The impact of temperature and absolute humidity on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak - evidence from China

OBJECTIVETo investigate the impact of temperature and absolute humidity on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. DESIGNEcological study. SETTING31 provincial-level regions in mainland China. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURESData on COVID-19 incidence and climate between Jan 20 and Feb 29, 2020. RESULTSThe number of new confirm COVID-19 cases in mainland China peaked on Feb 1, 2020. COVID-19 daily incidence were lowest at -10 {degrees}C and highest at 10 {degrees}C, while the maximum incidence was observed at the absolute humidity of approximately 7 g/m3. COVID-19 incidence changed with temperature as daily incidence decreased when the temperature rose. No significant association between COVID-19 incidence and absolute humidity was observed in distributed lag nonlinear models. Additionally, A modified susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (M-SEIR) model confirmed that transmission rate decreased with the increase of temperature, leading to further decrease of infection rate and outbreak scale. CONCLUSIONTemperature is an environmental driver of the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Lower and higher temperatures might be positive to decrease the COVID-19 incidence. M-SEIR models help to better evaluate environmental and social impacts on COVID-19. What is already known on this topicO_LIMany infectious diseases present an environmental pattern in their incidence. C_LIO_LIEnvironmental factors, such as climate and weather condition, could drive the space and time correlations of infectious diseases, including influenza. C_LIO_LISevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can be transmitted through aerosols, large droplets, or direct contact with secretions (or fomites) as influenza virus can. C_LIO_LILittle is known about environmental pattern in COVID-19 incidence. C_LI What this study addsO_LIThe significant association between COVID-19 daily incidence and temperature was confirmed, using 3 methods, based on the data on COVID-19 and weather from 31 provincial-level regions in mainland China. C_LIO_LIEnvironmental factors were considered on the basis of SEIR model, and a modified susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (M-SEIR) model was developed. C_LIO_LISimulations of the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan presented similar effects of temperature on incidence as the incidence decrease with the increase of temperature. C_LI

Long time exposure to low concentrations of sodium arsenite induces Warburg effect in human bladder epithelial cells / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective To study the influence of long time exposure to low levels of sodium arsenite on Warburg effect in cultured human epithelial cells (SV-HUC-1) at different times.Methods SV-HUC-1 cells were exposed to 0.5 μmol/L sodium arsenite for 10,20,30 weeks and cells cultured without sodium arsenite for 10,20,30 weeks were regarded as control groupsin vitro.Lactate assay kit and glucose assay kit were used to measure the lactate secretion and glucose consumption levels,and cells mRNA and protein expressions of SCL2A1 and hexokinase2(HK2) were detected using Real-time PCR and Western blotting.Results The levels of lactate secretion [(4.67 ± 0.20),(7.47 ± 0.28),(12.46 + 0.47) mmol/L],glucose consumption [(2.86 ± 0.11),(4.25 ± 0.19),(6.38 ± 0.05) mmol/L] and expression of HK2 protein (1.21 ± 0.06,1.36 ± 0.13,1.60 ± 0.12) increased significantly after treated with 0.5 μmol/L sodium for 10,20,30 weeks compared with those of control groups [(3.04 ± 0.11),(3.90 ± 0.32),(4.77 ± 0.24) mmol/L;(2.17 ± 0.15),(2.48 ± 0.24),(2.71 ± 0.13) mmol/L;1.00 ± 0.00;P ＜ 0.05].Compared with control group,the expressions of SCL2A1 mRNA,HK2 mRNA and SCL2A1 protein in SV-HUC-1 cells treated with sodium arsenite for 10 weeks increased but the difference was not statistically significant (P ＞ 0.05).While the expressions of SCL2A1 mRNA,HK2 mRNA and SCL2A1 protein in SV-HUC-1 cells treated with sodium arsenite for 20 and 30 weeks increased significantly compared to those of control groups (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Long-term exposure to low concentrations of sodium arsenite can increase glycolysis in SV-HUC-1 and induce Warburg effect.

