ABSTRACT
The Stroop Color-Word Test is a useful tool to evaluate executive attention and speed of processing. Recent studies have provided norms for different populations of healthy individuals to avoid misinterpretation of scores due to demographic and cultural differences. In addition, clinical norms may improve the assessment of cognitive dysfunction severity and its clinical course. Spanish normative data are provided for 158 closed traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 149 first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SCH) patients. A group of 285 Spanish healthy individuals (HC) was also considered for comparison purposes. Differences between groups were found in all Stroop scores with HC outperforming both clinical groups (p < .002 in all cases; d > .3 in all cases). TBI patients scored lower than SCH patients in wordreading (p < .001 and d = .6), and color-naming conditions (p < .001 and d = .4), but not in the color-word condition (p = .34 and d = .03). However, SCH patients exhibited a higher interference effect as compared to TBI (p < .002 and d = .5). Three sets of norms stratified by age and education (HC), and by education (TBI and SCH) are presented for clinical use (AU)
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Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Psychoanalytic Interpretation , Psychometrics/instrumentation , Psychometrics/methods , Schizophrenic Psychology , Brain Injuries, Traumatic/complications , Brain Injuries, Traumatic/psychology , Psychometrics/standards , Psychometrics/trends , Cross-Cultural Comparison , Cognitive Dissonance , Cognitive Science/methods , Analysis of VarianceABSTRACT
The Stroop Color-Word Test is a useful tool to evaluate executive attention and speed of processing. Recent studies have provided norms for different populations of healthy individuals to avoid misinterpretation of scores due to demographic and cultural differences. In addition, clinical norms may improve the assessment of cognitive dysfunction severity and its clinical course. Spanish normative data are provided for 158 closed traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 149 first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SCH) patients. A group of 285 Spanish healthy individuals (HC) was also considered for comparison purposes. Differences between groups were found in all Stroop scores with HC outperforming both clinical groups (p .3 in all cases). TBI patients scored lower than SCH patients in word-reading (p < .001 and d = .6), and color-naming conditions (p < .001 and d = .4), but not in the color-word condition (p = .34 and d = .03). However, SCH patients exhibited a higher interference effect as compared to TBI (p < .002 and d = .5). Three sets of norms stratified by age and education (HC), and by education (TBI and SCH) are presented for clinical use.
Subject(s)
Brain Injuries/diagnosis , Schizophrenia/diagnosis , Stroop Test/standards , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Brain Injuries/psychology , Case-Control Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Reference Values , Schizophrenic Psychology , Young AdultABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The consequences of acquired brain injury include impairments in cognition, emotion and behaviour. Neuro-psychology provides techniques for treating these disorders, but it is still important to establish which of all the available tools are most effective for this purpose. DEVELOPMENT: This article reviews existing studies on the effectiveness of neuropsychological rehabilitation, focusing on those areas more often affected after acquired brain injury. The purpose of the article is to guide and orient neuro-psychological rehabilitation of these patients based on the strongest evidence available in the literature. In this second part, we will focus on the rehabilitation of executive functions, the behaviour modification, and psychotherapy applied in this area, as well as the application of new technologies. CONCLUSION: There is enough evidence to recommend the neuropsychological rehabilitation of executive functions, and the application of the above mentioned tools in patients with acquired brain injury.
Subject(s)
Brain Injuries/rehabilitation , Behavior Therapy , Brain Injuries/physiopathology , Executive Function , Humans , PsychotherapyABSTRACT
Introducción. Las consecuencias del daño cerebral adquirido incluyen alteraciones en el funcionamiento cognitivo, emocional y conductual de las personas afectadas. La neuropsicología proporciona técnicas que permiten tratar dichas alteraciones; de ahí la importancia de establecer cuáles, de entre todas las herramientas disponibles, son las más eficaces para este objetivo. Desarrollo. El presente artículo revisa los estudios existentes sobre efectividad de la rehabilitación neuropsicológica, centrándose en aquellas áreas y procesos cognitivos alterados con más frecuencia. El fin último del artículo es servir de guía y orientar la rehabilitación neuropsicológica de estos pacientes a partir de las evidencias más sólidas existentes en la bibliografía. En esta segunda parte, nos centraremos en la rehabilitación de las funciones ejecutivas, la modificación de conducta y la psicoterapia aplicadas en este ámbito, así como el uso de nuevas tecnologías. Conclusión. Existen evidencias suficientes para recomendar la rehabilitación neuropsicológica de las funciones ejecutivas, así como el uso de las técnicas antes mencionadas en población con daño cerebral adquirido (AU)
Introduction. The consequences of acquired brain injury include impairments in cognition, emotion and behaviour. Neuropsychology provides techniques for treating these disorders, but it is still important to establish which of all the available tools are most effective for this purpose. Development. This article reviews existing studies on the effectiveness of neuropsychological rehabilitation, focusing on those areas more often affected after acquired brain injury. The purpose of the article is to guide and orient neuropsychological rehabilitation of these patients based on the strongest evidence available in the literature. In this second part, we will focus on the rehabilitation of executive functions, the behaviour modification, and psychotherapy applied in this area, as well as the application of new technologies. Conclusion. There is enough evidence to recommend the neuropsychological rehabilitation of executive functions, and the application of the above mentioned tools in patients with acquired brain injury (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Brain Injury, Chronic/rehabilitation , Psychotherapy/methods , Behavior Therapy , Cognitive Behavioral Therapy , Mental Disorders/rehabilitation , Treatment Outcome , Evaluation of the Efficacy-Effectiveness of InterventionsABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The consequences of acquired brain injury include impairments in cognition, emotion, and behaviour. Neuro-psychology provides techniques for treating these disorders, but it is still important to establish which of all the available tools are most effective for this purpose. DEVELOPMENT: This article reviews existing studies on the effectiveness of neuropsychological rehabilitation, focusing on those areas more often impaired due to acquired brain injury. The purpose of the article is to guide and orient neuro-psychological rehabilitation of these patients based on the strongest evidence available in the literature. This paper focuses on cognitive domains such as attention and neglect, memory and language. CONCLUSION: There is enough evidence to recommend the neuropsychological rehabilitation of the above processes in patients with acquired brain injury.
