Excessive red and processed meat intake: relations with health and environment in Brazil.

The aims of the present study were to verify the proportion of population that consumed more red and processed meat than the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) dietary recommendation, to estimate the environmental impact of beef intake and the possible reduction of greenhouse gas emissions if the dietary recommendation was followed. We used the largest, cross-sectional, population-based survey entitled the National Dietary Survey (34 003 participants aged 10-104 years). The usual meat intake was obtained by two food records completed on 2 non-consecutive days. The usual intake was estimated by the multiple source method. The environmental impact was analysed according to estimates of CO2 equivalent emissions from beef intake as a proxy for beef production in Brazil. The red and processed meat intake mean was 88 g/d. More than 80 % of the population consumed more red and processed meat than the WCRF recommendation. Beef was the type of meat most consumed, accounting to almost 50 %. Each person contributed 1005 kg of CO2 equivalents from beef intake in 2008, the same quantity of CO2 produced if a car travelled a distance between the extreme north and south of Brazil (5370 km). The entire Brazilian population contributed more than 191 million tons of CO2 equivalents, which could have been reduced to more than 131 million tons if the dietary recommendation was followed. The present study shows that the magnitude of the excessive red and processed meat intake in Brazil can impact on health and the environment, pointing to the urgency of promoting a sustainable diet.

Empirically derived dietary patterns: interpretability and construct validity according to different factor rotation methods.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of factor rotation methods on interpretability and construct validity of dietary patterns derived in a representative sample of 1,102 Brazilian adults. Dietary patterns were derived from exploratory factor analysis. Orthogonal (varimax) and oblique rotations (promax, direct oblimin) were applied. Confirmatory factor analysis assessed construct validity of the dietary patterns derived according to two factor loading cut-offs (≥ |0.20| and ≥ |0.25|). Goodness-of-fit indexes assessed the model fit. Differences in composition and in interpretability of the first pattern were observed between varimax and promax/oblimin at cut-off ≥ |0.20|. At cut-off ≥ |0.25|, these differences were no longer observed. None of the patterns derived at cut-off ≥ |0.20| showed acceptable model fit. At cut-off ≥ |0.25|, the promax rotation produced the best model fit. The effects of factor rotation on dietary patterns differed according to the factor loading cut-off used in exploratory factor analysis.

Empirically derived dietary patterns: interpretability and construct validity according to different factor rotation methods / Padrões alimentares empiricamente derivados: interpretabilidade e validade de construto segundo diferentes métodos de rotação fatorial / Patrones alimentarios empíricamente derivados: interpretabilidad y validez de constructo, según diferentes métodos de rotación en un análisis factorial

This study aimed to investigate the effects of factor rotation methods on interpretability and construct validity of dietary patterns derived in a representative sample of 1,102 Brazilian adults. Dietary patterns were derived from exploratory factor analysis. Orthogonal (varimax) and oblique rotations (promax, direct oblimin) were applied. Confirmatory factor analysis assessed construct validity of the dietary patterns derived according to two factor loading cut-offs (≥ -0.20- and ≥ -0.25-). Goodness-of-fit indexes assessed the model fit. Differences in composition and in interpretability of the first pattern were observed between varimax and promax/oblimin at cut-off ≥ -0.20-. At cut-off ≥ -0.25-, these differences were no longer observed. None of the patterns derived at cut-off ≥ -0.20- showed acceptable model fit. At cut-off ≥ -0.25-, the promax rotation produced the best model fit. The effects of factor rotation on dietary patterns differed according to the factor loading cut-off used in exploratory factor analysis.

Objetivou-se investigar os efeitos dos métodos de rotação fatorial na interpretabilidade e validade de construto de padrões alimentares em uma amostra representativa de 1.102 adultos brasileiros. Os padrões foram derivados por análise fatorial exploratória. As rotações ortogonal (varimax) e oblíqua (promax e oblimin direta) foram utilizadas. Avaliou-se a validade de construto dos padrões segundo os pontos de corte de cargas fatoriais: (≥ -0,20- e ≥ -0,25-) por meio de análise fatorial confirmatória. Índices de qualidade de ajuste do modelo foram analisados. Observaram-se diferenças na composição e interpretabilidade do primeiro padrão obtido pelas rotações varimax e promax/oblimin no ponto de corte ≥ -0,20-. No ponto de corte ≥ -0,25-, não foram observadas diferenças. Nenhum dos padrões derivados no ponto de corte ≥ -0,20- apresentou qualidade de ajuste aceitável. No ponto de corte ≥ -0,25-, a rotação promax obteve o melhor ajuste. Os efeitos das rotações nos padrões alimentares diferiram segundo o ponto de corte de carga fatorial utilizado na análise fato-rial exploratória.

El estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los efectos de los métodos de rotación en la interpretabilidad y validez de un constructo de patrones alimentarios, derivados de una muestra representativa de 1.102 adultos brasileños. Los patrones se derivaron de un análisis factorial exploratorio. Se aplicaron las rotaciones ortogonal (varimax) y oblicua (promax, oblimin directa). La validez de constructo de los patrones fue evaluada por un análisis factorial confirmatorio, según los puntos de corte de cargas factoriales: (≥ -0,20- y ≥ -0.25-). Se analizaron los índices de ajuste del modelo. Se observaron diferencias en la composición e interpretación del primer factor entre varimax y promax/oblimin en el punto de corte ≥ -0,20-. En el punto de corte ≥ -0,25-, ya no se observaron diferencias. Ninguno de los patrones derivados en el punto de corte ≥ -0,20- presentaron un ajuste del modelo aceptable. En el punto de corte ≥ -0,25-, la rotación promax produjo el mejor ajuste. Los efectos de las rotaciones factoriales en los patrones fueron variables, según el punto de corte de carga factorial utilizado en análisis factorial exploratorio.

Validity and reproducibility of a food frequency questionnaire for adults of São Paulo, Brazil / Validade e reprodutibilidade de um questionário de frequência alimentar para adultos de São Paulo, Brasil

OBJECTIVES: To assess the validity and reproducibility of a food frequency questionnaire developed for estimating the food consumption of adults in São Paulo, Brazil, based population study. METHODS: A sample of individuals aged above 20 years, of both genders, living in São Paulo, was used for the validation study (n = 77) and reproducibility study (n = 74) of the food frequency questionnaire. To verify the validity and reproducibility of energy and 19 nutrients were applied two food frequency questionnaires (60 items) and three 24-hour dietary recalls (24HR - reference method). The validity was verified by Spearman correlation coefficient (crude and de-attenuated) and weighted Kappa, and reproducibility by intraclass correlation coefficients and weighted kappa. RESULTS: In analyzes of validity de-attenuated correlation coefficients ranged from 0.21 (carbohydrate) to 0.74 (energy), and weighted kappa exceeded 0.40 for 30% of the nutrients. Polyunsaturated fat and folate did not show significant correlation and weighted kappa. In reproducibility correlation coefficients ranged from 0.36 (polyunsaturated fat) to 0.69 (calcium), and weighted kappa exceeded 0.40 for 80% of the nutrients. CONCLUSION: The food frequency questionnaire analyzed has good validity and reproducibility for estimating the food consumption of adults in São Paulo compared to the reference method, so it is an appropriate instrument to be used in epidemiological studies on similar populations. Estimates of polyunsaturated fat and folate should be interpreted with caution. .

OBJETIVOS: Verificar a validade e reprodutibilidade de um questionário de frequência alimentar desenvolvido para estimar o consumo alimentar habitual de adultos do município de São Paulo, Brasil, com base em estudo populacional. MÉTODOS: Foi utilizada amostra de indivíduos com 20 anos ou mais, de ambos sexos, residentes no município de São Paulo, para o estudo de validação (n = 77) e reprodutibilidade (n = 74) do questionário de frequência alimentar. Para verificar a validade e reprodutibilidade do consumo de energia e 19 nutrientes, aplicaram-se dois questionários de frequência alimentar e três recordatórios alimentares de 24 horas (R24h - método de referência). A validade foi verificada por coeficiente de correlação de Spearman (bruto e deatenuado) e Kappa ponderado, e a reprodutibilidade por coeficiente de correlação intraclasse e Kappa ponderado. RESULTADOS: Nas análises de validade, os coeficientes de correlação deatenuados variaram de 0,21 (carboidrato) a 0,74 (energia), e o kappa ponderado excedeu 0,40 para 30% dos nutrientes. Gordura poli-insaturada e folato não apresentaram correlação e kappa ponderado significantes. Na reprodutibilidade, os coeficientes de correlação variaram de 0,36 (gordura poli-insaturada) a 0,69 (cálcio), e kappa ponderado excedeu 0,40 para 80% dos nutrientes. CONCLUSÃO: O questionário de frequência alimentar analisado possui boa validade e reprodutibilidade para estimar o consumo alimentar habitual de adultos de São Paulo em relação ao método de referência, portanto é um instrumento apropriado para estudos epidemiológicos em populações similares. As estimativas de gordura poli-insaturada e folato devem ser interpretadas com cautela. .

