Percepción sobre el profesionalismo médico en estudiantes del último año de medicina en una universidad peruana / Perception of medical professionalism in students of the last year of their career in a Peruvian university

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir conceptos, experiencias y perspectivas que alumnos del último año de medicina en una universidad peruana tienen respecto al Profesionalismo Médico. Material y Métodos : Se aplicó una encuesta a alumnos que cursaban la rotación clínica final de su último (7º) año de estudios en la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, durante el año 2015. Resultados : El porcentaje de respuestas fue 90,5%. Las tres respuestas más comunes fueron ética (51,2%), buena comunicación médico-paciente (43%) y conocimientos (41,9%). El 81,4 % de los estudiantes estuvo "de acuerdo" o "muy de acuerdo" con el hecho de que profesionalismo puede ser aprendido y enseñado. El contacto con modelos positivos del personal docente de la Facultad (4,26/5,00) fue considerado el método más útil para el aprendizaje sobre profesionalismo médico, en tanto que sólo el 25,6% consideró adecuado el número de actividades dedicadas a la enseñanza del tema. Conclusiones: Los Internos de medicina consideran a la ética, una buena relación médico-paciente, conocimiento, respeto y responsabilidad como principales atributos del profesionalismo médico. Percibieron que su concepto de profesionalismo fue más influenciado por modelos positivos que por actividades académicas formales.

SUMMARY Objective : To describe concepts, experiences, and perspectives from senior (7th Year) medical students of a Peruvian university, regarding Medical Professionalism. Material and Methods : A survey was applied to medical students that completed their Internship at the Faculty of Medicine of the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, during 2015. Results : The percentage of responses reached a 90.5%. The three most common responses were ethics (51.2%), a good doctor-patient relationship (43%), and knowledge (41.9%). Approximately eighty-one percent (81.4%) of the students "agreed" or "strongly agreed" with the fact that professionalism can be learned and taught. The contact with positive models from the faculty (4.26 / 5.00) was considered as the most useful method for learning about professionalism, while only 25.6% considered adequate the number of activities dedicated to the teaching of the topic. Conclusions: Medical interns consider ethics, good patient-physician communication, knowledge, respect and responsibility as the main attributes of medical professionalism. They perceived that their concept of professionalism was more influenced by positive faculty models than by formal academic activities.

El estudiante de medicina como profesor en el Perú: un rol importante pero olvidado / Medical student as teacher in Peru: An important but forgotten role

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[Perception of medical communication skills during the clinical interview in a Peruvian teaching hospital: validation and application of an assessment tool]. / Percepción de la competencia comunicativa médica durante la entrevista clínica en un hospital docente peruano: validación y aplicación de un instrumento evaluativo.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the perception of patients regarding physicians communication skills at the outpatient clinic of a teaching hospital in Lima-Peru, using the Communication Assessment Tool (CAT). METHODS: The study population was the group of patients treated in the outpatient clinics of the Cayetano Heredia Hospital. The CAT questionnaire contains 15 questions, and a version validated for Spanish was used. The perception of communication skills was defined as the sum of the scores of all the items, over the number of items, defined as: poor (1), fair (2), good (3), very good, (4), and excellent (5). RESULTS: The percentage of patients who rated communication skills as "poor" (average CAT Score) was 6.8%, "fair" 27.2%, "good" 23.9%, "very good" 30.1 and "excellent" 12.1%. Statistically significant differences were found when comparing the age ranges and among the different levels of education. The group of patients between 18 and 29 years old gave higher scores in the instrument (range 2.2 to 4.87, p = 0.001). Furthermore, when the educational level of the respondent was high, the participants tended to rate physicians with higher scores (range 3.67 to 4.73, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: We found that 66.2% of patients had a positive perception of the physicians communication skills; only 12.1% rated it as "excellent," a value well below what is reported in the literature. Those who gave the best rating were younger patients with the highest level of education.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la percepción de los pacientes sobre la destreza en la comunicación de los médicos que atienden en consultorio externo de un hospital docente de Lima, Perú, según el instrumento Communication Assessment Tool. MÉTODOS: La población de estudio fue el colectivo de pacientes atendidos en los consultorios externos del Hospital Cayetano Heredia. El cuestionario Communication Assessment Tool consta de 15 preguntas, se utilizó una versión validada al castellano. La percepción de la destreza en comunicación se determinó como la sumatoria de los puntajes del total de las premisas, entre la cantidad de las premisas. Se definió como mala (1), justa (2), buena (3), muy buena (4) y excelente (5). RESULTADOS: El porcentaje de pacientes que calificaron la competencia comunicativa como “mala” (puntaje Communication Assessment Tool promedio) fue de 6,8%, “justa” 27,2%, “buena” 23,9%, “muy buena” 30,1% y “excelente” 12,1%. Se hallaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas respecto a los rangos de edad y entre los distintos grados de instrucción. El grupo de pacientes entre 18 y 29 años otorgó puntajes más altos en el Communication Assessment Tool (rango = 2,2 a 4,87; p = 0,001). Además, cuando el nivel educativo del encuestado fue superior tendió a colocar puntajes más altos (rango = 3,67 a 4,73; p = 0,001). CONCLUSIONES: Se determinó que 66,2% de los pacientes tuvo una percepción positiva, sólo 12,11% lo calificó como “excelente”, un valor muy por debajo a lo reportado en la literatura. Los que brindaron mejor calificación fueron los pacientes jóvenes y con mayor grado de instrucción.

