common problems affecting the self-report measures of social skills, as well as certain advantages of the new CHASO-I


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Young Adult , Adult , Social Skills , Assertiveness , Students/psychology , Sex Characteristics , Virtues , Psychometrics/methods , Psychometrics/organization & administration , Psychometrics/standards , Psychology, Social/instrumentation , Psychology, Social/methods , Self Report , Personality Inventory/standards , Surveys and Questionnaires , Psychometrics/instrumentation , Psychology, Social/organization & administration , Psychology, Social/standards
16.
Psicol. conduct ; 22(3): 401-422, sept.-dic. 2014. tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-152367

ABSTRACT

La relación entre las habilidades sociales (HHSS) y la ansiedad social (AS) ha sido planteada conceptualmente pero poco estudiada a nivel empírico. Más escasos son los trabajos sobre la relación entre las HHSS y los estilos/trastornos de la personalidad (TTPP). El presente trabajo pretende hallar las posibles relaciones entre las HHSS por una parte, y la AS y los estilos/TTPP, por la otra, en una muestra mayoritariamente de estudiantes universitarios. Las correlaciones entre las puntuaciones totales de los instrumentos de HHSS y AS fueron de moderadas a altas y negativas, es decir, que a menor habilidad social mayor AS y viceversa. Se obtuvo también este mismo nivel de correlaciones al analizar las dimensiones específicas de cada constructo, lo que muestra que hay aspectos que se comparten entre las HHSS y la AS. Por otra parte, las relaciones entre HHSS y TTPP varían según el estilo/trastorno de personalidad específico. La mayoría de las correlaciones son negativas, excepto para los estilos/trastornos histriónico, narcisista, obsesivo compulsivo y antisocial de la personalidad. Estos resultados ofrecen apoyo a una parte importante de las características interpersonales de cada uno de los trastornos de la personalidad


The relationship between social skills and social anxiety has been addressed conceptually but studied little empirically. Scarcer still are the studies on the relationship between social skills and personality styles/disorders. This paper uses a sample of mostly university students to find possible relationships between social skills, on the one hand, and social anxiety and personality styles/disorders, on the other. The correlations of the total scores for the instruments of social skills and social anxiety were moderate to high and negative; that is, the lower the social skill, the grater the social anxiety, and vice versa. This same level of correlation was also obtained by analyzing the specific dimensions of each construct, which shows that there are shared aspects between social skills and social anxiety. Furthermore, the relationship between social skills an personality disorders varies depending on the specific personality style/disorder. Most correlations are negative, except for histrionic, narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive, and antisocial styles/disorders. These results provide support for a significant part of the interpersonal characteristics of each personality disorder


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Personality Disorders/complications , Personality Disorders/psychology , Social Skills , Anxiety/psychology , Antisocial Personality Disorder/psychology , Assertiveness , Cognitive Behavioral Therapy/methods , Psychology, Social/methods , Psychology, Social/organization & administration , Psychology, Social/trends , Interpersonal Relations , Surveys and Questionnaires , Surveys and Questionnaires
17.
Psicol. conduct ; 22(3): 501-521, sept.-dic. 2014. tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-152372

ABSTRACT

Actualmente, las pruebas empíricas relativas al comportamiento asertivo de los familiares cuidadores de pacientes con trastorno mental grave (TMG) y a los efectos relacioneados con su déficit son escasas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la asertividad de 140 familiares cuidadores de 54 pacientes con TMG y la relación entre asertividad y salud física y psicológica. Se utilizó el "Inventario de aserción" (Gambrill y Richey, 1075), el «Inventario de ansiedad, de Beck» el "Inventario de depresión de Beck-II", la "Escala de estrés percibido" y el "Cuestionario de salud SF-36". El 77,15 de los familiares se comportaba de forma asertiva y no hubo diferencias significativas según las variables sociodemográficas. La asertividad estaba relacionada con la ansiedad, la depresión, el estrés percibido y la valoración global del estado de salud, así como con seis (de los ocho) aspectos evaluados por el SF-36. La falta de asertividad era un factor de riesgo para todas estas variables. Estos hallazgos apoyan la importancia de incluir el entrenamiento asertivo en el tratamiento de los familiares de pacientes con TMG


At present, empirical evidence is scarce related to assertive behavior of family caregivers of patients with severe mental illness (SMI) and to the effects related to their deficits. The aim of this study was to examine the assertiveness of 140 family caregivers of 94 patients with SMI, and to examine the relationship between assertiveness and physical and psychological health. The Assertion Inventory (Granbrill and Richey, 1975), the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory-II, the Perveived Stress Scale, and the Health Questionnaire SF-36 were used. 77,1% of the participants were assertive and there were no significant differences in base to socio-demographic variables. Assertiveness was related to anxiety, depression, stress, and general wellbeing as well as six (out of eight) areas assessed by the SF-36. The lack of assertiveness was a risk factor for all these variable. These findings support the importance of including assertiveness training in the treatment of the families of patients with SMI BY staff at mental health units


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Assertiveness , Caregivers/psychology , Mental Disorders/complications , Mental Disorders/epidemiology , Mental Disorders/psychology , Depression/psychology , Anxiety Disorders/psychology , Stress, Psychological/psychology , Family/psychology , Risk Factors , Mental Disorders/prevention & control , Mental Disorders/rehabilitation , Health Status , Caregivers/statistics & numerical data , Data Analysis/methods , Data Analysis/statistics & numerical data , Personality Inventory/statistics & numerical data
18.
Psicol. conduct ; 22(3): 523-549, sept.-dic. 2014. tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-152373