Validity and reproducibility of a food frequency questionnaire for adults of São Paulo, Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the validity and reproducibility of a food frequency questionnaire developed for estimating the food consumption of adults in São Paulo, Brazil, based population study. METHODS: A sample of individuals aged above 20 years, of both genders, living in São Paulo, was used for the validation study (n = 77) and reproducibility study (n = 74) of the food frequency questionnaire. To verify the validity and reproducibility of energy and 19 nutrients were applied two food frequency questionnaires (60 items) and three 24-hour dietary recalls (24HR - reference method). The validity was verified by Spearman correlation coefficient (crude and de-attenuated) and weighted Kappa, and reproducibility by intraclass correlation coefficients and weighted kappa. RESULTS: In analyzes of validity de-attenuated correlation coefficients ranged from 0.21 (carbohydrate) to 0.74 (energy), and weighted kappa exceeded 0.40 for 30% of the nutrients. Polyunsaturated fat and folate did not show significant correlation and weighted kappa. In reproducibility correlation coefficients ranged from 0.36 (polyunsaturated fat) to 0.69 (calcium), and weighted kappa exceeded 0.40 for 80% of the nutrients. CONCLUSION: The food frequency questionnaire analyzed has good validity and reproducibility for estimating the food consumption of adults in São Paulo compared to the reference method, so it is an appropriate instrument to be used in epidemiological studies on similar populations. Estimates of polyunsaturated fat and folate should be interpreted with caution.

Associations between dietary patterns and self-reported hypertension among Brazilian adults: a cross-sectional population-based study.

Hypertension is a prevalent cardiovascular disease, the important modifiable risk factor of which is diet. The aim of this study was to derive dietary patterns and to test associations with self-reported hypertension and other characteristics, namely demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors. Data were obtained from the population-based cross-sectional study titled Health Survey of the City of São Paulo, with a random sample of residents of the city of São Paulo, Brazil, aged older than 20 years of both sexes (n=1,102). In 2008, a structured questionnaire with information about socioeconomic, anthropometric, lifestyle, and dietary factors was applied. Dietary intake was estimated by two 24-hour dietary recalls, adjusted by Multiple Source Method. Dietary patterns were obtained through exploratory principal component factor analysis. Poisson regression was used to assess relationships. Three dietary patterns were identified: prudent (fruits, vegetables, whole-grain bread, white cheeses, juices, reduced-fat milk/nonfat milk), traditional (rice, beans, bread/toast/crackers, butter/margarine, whole milk, coffee/teas, sugar), and modern (sodas, pastries/sandwiches/pizzas, yellow cheeses, pastas, sauces, alcoholic beverages, sweets, processed meats). Hypertension and demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors, as well as the presence of health insurance, were associated with adherence to one or more identified dietary patterns. These results suggest the existence of a target audience for planning and executing public policies of food and nutrition to prevent and control hypertension.

Validade da hipertensão autorreferida associa-se inversamente com escolaridade em brasileiros / Validity of self-reported hypertension is inversely associated with the level of education in Brazilian individuals

FUNDAMENTO: A hipertensão autorreferida é um dado de interesse para saúde pública e acessível em estudos epidemiológicos, cuja validade deve ser verificada para o adequado emprego dessa informação. OBJETIVO: Verificar a validade da hipertensão autorreferida e os fatores associados em adultos e idosos na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados participantes do estudo transversal de base populacional Inquérito de Saúde no Município de São Paulo (ISA-Capital 2008) com 20 anos ou mais, de ambos os sexos, que tiveram sua pressão arterial aferida (n = 535). A hipertensão foi definida como Pressão arterial > 140/90 mmHg e/ou uso de medicamentos para hipertensão. Foram calculados sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo e coeficiente Kappa. A regressão de Poisson foi utilizada para identificar os fatores associados à sensibilidade da hipertensão autorreferida. RESULTADOS: A sensibilidade da hipertensão autorreferida foi 71,1% (IC95%: 64,8-76,9), especificidade 80,5% (IC95%: 75,6-84,8), valor preditivo positivo 73,7% (IC95%: 67,4-79,3), e valor preditivo negativo 78,5% (IC95%: 73,5-82,9). Houve concordância moderada entre hipertensão autorreferida e diagnóstico de hipertensão pela pressão arterial aferida (kappa = 0,52; IC95%: 0,45-0,59). Índice de massa corporal e escolaridade associaram-se independentemente à sensibilidade (índice de massa corporal > 25 kg/m²: RP = 1,42; IC95%: 1,15-1,76; escolaridade > 9 anos: RP=0,71; IC95%: 0,54-0,94). CONCLUSÃO: A hipertensão autorreferida mostrou-se válida em adultos e idosos no município de São Paulo, sendo um indicador apropriado para vigilância da prevalência da hipertensão, na ausência da pressão arterial medida. Sobrepeso associou-se positivamente à validade da hipertensão autorreferida. Outros estudos são necessários para elucidar a relação inversa entre a validade da hipertensão autorreferida e a escolaridade.