Association of arsenic exposure through drinking water and tumor:a meta-analysis / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective To systematically review the relationship between arsenic exposure through drinking water and human cancer risk.Methods China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI), VIP Database, WanFang Data,China Biology Medicine Disc(CBM),PubMed,Embase and Cochrane Library were searched through computer to find out the relationship between arsenic exposure and tumorigenesis.The search period was from January 1,1997 to January 1,2017.Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3.The heterogeneity of the literatures that met the inclusion criteria was examined,and analysis was performed by using fixed effect model or random effect model. OR and 95%CI were calculated, the publication bias was evaluated by inverted funnel plot, and sensitivity analysis was performed. Results Totally 14 literatures entered into this study, 13 927 people in arsenic exposure group, 5 720 people in control group. The meta-analysis showed that, 14 literatures were homogeneous through the heterogeneity test, and was analyzed in the fixed effect model with OR (95 % CI) = 1.20 (1.09, 1.33),which suggested that the risk of cancer in the arsenic exposure group was 1.20 times higher than that in control group. Inverted funnel plot was basically symmetrical,literatures publication bias was small;the result was more reliable by sensitivity analysis.Conclusion Arsenic exposure through drinking water may be a risk factor of tumor.

An analysis of serum biochemical indexes of rats chronically exposed to fluoride / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective To study the changes of serum biochemical parameters of rats after subchronic fluoride exposure. Methods Totally 60 Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups by weight, 20 in each group. Control group drinking distilled water, fluorine groups drinking distilled water containing 60 and 120 mg/L NaF,respectively. After exposed to fluoride for 4 and 12 weeks (n = 10), rats were sacrificed by anesthesia and their serum samples were collected. The biochemical techniques were used to test serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (T-CHO), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), magnesium (Mg2+), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), potassium (K+), phosphate (Pi), and calcium (Ca2+) contents. Results After comparison of serum TG, T-CHO, LDL, Mg2+, K+, Pi, Ca2+levels of rats in the 3 groups at 4 and 12 weeks of fluoride exposure, no statistical significant difference was found (P > 0.05). At 4 and 12 weeks, the HDL levels in fluoride-exposed rats decreased compared to that of the control rats (mmol/L,4 weeks:0.40 ± 0.07,0.22 ± 0.05, 0.16 ± 0.04; 12 weeks: 0.38 ± 0.32, 0.31 ± 0.14, 0.26 ± 0.13), the 4 week of 60, 120 mg/L fluoride groups were significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.05). After exposed to fluoride for 4 and 12 weeks, the serum concentrations of AKP in the three groups were significantly different statistically(King unit/100 ml,4 weeks:16.18 ± 5.03,7.57 ± 5.83,6.01 ± 1.65;12 weeks:8.65 ± 3.71,13.70 ± 9.31,18.57 ± 9.16;F=12.38,4.31,P<0.05).At 4 weeks, fluorine group with 60 and 120 mg/L were significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). However, AKP levels increased with increased fluoride concentrations in rats exposed to fluoride for 12 weeks. Conclusion Subchronic fluoride exposure could change the serum levels of HDL and AKP in rats.

Low concentration arsenite activated JAK2/STAT3 signal and increased proliferative factor expressions in SV-HUC-1cells after short and long time treatment.

Epidemiological studies have indicated that ingestion of inorganic arsenic resulted in increased risks of bladder cancer and chronic hyperproliferation could play a direct role in the development of cancer. This study examined the effects of arsenite on JAK2/STAT3 pathway and expressions of proliferation and anti-apoptosis factors. The results showed that long term exposure to low doses arsenite enhanced human uroepithelial cells (SV-HUC-1 cells) proliferation and BrdU positive rate was significant increased. mRNA and protein expressions of proliferation factors, such as cyclin D1, COX-2, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), increased in chronically exposed arsenite SV-HUC-1 cells with exposure time. Furthermore, JAK2/STAT3 signal pathway was activated following exposure to arsenite in SV-HUC-1 cells. Knockdown of STAT3 reduced expressions of cyclin D1, COX-2, PCNA, and BCL2 induced by arsenite. In conclusion, arsenic induced proliferation in human uroepithelial cells after short and long term exposure to arsenite and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway might be pivotal in arsenite-induced proliferation by regulating cyclin D1, COX-2, PCNA, and BCL2.

Progress in arsenic carcinogenesis / 中华地方病学杂志

Arsenic is one of the chemical pollutants,which is widely distributed in natural environment.International agency for research on cancer (IARC) has made it clear that arsenic and its compounds are carcinogens;endemic arseniasis has become a public health problem that seriously endangers human health.However,the arsenic metabolic and toxic effects of the species vary widely,failure to replicate a suitable carcinogenic model on animals,and there is no recognized carcinogenic mechanism.The author provide a brief review of arsenic metabolism,arsenic genotoxicity,arsenic-induced epigenetic changes,arsenic-induced changes in cell signaling pathways,arsenic and estrogen receptor expression,and arsenic immunotoxicity,to provide a reference for control and prevention of endemic arseniasis.

