Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation (SANT) of the spleen can be safely diagnosed by a core percutaneous ultrasound-guided biopsy.

Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation (SANT) is a rare benign lesion of the spleen. SANT cannot be distinguished from other benign or malignant splenic tumors based on imaging findings. So, diagnosis relies on histopathologic examination. Although splenectomy is frequently considered as an option, core needle biopsy tissue analysis is safe and accurate to avoid surgery.

First Direct Observation of Collider Neutrinos with FASER at the LHC.

We report the first direct observation of neutrino interactions at a particle collider experiment. Neutrino candidate events are identified in a 13.6 TeV center-of-mass energy pp collision dataset of 35.4 fb^{-1} using the active electronic components of the FASER detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The candidates are required to have a track propagating through the entire length of the FASER detector and be consistent with a muon neutrino charged-current interaction. We infer 153_{-13}^{+12} neutrino interactions with a significance of 16 standard deviations above the background-only hypothesis. These events are consistent with the characteristics expected from neutrino interactions in terms of secondary particle production and spatial distribution, and they imply the observation of both neutrinos and anti-neutrinos with an incident neutrino energy of significantly above 200 GeV.

A locus on chromosome 9 is associated with differential response of 129S1/SvImJ and FVB/NJ strains of mice to systemic LPS.

Although polymorphisms in TLR receptors and downstream signaling molecules affect the innate immune response, these variants account for only a portion of the ability of the host to respond to microorganisms. To identify novel genes that regulate the host response to systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS), we created an F2 intercross between susceptible (FVB/NJ) and resistant (129S1/SvImJ) strains, challenged F2 progeny with LPS via intraperitoneal injection, and phenotyped 605 animals for survival and another 500 mice for serum concentrations of IL-1ß and IL-6. Genome-wide scans were performed on pools of susceptible and resistant mice for survival, IL-1ß, and IL-6. This approach identified a locus on the telomeric end of the q arm of chromosome 9 (0-40 Mb) that was associated with the differences in morbidity and serum concentrations of IL-1ß and IL-6 following systemic LPS in FVB/NJ and 129S1/SvImJ strains of mice. Fine mapping narrowed the locus to 3.7 Mb containing 11 known genes, among which are three inflammatory caspases. We studied expression of genes within the locus by quantitative RT-PCR and showed that Casp1 and Casp12 levels are unaffected by LPS in both strains, whereas Casp4 is highly induced by LPS in FVB/NJ but not in 129S1/SvImJ mice. In conclusion, our mapping results indicate that a 3.7-Mb region on chromosome 9 contains a gene that regulates differential response to LPS in 129S1/SvImJ and FVB/NJ strains of mice. Differences in the induction of Casp4 expression by LPS in the two strains suggest that Casp4 is the most likely candidate gene in this region.

[Evaluation with ultrasound and arthro-ultrasonography of complete rotator cuff rupture]. / Evaluación por ultrasonido y artroultrasonografía de la ruptura completa del manguito de los rotadores.

INTRODUCTION: Shoulder ultrasonography is revised in the evaluation of complete rotator cuff tears. Also another technique known as artro-ultrasonography, which consist of a 10 mL solution injection inside the articular capsule to observe its escape to the subacromial-subdeltoidea bursae which implicates rotator cuff tear. It is compared against multiple standards like surgery, magnetic resonance, arthrography and rehabilitation to include positive and negative cases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 181 consecutive cases were studied with ultrasonography, 27 with artro-ultrasonography. The criteria for tear is the absence of the hyper-ecogenicity in the tendon, hypo-ecogenic gaps inside the rotator cuff and distention of the bursae due to the presence of liquid. RESULTS: 69% sensibility and 71% specificity for ultrasonography. 92% sensibility and specificity for artro-ultrasonography. The area under the COR curve is 70% for ultrasonography and 93% for artro-ultrasonography. The artro-ultrasonography modified the diagnosis in nine cases, the majority from normal to tear. Three Radiologists proved the agreement with good results. DISCUSSION: The study contributes to evaluate the performance of ultrasound against multiple standards to correct the great variability in results observed in literature. The contribution of artro-ultrasonography to diagnosis is evaluated. It can be useful in places where accuracy is important and more sophisticated methods like magnetic resonance are not available.