BACKGROUND: Self-reported hypertension is an important piece of information for public health that is available in epidemiological studies. For proper use of this information, such studies should be validated. OBJECTIVE: To validate self-reported hypertension and associated factors in adults and elderly individuals in São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Participants were selected from the sample of a population-based cross-sectional health survey carried out in São Paulo (ISA Capital-2008). Their age was 20 years or older, they were from both genders, and had their blood pressure measured (n = 535). Hypertension was defined as blood pressure > 140/90 mmHg and/or use of medication for hypertension. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and Kappa coefficient were calculated. Poisson regression was used to identify factors associated with sensitivity of self-reported hypertension. RESULTS: Sensitivity of self-reported hypertension was 71.1% (95%CI: 64.8 to 76.9), specificity 80.5% (95%CI: 75.6 to 84.8), PPV 73.7% (95%CI: 67.4 to 79.3), and NPV 78.5% (95%CI: 73.5 to 82.9). There was moderate agreement between self-reported hypertension and hypertension as diagnosed by blood pressure measurement (kappa = 0.52, 95%CI: 0.45 to 0.59). Body mass index and level of education were independently associated with sensitivity (body mass index > 25 kg/m²: PR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.15 to 1.76; schooling > 9 years: PR = 0.71 95%CI: 0.54-0.94). CONCLUSION: Self-reported hypertension was shown to be valid in adults and the elderly in the city of São Paulo, and is thus an appropriate indicator for the surveillance of hypertension prevalence in the absence of blood pressure measurement. Overweight was positively associated with validity of self-reported hypertension. Further studies are needed to elucidate the inverse association between the validity of self-reported hypertension and level of education.

Validity of self-reported hypertension is inversely associated with the level of education in Brazilian individuals.

BACKGROUND: Self-reported hypertension is an important piece of information for public health that is available in epidemiological studies. For proper use of this information, such studies should be validated. OBJECTIVE: To validate self-reported hypertension and associated factors in adults and elderly individuals in São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Participants were selected from the sample of a population-based cross-sectional health survey carried out in São Paulo (ISA Capital-2008). Their age was 20 years or older, they were from both genders, and had their blood pressure measured (n = 535). Hypertension was defined as blood pressure > 140/90 mmHg and/or use of medication for hypertension. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and Kappa coefficient were calculated. Poisson regression was used to identify factors associated with sensitivity of self-reported hypertension. RESULTS: Sensitivity of self-reported hypertension was 71.1% (95%CI: 64.8 to 76.9), specificity 80.5% (95%CI: 75.6 to 84.8), PPV 73.7% (95%CI: 67.4 to 79.3), and NPV 78.5% (95%CI: 73.5 to 82.9). There was moderate agreement between self-reported hypertension and hypertension as diagnosed by blood pressure measurement (kappa = 0.52, 95%CI: 0.45 to 0.59). Body mass index and level of education were independently associated with sensitivity (body mass index > 25 kg/m²: PR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.15 to 1.76; schooling > 9 years: PR = 0.71 95%CI: 0.54-0.94). CONCLUSION: Self-reported hypertension was shown to be valid in adults and the elderly in the city of São Paulo, and is thus an appropriate indicator for the surveillance of hypertension prevalence in the absence of blood pressure measurement. Overweight was positively associated with validity of self-reported hypertension. Further studies are needed to elucidate the inverse association between the validity of self-reported hypertension and level of education.

