Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of the urban park of Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil

Green areas in urban landscapes are under strong anthropogenic pressure, and, at the same time are fundamental to maintaining biodiversity, as they provide resources for many animal and plant species. Knowing these species is fundamental for its maintenance and conservation, and inventories are extremely important for monitoring fauna and conserving it. Therefore, the goal of this research is to inventory the butterflies species in the park of the Instituto Butantan (Ibu), located in an urban area in the city of São Paulo, southeast Brazil. The surveys of butterflies were conducted through visual censuses from August 2017 to July 2019 and recorded a total of 324 butterfly species. The most speciose family was Hesperiidae, followed by Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae, Pieridae, Riodinidae, and Papilionidae. Among the sampled species, there is Euselasia zara which is a new record for the state of São Paulo. Neither the species accumulation nor the richness estimator curves tended to reach an asymptote, suggesting that additional butterflies’ species will be recorded with more sampling effort on the site. Even with a flora composed mainly of exotic and ornamental plants, the park of Instituto Butantan exhibits a very rich butterfly community. This community exhibits a pattern of seasonally variation, with the peak of species richness related to the rainy season. When compared with Cidade Universitária Armando de Salles Oliveira (USP), another nearby urban green area, which is larger, more heterogeneous and sampled over a longer period, it is possible to notice that the Ibu butterfly community is a subsample of this larger one. These results highlight the potential that urban parks have for the maintenance and conservation of butterfly species.

Floristic survey of vascular plants of a poorly known area in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Flona do Rio Preto, Espírito Santo).

BACKGROUND: The Atlantic Forest is one of the most threatened biomes in the world. Despite that, this biome still includes many areas that are poorly known floristically, including several protected areas, such as the "Floresta Nacional do Rio Preto" ("Flona do Rio Preto"), located in the Brazilian State of Espírito Santo. This study used a published vascular plant species list for this protected area from the "Catálogo de Plantas das Unidades de Conservação do Brasil" as the basis to synthesise the species richness, endemism, conservation and new species occurrences found in the "Flona do Rio Preto". NEW INFORMATION: The published list of vascular plants was based on field expeditions conducted between 2018 and 2020 and data obtained from herbarium collections available in online databases. Overall, 722 species were documented for the "Flona do Rio Preto", 711 of which are native to Brazil and 349 are endemic to the Atlantic Forest. In addition, 60 species are geographically disjunct between the Atlantic and the Amazon Forests. Most of the documented species are woody and more than 50% of these are trees. Twenty-three species are threatened (CR, EN and VU), while five are Data Deficient (DD). Thirty-two species are new records for the State of Espírito Santo. Our results expand the knowledge of the flora of the Atlantic Forest and provide support for the development of new conservation policies for this protected area.

The 1G/1G+1G/2G Genotypes of MMP1 rs1799750 Are Associated with Higher Levels of MMP-1 and Are Both Associated with Lipodystrophy in People Living with HIV on Antiretroviral Therapy.

In HIV-infected patients, antiretroviral therapy (ART) is associated to adipose tissue redistribution known as lipodystrophy (LD). This study aimed at verifying the association between the polymorphism of the MMP1 gene (rs1799750) (1G/2G) and the serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) with LD and its subtypes in people living with HIV on ART. This is a cross-secional study. LD was self-reported. The determination of the MMP1 rs1799750 gene polymorphism was performed by real-time PCR, and the serum concentrations of MMP-1 were quantified by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Of 404 participants, 204 (51%) were diagnosed with LD, of whom 89 (43%) had mixed lipodystrophy (ML), 72 (35%) had lipohypertrophy (LH), and 43 (22%) had lipoatrophy (LA). There was an association between the genotypes 1G/1G+1G/2G and higher serum levels of MMP-1 (p = .025). There was no association of MMP1 (1G/2G) with LD. Other factors associated with LD were current CD4 ≤ 350 [odds ratio (OR) = 4.85, confidence interval (CI) = 1.78-47.99, p = .0033] and serum MMP-1 levels >6.81 (OR = 2.67, CI = 1.21-6.08, p = .0165). Factors associated with ML: current CD4 ≤ 350 (OR = 5.59, CI = 1.69-20.39, p = .006); with LH: number of antiretroviral regimens used: 2 (OR = 2.06, CI = 1.01-4.20, p = .0460) and 3+ (OR = 2.09, CI = 1.00-4.35, p = .0477), and current CD4 ≤ 350 (OR = 2.08, CI = 1.00-4.24, p = .0461); and with LA: current viral load >40 (OR = 2.52, CI = 1.03-5.91, p = .0372) and current use of zidovudine (OR = 2.97, CI = 1.32-6.54, p = .0074). Higher levels of MMP-1 were associated with genotypes 1G/2G+1G/1G and with LD. Other individual risk factors were independently associated with LD, and its subtypes, suggesting that the pathogenesis itself is differently manifested for each type of LD.