Analysis on the influencing factors of satisfaction status of patients in the Community Health Service Center / 中国基层医药

Objective To investigate the satisfaction status of patients in the Community Health Service Center,and to provide the basis data for reform and development of the Community Health Service Center in future. Methods 481 patients and 9 Community Health Service Center in Shenyang were randomly recruited in this study by the cluster sampling survey.Several trained interviewers used questionnaires to collect requisite information.Results In the all community health professionals,including technical level,therapeutic efficacy,preventive health service, service attitude and requirement satiation,the trust status of patients was the highest,the rates of satisfaction and very satisfaction got to 92.8%.The satisfaction status for preventive health service was the lowest,only 67.7%.In analysis on influencing factors,medical insurance of patients was the important factor for their satisfaction status.There were significant differences in technical level (χ2 =22.61 ,P <0.01 ),therapeutic efficacy (χ2 =21 .52,P <0.01 ), preventive health service (χ2 =1 4.35,P <0.05),service attitude (χ2 =22.43,P <0.01 ),requirement satiation (χ2 =22.30,P <0.01 ),the trust status of patients (χ2 =1 7.81 ,P <0.01 ).In addition,age and education degree also were the factors on the satisfaction status of patients.There were significant differences among different age group in therapeutic efficacy (χ2 =33.38,P <0.01 ),preventive health service (χ2 =24.43,P <0.05 ),requirement satiation (χ2 =26.55,P <0.01 ),the trust status of patients (χ2 =22.39,P <0.05 ).There were significant differences among different education degree in therapeutic efficacy (χ2 =1 5.79,P <0.05),service attitude (χ2 =1 4.63,P <0.05)and the trust status of patients (χ2 =1 3.50,P <0.05).Conclusion The satisfaction status of patients for service attitude is the highest and age,education degree and medical insurance of patients are the important factors influencing satisfaction status of patients.

Reliability and Validity of Job Satisfaction Scale for Public Health Practitioners / 中国医科大学学报

Objective The study aimed to explore the reliability and validity of public health practitioners 'job satisfaction scale. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted with professional and technical personnel in the province engaged in the work of public health of investigation;they were enrolled through the multi?stage cluster random sampling method for establishing the scale 's internal consistency reliability and structur?al validity. Results The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the total satisfaction scale was 0.900. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients were 0.896, 0.781,and 0.799 for career development and achievement,relationship and career retention,and income and promotion latitudes,respectively. Four principal components were extracted and the results showed that the cumulative contribution rate was 69.72%and the factor analysis results were basically consistent with the theoretical structure. Conclusion The scale is thus considered to be a reliable and effective measurement tool assessing public health practitioners'job satisfaction,as it had good reliability and validity.

Dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V) ) changed the expressions of proliferative related factors and secretion of inflammatory cytokines in rat bladder.

Dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V) ), the major urinary metabolite of inorganic arsenic, is a urinary bladder carcinogen and bladder tumor promoter in adult rats. Increased urothelial cellular proliferation has been considered as an earlier phenotype in DMA(V) -induced bladder carcinogenesis. The present study examined the ultrastructural changes of bladder epithelial cells and expressions of proliferation factors, as well as the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in rats exposed to DMA(V) for 10 weeks by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), qRT-PCR, immunohistochemical staining and ELISA methods. The results showed that DMA(V) administered in the drinking water produced urothelial cytotoxicity and ultrastructural changes in rats. PCNA, cyclin D1 and COX-2 mRNA expressions and immunoreactivities were elevated in bladder urothelium. In addition, 200 ppm DMA(V) treatment increased the transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-ß1) secretion and decreased tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF)-α level in the urine of rats. These data suggest that chronic inflammation, bladder epithelium lesions and proliferation might be the basic process of the chronic toxicity effects in DMA(V) -treated rats.

The factors influencing urinary arsenic excretion and metabolism of workers in steel and iron smelting foundry.