[Cost-effectiveness of the treatment of acute and chronic rhinosinusitis at the IMSS]. / Costo-efectividad del tratamiento de rinosinusitis aguda y crónica en el IMSS.

INTRODUCTION: Rhinosinusitis is one of the more common diseases encountered in outpatient visits to health care. The objective of this study was to determine the most cost-effective antibiotic treatment for patients with acute (RSA) and chronic rhinosinusitis (RSC) that is available at the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS). METHODS: Cost-effectiveness analysis of RSA and RSC treatment from an institutional perspective. Effectiveness outcome was defined as the percentage of cure. A decision tree with a Bayesian approach included the following therapeutic alternatives: ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol (TMP/SMX), amoxicilin/clavulanic acid (AAC) and clindamicin. RESULTS: Treatment for RSA with AAC showed a mean cost per cured patient of $ 878 pesos. The remaining antibiotics had a higher cost per unit of success, and therefore the results showed that AAC was the best alternative considering this criterion. The therapy that showed a larger percentage of cured patients in RSC was clindamicin; however, the therapeutic alternative with the lowest cost per successful unit was the one based on ciprofloxacin, which dominates gatifloxacin and AAC. CONCLUSIONS: The most cost-effective alternative in the antibiotic treatment of patients with RSA was ACC while for RSC it was ciprofloxacin; sensitivity analysis showed the strength of the base study results.

Metodología de los estudios de asociación genética / Methodology for genetic association studies

Los estudios de “asociación genética” buscan establecer la relación estadística entre variables genéticas poblacionales y un fenotipo determinado (ejemplo: rasgo, riesgo de enfermedad, etc.). Estos están siendo utilizados para descubrir el componente genético que subyace a las enfermedades comunes de alta prevalencia como la diabetes mellitus (DBT), la enfermedad coronaria o la insuficiencia cardíaca. Se trata generalmente de estudios de cohortes prospectivas o de tipo casos-controles en los cuales se establece el peso relativo del componente genómico con respecto a otros factores como el ambiente, en el riesgo de desarrollar la enfermedad.Habitualmente, se utilizan como marcadores genéticos a los polimorfismos simples puntuales (SNPs). Estas variaciones pueden ser en sí mismas funcionales y estar relacionadas a la fisiopatología de la enfermedad, pero en la mayoría de los casos, son utilizadas para el mapeo y ubicación de los verdaderos sitios relevantes. Los dos acercamientos posibles son el del “gen candidato” cuando existe evidencia previa de funcionalidad de la variante, o el de la “asociación indirecta”.Actualmente, la técnica de asociación genómica amplia (wide genome association) está siendo utilizada para la realización de un screening del genoma completo con el fin de establecer posibles sitios de asociación.Estos estudios se articulan en forma horizontal con estudios de modelos genómicos animales (ratones). Las posiciones posiblemente relacionadas pueden describirse inicialmente en estudios de mapeo genético en ratones u otras especies y luego ser explorados a través de estudios de asociación en humanos. O pueden haber sido descubiertos en estudios de linkage disequilibrium en familias de pacientes y luego comprobar la hipótesis fisiopatológica en una cepa de ratón transgénico para dicho gen

Genomic association studies pursue to establish the statistical association between population genetic variants and a determined phenotype (i.e. a trait, the risk of disease, etc). These studies have been used to discover the genetic component of high prevalence diseases such diabetes, coronary hearth disease or cardiac failure. They are most commonly prospective cohort studies or case-control studies where the relative weight of genomic component, respect to other factors such the environment in the risk of developing a disease, is established.Commonly, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are used as genetic markers. These variations can be functional and related to the physiopathology of the disease. However, in most of the cases, they are utilized as proxy markers for the mapping of the actual relevant genetic variant. The two possible approaches are “candidate gene”, when a previous evidence of functionality exist for the variant, and “indirect association” Currently, “wide genome association” technique is being used to screen the whole genome for possible sites of association.These type of studies articulate horizontally with animal genomic models studies (mice). Possibly related positions described in mice (or other species) genetic mapping studies could later be explored in human association trials. Or, on the other hand, discoveries done in linkage disequilibrium studies ( in families of patients) could later be tested for physiopathological hypothesis in mice strains transgenic for that particular gene