There is no evident correlation between interleukin-10 gene polymorphisms and periportal fibrosis regression after specific treatment.

INTRODUCTION:: We evaluated the associations between interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene polymorphisms -G1082A/-C819T/-C592A and periportal fibrosis regression after specific treatment for schistosomiasis. METHODS:: This retrospective cohort study involved 125 Brazilian patients infected with Schistosomiasis mansoni, who were followed up for 2 years after specific treatment to estimate the probability of periportal fibrosis regression. RESULTS:: There was no evidence of associations between IL-10 polymorphisms and periportal fibrosis regression after treatment. CONCLUSIONS:: There was no evidence of associations between gene promoter polymorphisms of IL-10 and the regression of periportal fibrosis in this Brazilian population.

There is no evident correlation between interleukin-10 gene polymorphisms and periportal fibrosis regression after specific treatment

Abstract INTRODUCTION: We evaluated the associations between interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene polymorphisms -G1082A/-C819T/-C592A and periportal fibrosis regression after specific treatment for schistosomiasis. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study involved 125 Brazilian patients infected with Schistosomiasis mansoni, who were followed up for 2 years after specific treatment to estimate the probability of periportal fibrosis regression. RESULTS: There was no evidence of associations between IL-10 polymorphisms and periportal fibrosis regression after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: There was no evidence of associations between gene promoter polymorphisms of IL-10 and the regression of periportal fibrosis in this Brazilian population.

Aderência de microrganismos em implantes dentários de superfície lisa ou tratada / Adhesion of microorganisms in dental implants with a smooth surface or treated

O objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar in vitro a aderência de Streptococcus sanguinis às superfícies dos implantes dentários tratados com jateamento de fosfato de cálcio, anodização, duplo ataque ácido e os de superfície lisa. Foram selecionados 40 implantes, sendo 10 de cada superfície. Para análise da aderência, foram preparadas suspensões do microrganismo contendo 106 células/ml em espectrofotômetro. O implante foi removido da embalagem e colocado diretamente no caldo. Em seguida, foram acondicionados separadamente em poços de placas de cultura de células contendo caldo sacarosado (placa in vitro) e a suspensão do microrganismo. Após 24h de incubação a 37 ºC e 5 por cento de CO2, os implantes foram lavados três vezes durante um minuto em solução salina estéril e colocados em sonicador com 10 ml de salina para dispersão das células aderidas. A seguir, foram realizadas diluições seriadas e semeaduras em meios de cultura específico para cada microrganismo. Após 48h de incubação a 37 ºC e 5 por cento de CO2, foi realizada a contagem de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC/ml) e os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA), teste de Tukey, com nível de significância de 5 por cento. Os resultados demonstraram uma grande aderência dos microrganismos às superfícies estudadas. A superfície anodizada apresentou os menores valores de aderência dos dois microrganismos, já a superfície submetida ao duplo ataque ácido apresentou maiores valores de UFC/ml.