In order to evaluate the degree of arsenic (As) exposure and the factors influencing urinary As excretion and metabolism, 192 workers from a steel and iron smelting plant, with different type of work in production such as roller, steel smelting, iron smelting and metallic charge preparation, were recruited. Information about characteristics of each subject was obtained by questionnaire and inorganic As (iAs), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) in urine were determined. The results showed that steel smelters had significantly higher concentrations of DMA and total As (TAs) than rollers and metallic charge preparation workers, and iron and steel smelters had a higher value of primary methylation index and lower proportion of the iAs (iAs%) than rollers and metallic charge preparation workers. In steel smelters, urinary As level exceeded the biological exposure index (BEI) limit for urinary As of 35 µg/l by 65.52%, and higher than metallic charge preparation workers (35.14%). The individuals consumed seafood in recent 3 days had a higher TAs than the individuals without seafood consumption. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that different jobs, taken Chinese medicine of bezoar and seafood consumption in recent 3 days were significantly associated with urinary TAs exceeded BEI limit value 35 µg/l. Our results suggest that workers in steel and iron smelting plant had a lower level of As exposure, and seafood consumption and taking Chinese medicine of bezoar also could increase the risk of urinary TAs exceeded BEI limit value.

A role of fluoride on free radical generation and oxidative stress in BV-2 microglia cells.

The generation of ROS and lipid peroxidation has been considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic fluoride toxicity. In the present study, we observed that fluoride activated BV-2 microglia cell line by observing OX-42 expression in immunocytochemistry. Intracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide anions (O(2)(∙-)), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), nitrotyrosine (NT) and nitric oxide (NO), NOS in cell medium were determined for oxidative stress assessment. Our study found that NaF of concentration from 5 to 20 mg/L can stimuli BV-2 cells to change into activated microglia displaying upregulated OX-42 expression. SOD activities significantly decreased in fluoride-treated BV-2 cells as compared with control, and MDA concentrations and contents of ROS and O(2)(∙-) increased in NaF-treated cells. Activities of NOS in cells and medium significantly increased with fluoride concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. NT concentrations also increased significantly in 10 and 50 mg/L NaF-treated cells compared with the control cells. Our present study demonstrated that toxic effects of fluoride on the central nervous system possibly partly ascribed to activiting of microglia, which enhanced oxidative stress induced by ROS and reactive nitrogen species.

The effect of different fluoride concentrations on the expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 in ameloblast of rat incisor / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of different concentrations of fluoride on the expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), and explore the mechanism of dental fluorosis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>40 Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups, and supplied with low dose F(-)(60 mgxL(-1), 13 rats), high dose F(-)(120 mgxL(-1), 13 rats) and distilled water(control group, 14 rats) respectively. After 10 weeks, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and immunohistochemistry staining were used to observe the changes of the ameloblasts and the expression of TGF-beta1 in rat incisors.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The fluoride groups showed typical symptoms of dental fluorosis. The surfaces of the rat teeth fed with fluoride appeared chalky color and cross striation on the enamel surface. The HE staining showed that the morphous of ameloblast were disarranged and cellular derangement, even appeared vacuolar change. TGF-beta1 were expressed both in ameloblast of the secretory and maturation stage, and also in stellate reticulum and stratum intermedium. The expression of TGF-beta1 in rat's ameloblasts in experiment group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.01), yet low dose group and high dose group still had no significant difference (P>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>By inhibiting the expression of TGF-beta1 in ameloblast, fluoride interferes the normal signal transduction between epithelial and mesenchymal, and affect the differentiation and development of enamel, so leading to the occurrence of dental fluorosis.</p>

Airway care of a patient with motor neuron disease treated with mechanical ventilation for 8 years / 中华护理杂志

This paper introduces the airway care of a patient with motor neuron disease treated with mechanical ventilation for eight years. The airway care for the patient focused on individualized suctioning,measures to prevent atelectasis such as lung hyperinflation,adjustments of ventilator parameters,regular weaning exercise,as well as measures to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia such as prevention of aspiration,strict disinfection and isolation,wound care of tracheotomy. The ventilator-associated pneumonia was effectively prevented. Effective nursing care for patients with long-term mechanical ventilation can prevent atelectasis and ventilator-associated pneumonia.