Subject(s)
Attention/physiology , Brain Injuries/rehabilitation , Language , Memory/physiology , Psychomotor Performance/physiology , Reaction Time/physiology , Brain Injuries/physiopathology , Cognition Disorders/physiopathology , Cognition Disorders/rehabilitation , Humans , Memory Disorders/physiopathology , Memory Disorders/rehabilitation , Neuropsychological TestsABSTRACT
The longitudinal course of primary cognitive dysfunction seen in schizophrenia has yet to be fully clarified. Whereas some studies in chronic patients have revealed a progressive decline in cognitive abilities, those studies with first-episode patients have indicated that initial cognitive deficits might remain stable over time. The aim of this study was to examine the longitudinal course of cognitive functioning in patients with a first episode of schizophrenia. 112 patients with a first episode of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and 22 healthy controls completed clinical and cognitive evaluations at baseline and again after 1 year. An extensive neuropsychological battery that comprised seven cognitive domains was used. Patients and controls improved their cognitive performance in virtually all the cognitive domains after one year. However, patients continued to show marked cognitive deficits after one year, unlike healthy volunteers. The longitudinal cognitive changes were similar in patients and controls in all domains except Verbal Memory (F = 11.67; df = 1; P = 0.001). The increase in cognitive scores found during early phases of the illness seems to be associated to practice-related changes and would not reflect a real cognitive enhancement but rather stability of deficit. Patients' deficits remained stable over time in all cognitive domains except Verbal Memory, in which less performance improvement was found. Further investigations are warranted to discern the variability in patterns of specific cognitive deficits over time.
Subject(s)
Cognition Disorders/epidemiology , Psychotic Disorders/epidemiology , Schizophrenia/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Cognition Disorders/diagnosis , Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Male , Memory Disorders/diagnosis , Memory Disorders/epidemiology , Middle Aged , Neuropsychological Tests , Schizophrenia/diagnosis , Severity of Illness Index , Young AdultABSTRACT
En la revisión del conocimiento sobre la desinhibición conductual en neuropsicología aparecen innumerables descripciones con adjetivos precariamente definidos y con pocas pretensiones de explicar lo observado. Este enfoque descriptivo es el que habitualmente ha adoptado la psiquiatría y la neuropsiquiatría. Sin embargo, el trabajo investigador en neuropsicología requiere algo más que listados de conductas para profundizar en la naturaleza del trastorno. Ello sugiere que también en estos problemas conductuales ha de abordarse el estudio de los procesos subyacentes, aunque el salto entre lo observable y lo subyacente sea, al menos, tan grande como sucede en el estudio de las funciones ejecutivas. El objetivo que se persigue en el presente trabajo es revisar el conocimiento sobre el trastorno denominado desinhibición conductual, incluyendo tanto los aspectos descriptivos como los modelos teóricos explicativos más relevantes sobre el tema. En la literatura científica no parece existir ningún planteamiento teórico que permita dar cuenta por sí solo de la variedad y complejidad de conductas que subyacen a este trastorno. Por ello, no parece suficiente hablar de "conductas frontales", "impulsividad", "fallo en la inhibición", etc., puesto que estos mismos términos pueden estar aludiendo a comportamientos muy diferentes tanto en lo observable como en su etiología (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Personality Disorders/diagnosis , Personality Disorders/physiopathology , Behavioral Symptoms/physiopathology , Inhibition, Psychological , Cognition Disorders/physiopathologyABSTRACT
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