The aim of this study was to analyze in vitro the adherence of Streptococcus sanguinis to dental implant surfaces treated with calcium phosphate blasting, anodizing, double acid etching and smooth surface. We selected 40 implants, 10 in each area. For analysis of adhesion of microorganism suspensions were prepared containing 106 cells/ml in a spectrophotometer. The implant was removed from its packaging and placed directly in the broth. Then were placed separately in of culture plates of cells containing broth containing sucrose (plate in vitro) and suspension of the microorganism. After 24h incubation at 37 oC and 5 percent CO2, the implants were washed three times for one minute in sterile saline and placed in a sonicator with 10 ml of saline for dispersion of the adhered cells. Next, serial dilutions were performed sowing and in culture media specific for each microorganism. After 48 h incubation at 37 oC and 5 percent CO2, were the count of colony forming units (CFU/ml) and the data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey test, with significance level 5 percent. The results showed a high adherence of microorganisms to surfaces studied. The anodized surface had the lowest values of adherence of two microorganisms, since the surface subjected to the double acid etching presented higher values of CFU/ml.

Formação de biofilme in vitro por Streptococcus sanguinis e Candida albicans, associados, em implantes dentários submetidos a diferentes tratamentos de superfície / In vitro adherence of Streptococcus sanguinis and Candida albicans to dental implants with different surface treatment

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a formação de biofilme in vitro por Streptococcus sanguinis e Candida albicans, associados, em implantes dentários com diferentes tratamentos de superfícies. Foram utilizadas cepas padrão de Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC10556) e Candida albicans (ATCC 18804). Dos 30 implantes utilizados, dez possuíam superfície lisa (SL), dez foram tratados com duplo ataque ácido (AA) e dez com nanopartículas de hidroxiapatita (NH). Os implantes foram imersos em saliva humana, centrifugada e filtrada, por 60 minutos. Posteriormente, foram transferidos para 1,5 ml de caldo sacarosado e inoculados com 0,1 ml de suspensão de Streptococcus sanguinis (106cél/mL) e incubados em estufa com 5% de CO2 a 37°C. Após 24 horas, os implantes foram transferidos para novo caldo, inoculados com suspensão de Candida albicans (106cél/mL) e incubados por mais 24 horas a 5% de CO2 a 37°C. Os implantes foram lavados e os microrganismos desprendidos em solução fisiológica em agitador ultrassônico. Foram realizadas diluições e alíquotas semeadas em placas com ágar Sabouraud com cloranfenicol e ágar Mitis Salivarius acrescido de bacitracina (0,2 UI/mL) e sacarose (15%), para o crescimento, respectivamente, das leveduras e bactérias, e incubadas a 37°C/48 h. Os números de UFC/ml em log10 foram analisados estatisticamente (Anova, teste de Tukey, p < 0.05). A bactéria Streptococcus sanguinis apresentou maior índice de aderência, porém, sem diferença estatisticamente significante entre os implantes. A aderência de Candida albicans, foi menor nos implantes tratados por NH, com diferença estatisticamente significante em relação os implantes de SL (p = 0,012) e de AA (p = 0,000).

The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro adherence of Streptococcus sanguinis and Candida albicans to dental implants with different surface treatment. Standard strains of Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC10556) and Candida albicans (ATCC 18804) were used. Of the 30 implants used, 10 had a smooth surface (SS), 10 were treated with double acid attack (AA), and 10 with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (NH). The implants were immersed in human saliva, centrifuged and filtered for 60 minutes. Subsequently, were transferred to 1.5 mL of Gibbons and Nygaard broth and inoculated with 0.1 ml of Streptococcus sanguinis (106cells/mL), and incubated in an incubator with 5% CO2 at 37°C. After 24 h, the implants were transferred to new broth, inoculated with the suspension of Candida albicans (106cells/mL), and incubated for another 24h with 5% CO2 at 37°C. The implants were washed in sterile saline solution in order to remove loosely bound material. The implants were placed into tubes with sterile saline solution and sonicated for 30s. Ten-fold serial dilutions were carried out and aliquots plated on Sabouraud agar with chloramphenicol and Mitis salivarius agar with bacitracin (0.2 IU/mL) and sucrose (15%) for growth, respectively, of yeast and bacteria, and incubated at 37°C/48 h. Then, the numbers CFU/mL (log10) were counted and analyzed statistically (Anova, Tukey´s test, p < 0.05). It was concluded that Streptococcus sanguinis had a higher rate of adhered cells, but with no statistically significant difference among implants. The adherence of Candida albicans was lower in the implants treated with NH, being statistically significant compared to SL (p = 0.012) and AA (p = 0.000) implants.