Research on Urinary Arsenic Metabolites of Population Exposed to Different Concentrations of Arsenic by Drinking Water / 环境与健康杂志

Objective Based on the health standards for arsenic in drinking water recommended by WHO (0.01 mg/L) and adopted by decentralized rural water supply in China (0.05 mg/L), to explore the conditions of arsenic metabolism and levels of methylation in population consuming drinking water with different concentrations of arsenic. Methods Three hundred and forty-eight adults in Shanxi exposed to different concentrations of arsenic(≥0.05 mg/L, ≥0.01-0.05) in arsenic species , TAs , first methylation ratio (FMR) and SMR in lower exposure group and the control group. In higher exposure group, the FMR of adults aged over 60 years was significantly higher than that in groups of 18-39 years old and 40-49 years old (P0.05). Conclusion In higher exposure group, the 2nd reaction of the metabolic pathway is more active in female than that in male, and arsenic methylation capacity of the higher age group arise. No significant effects of gender and age on arsenic methylation capacity is found among population exposed to drinking water with lower level of arsenic.

Analysis of Urine Arsenic Metabolites of People with Skin Lesion Caused by High Arsenide Exposure / 环境与健康杂志

0.05), iAs% was much higher and the levels of FMR, SMR and DMA% were significantly lower in skin lesion group compared with the control (P

Oxidative Stress Induced by NaAsO_2 in SV-HUC-1 Cell / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To study the state of oxidative stress induced by sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) in SV-HUC-1 cell. Methods MTT assay was used to evaluate the viability of the cells. The level of ROS was detected by staining cells with DCFH-DA. The content of GSH and MDA were measured by DTNB and thiobarbituric acid methods. The activity of SOD was measured by xanthine oxidase method. Results Compared with the control group, the viability cells decreased in all the treated groups (P0.05), the activity of SOD in all the treated groups was significantly decreased (P

A research about the psychological condition of patients with liver transplantation / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To make sure the psychological condition of patients with liver transplantation,and then make out certain effective nursing methods. Methods Investigated 94 patients with liver transplantation by MSSNS,analyzed the datum. Results The average score of the patients with liver transplantation was higher than the in-patients expected those in the department of psychology,P

Interaction of GSTM1, GSTT1 Polymorphism and Air Pollution in Asthma / 环境与健康杂志

0.05). In stratified studies, risk of asthma in individuals with null genotype of GSTM1 is 2.667 times of that with wild genotype after exposure to light air pollution. Risk of asthma in individuals living in heavy air pollution area is 2.125 time of that in light pollution area for all wild genotype of GSTM1 individuals, but without statistical significance. Conclusion It was not found that the relationship between GSTM1, GSTT1 polymorphism and asthma. Synergism of genotype of GSTM1, GSTT1 and air pollution was not also seen in this study.

Effects of Air Pollution on Children's Nonspecific Immune Function / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To explore the effects of air pollution on children's nonspecific immune function,and find the sensitive indexes reflecting the earlier damages of human health induced by air pollution.Methods The data on air pollution were provided by Benxi and Shenyang environment protective bureaus. 300 children in grade 1 and grade 6,half for girls and half for boys were selected from area with slight air pollution and area with heavy air pollution in Shenyang and Benxi respectively by cluster sampling method.The contents of SIgA and the activities of bacteriolytic enzyme in saliva of children were measured by radioimmunoassay and agar spread assay respectively.Results The difference of the contents of saliva SIgA was observed in children in grade 1 between area with heavy air pollution(70.60 ?g/ml)and area with slight air pollution(97.77 ?g/ml),P

Effects of Inorganic Arsenic Exposure on GS and AChE Activities in Brain of Offspring Rats / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To study the effects of inorganic arsenic on the activities of GS and AChE in the central nervous system of the offspring rats. Methods Wistar rats were exposed to arsenitc through drinking water at doses of 10, 50 and 100 mg/L respectively from gestation day 6 until F1 pups 42 days old. The activities of AChE, GS in rat brain regions such as cortex and hippocampus were separately determined in F1 pups 0, 28, 42 days old. Results On the postnatal day 0, there were not any significant changes in AChE and GS activities in arsenic group rats compared with the control rats. An increase of AChE in 100 mg/L arsenic group rats hippocampus was showed on the postnatal day 28.These changes also appeared on the postnatal day 42. Conclusion Consecutive arsenic exposure from embryo to postnatal may induce the activity changes of GS,AChE in the pups brain,which may cause results in the related neurotransmitter concentration changes.