ABSTRACT

Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo analizar la relación entre la asertividad y los problemas emocionales (depresión, ansiedad y ansiedad social) y el desgaste profesional en médicos, enfermeras y celadores-conductores de dispositivos de cuidados críticos y urgencias (DCCU). Se evaluó a 315 profesionales sanitarios con el "Inventario de aserción", el "Inventario de depresión de Beck II", el "Inventario de ansiedad de Beck" y el "Inventario de burnout, de Maslach". Se encontró que el 17,7% no era asertivo, el 16,6% tenía ansiedad social, el 12,9% depresión y el 11,7% ansiedad. Hubo algunas diferencias de sexo. Adicionalmente, el 52,7% sufría despersonalización, el 46,7% falta de realización personal en el trabajo y el 24,4% agotamiento emocional. La asertividad se relacionó de forma significativa con la ansiedad social, el agotamiento y la falta de realización personal y el análisis de regresión indicó que la falta de asertividad era un factor de riesgo para estas tres cuestiones. Estos resultados apoyan la importancia de incluir el entrenamiento asertivo como parte de la formación de los profesionales de los DCCU


The main aim of this study was to examine the relationship between assertiveness and emotional problems (depression, anxiety and social anxiety) and burnout in physician, nurses, orderlies and ambulance drivers in the Critical Care and Emergency Services (CCES). 315 Healthcare workers completed the Assertion Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory II, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. The results show that 17.7% were not assertive, 16.6% had social anxiety, 12.9% suffered from depression, and 11.7% from anxiety. There were some sex differences. Furthermore, 52.7% had depersonalization, 46.7% felt a lack of personal accomplishment, and 24.4% suffered from emotional exhaustion. Assertiveness was significantly associated with social anxiety, exhaustion and lack of personal accomplishment. Regression analysis indicated that the lack of assertiveness was a risk factor for these three psychological difficulties. These results support the importance of including assertiveness training as part of the training of CCES professionals


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Assertiveness , Expressed Emotion/physiology , Affective Symptoms/psychology , Burnout, Professional/complications , Burnout, Professional/psychology , Health Personnel/psychology , Health Personnel/statistics & numerical data , Affective Disorders, Psychotic/psychology , Depression/psychology , Anxiety/psychology , Anxiety Disorders/psychology , 28599
19.
Psicol. conduct ; 22(3): 603-616, sept.-dic. 2014. tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-152377

ABSTRACT

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la asertividad y de la gravedad del consumo de drogas en el riesgo de recaída (a los seis meses) en dos grupos (abstinencia vs. recaída) que han recibido tratamiento. Participaron 90 drogodependientes que rellenaron la "Entrevista de investigación acerca del comportamiento adictivo" y el "Inventario de asertividad de Rathus" (RAS). Encontramos que la asertividad global y la dimensión de Confrontación (del RAS) estaban directamente relacionadas con el riesgo de recaída, indicando que a mayores puntuaciones en asertividad y confrontación mayor es el riesgo de recaída. Otras dimensiones del RAS (Defensa de los derechos e intereses personales, Evitación de enfrentamientos personales y Espontaneidad), así como la cronicidad del consumo de drogas mostraron una relación inversa con el riesgo de recaída, indicando que a mayores puntuaciones en estas dimensiones de asertividad y mayor cronicidad de consumo menor riesgo de recaída. Estos resultados señalan la importancia de analizar qué entrenamiento asertivo realizamos para prevenir las recaídas en las drogodependencias y la elección de instrumentos de evaluación para la asertividad


The aim of this study was to examine the effect of assertiveness and severity of drug addiction on the risk of relapse among drug addicts during a six months treatment. 90 Drug addicts completed the Research Interview on Addictive Behavior and the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule (RAS). The results showed that global assertiveness and Confrontation (a dimension of the RAS) are directly related to the risk of relapse, indicating that the higher the scores on these two variables the greater the risk of relapse. Other dimensions of the RAS (Defense of Rights and Personal Interests, Avoidance of Personal Confrontation, and Spontaneity) and the chronicity of drug use showed an inversed relationship to the risk of relapse, indicating that the higher the scores on those dimensions and on the chronicity of drug use the lower the risk of relapse. These results suggest caution when including assertion training for relapse prevention in drug addiction, and advise also caution when choosing the assessment instruments for assertiveness


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Recurrence , Substance-Related Disorders/psychology , Risk Factors , Prospective Studies , Multivariate Analysis , Data Analysis/methods , Data Analysis/statistics & numerical data
20.
Pers Individ Dif ; 64: 35-40, 2014 Jul 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24976665

ABSTRACT

Sex differences between men and women in social anxiety are largely unexplored. This study sought to shed some light on this topic. We administered self-report measures of social anxiety to community samples of 17,672 women and 13,440 men from 16 Latin American countries, Spain and Portugal, as well as to a clinical sample of 601 patients diagnosed with social anxiety disorder. Small but significant differences were found between men and women in the general degree of social anxiety and self-reported fears of interactions with the opposite sex, criticism and embarrassment, and speaking in public-talking to people in authority. These results point to small, but meaningful differences between men and women in social anxiety. Implications of these results for the self-report measurement of social anxiety in men and women are discussed.

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