Padrões da dieta e hipertensão em adultos e idosos de São Paulo / Dietary patterns and hypertension among adults and elderly of São Paulo

Introdução: A hipertensão, doença cardiovascular de alta prevalência, tem influência relevante na morbi-mortalidade da população, e a dieta é um de seus principais fatores de risco modificáveis. Objetivos: Verificar a validade da hipertensão auto-referida e a associação entre os padrões da dieta e a hipertensão auto-referida em residentes do município de São Paulo. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados do estudo transversal de base populacional ISA - Capital 2008, referentes à amostra probabilística de residentes do município de São Paulo com 20 anos ou mais, de ambos os sexos. A coleta de dados ocorreu em 2008 e 2010, por meio de duas visitas domiciliares e inquérito telefônico. Foram coletados dados socioeconômicos, antropométricos, de estilo de vida, inquérito alimentar, e a pressão arterial foi aferida. A validade da hipertensão auto-referida foi verificada pela sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo (VPP), valor preditivo negativo (VPN) e coeficiente kappa. Estimou-se o consumo alimentar por dois recordatórios de 24 horas, ajustando-se a variabilidade pelo Multiple Source Method. Os padrões da dieta foram obtidos pela análise fatorial por componentes principais. A regressão de Poisson foi utilizada para verificar as associações. Resultados: A sensibilidade da hipertensão auto-referida foi 71,1 por cento, especificidade 80,5 por cento, VPP 73,7 por cento, VPN 78,5 por cento e kappa 0,52. Índice de massa corporal (IMC) e escolaridade foram independentemente associados à sensibilidade (IMC 25 kg/m : RP=1,42; escolaridade 9 anos: RP=0,71). Foram obtidos três padrões da dieta: prudente, tradicional, e contemporâneo. Hipertensão, sexo, idade, renda, plano de saúde, cor da pele, consumo de bebida alcoólica e escolaridade associaram-se à aderência aos padrões da dieta. Os hipertensos apresentaram maior probabilidade de aderência ao padrão prudente e probabilidade menor de aderência ao padrão tradicional. Conclusões: A hipertensão auto-referida é válid...

Prevalência e fatores associados à anemia entre crianças atendidas em creches públicas de São Paulo / Prevalence and associated factors for anemia among children of public day-care centers in the city São Paulo

Um dos grandes desafios na saúde pública é o combate à anemia ferropriva em crianças. Considerando a importância da cidade de São Paulo em relação ao tamanho da sua população e a escassez de estudos representativos de crianças que freqüentam creches, este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a prevalência de anemia em uma amostra probabilística de crianças freqüentadoras de creches da rede municipal de São Paulo e identificar os fatores associados. Este é um estudo transversal com 330 pré-escolares sorteados entre 20 creches públicas. Anemia foi definida como hemoglobina menor de 11g/dL. Utilizou-se regressão logística hierarquizada para análise múltipla. A prevalência de anemia foi de 68,8 por cento (IC95 por cento = 63,8 por cento; 73,8 por cento). Entre as crianças com anemia, o percentual de anemia grave (< 9,5g/dL) foi de 26,9 por cento. Estiveram associados à anemia idade menor de 24 meses (Odds ratio (OR) = 2,7; IC95 por cento = 1,4; 5,2) e idade do responsável pela criança menor de 25 anos (OR = 1,8; IC95 por cento = 1,0; 3,2). A prevalência de anemia foi alta quando comparada a outros estudos. O acompanhamento de programas de combate a esta doença deve ser realizado e modificado, quando necessário, especialmente entre crianças freqüentadoras de creches públicas menores de dois anos que possuem responsáveis mais jovens.

Iron deficiency anemia in children is a challenge for public health. Considering that São Paulo is the largest city in Brazil and the lack of studies with representative samples of children enrolled in public day-care centers, a cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of São Paulo to estimate the prevalence of anemia and to identify factors associated with the disease. A random sample of 330 preschool children of 20 public day cares centers was analyzed. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin below 11.0 g/dL. A hierarchical logistic regression model was applied. The prevalence of anemia was 68.8 percent (CI95 percent=63.8 percent; 73.8 percent). Factors associated with anemia were child's age below 24 months (Odds Ratio (OR): 2.7; CI95 percent = 1.4; 5.2) and age of the child's guardian below 25 years of age (OR: 1.8; IC95 percent = 1.0; 3.2). The prevalence of anemia was higher than in most studies performed in different cities of Brazil. Programs for anemia control should be monitored and modified, if necessary, especially for children in public day-care centers below two years of age and with young guardians.