Stress and a sedentary lifestyle are associated with irritable bowel syndrome in medical students from Peru: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggest that medical students may have higher rates of irritable bowel syndrome as compared to the general population. We hypothesized lifestyle characteristics may be associated to irritable bowel syndrome. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2015 among students in their fourth, fifth, sixth and seven years of a medical school in Peru. Volunteer participants responded to questions pertaining to demographics, surveys including the Rome III criteria and the Self-reported Stress questionnaire. Regression models were performed to establish variables independently associated with irritable bowel syndrome. RESULTS: Out of 452 students, 346 responded the survey (response rate: 76.5%; female rate: 47%; median age: 22 years). The irritable bowel syndrome prevalence in respondents was 9.5% (95% confidence interval: 6.7%-13.1%). On univariate analysis, being a senior medical student (odds ratio: 2.8; 95% confidence interval: 1.3-5.9; P < 0.01), mental illness (odds ratio: 3.3; 95% confidence interval: 1.6-6.8; P = 0.002), psychiatric medication use (odds ratio: 2.8; 95% confidence interval: 1.4-5.9; P = 0.005), sedentary lifestyle (odds ratio: 4.4; 95% confidence interval: 1.8-11; P = 0.001) and stress (odds ratio: 4.4; 95% confidence interval: 2.1-9.3; P < 0.001) were associated to irritable bowel syndrome. On a multivariate analysis, a sedentary lifestyle (odds ratio: 3.2; 95% confidence interval: 1.25-8.20; P = 0.01) and stress (odds ratio: 3.0; 95% confidence interval: 1.35-6.67; P < 0.01) were independently associated with irritable bowel syndrome. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in medical students from Peru is slightly lower compared to the global prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome. Stress and a sedentary lifestyle were independent risk factors associated with irritable bowel syndrome. Our study suggests that lifestyle modifications and stress coping techniques could have an impact to reduce the rates of irritable bowel syndrome in medical students.

Utilización de la Escala de Empatía Médica de Jefferson en Residentes que realizan su especialización en un hospital peruano / Use of the Jefferson’s Medical Empathy Scale in Resident physicians in specialization training in a Peruvian hospital

La empatía es definida como la capacidad de comprender los sentimientos y emociones de los demás, basada en el reconocimiento del otro como persona similar o semejante. Aplicada a la relación médico-paciente, puede mejorar los resultados clínicos, por lo que es considerada una habilidad esencial en la capacitación de todo profesional médico. Objetivo: Identificar el nivel de empatía y factores relacionados en médicos residentes de áreas médicas y quirúrgicas realizando entrenamiento especializado en un hospital de Lima, Perú. Material y métodos: Se obtuvieron esenciales datos sociodemográficos y profesionales y se aplicó la Escala de Empatía Médica de Jefferson, conformada por 20 preguntas, con puntuación Likert de 1 a 7, puntaje mínimo de 20 y máximo de 140, y nivel de empatía directamente proporcional al puntaje obtenido. Resultados: Cien médicos residentes, 52% de sexo femenino constituyeron la muestra. La media del puntaje obtenido fue 112,88, con DE 14.51, mediana de 115 y coeficiente alfa de Cronbach de 0,82. Los valores de los cuartiles fueron de 102, 115 y 124. Veintiséis por ciento de los médicos residentes de medicina, 19,2% de cirugía, 10% de Gineco-obstetricia y 35% de pediatría alcanzaron puntajes del cuartil superior. No se hallaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas al comparar el puntaje de los encuestados con cada una de las variables estudiadas. Conclusiones: Los médicos residentes de la especialidad de Pediatría presentaron puntajes más altos que el resto de especialidades, pero no se encontraron variables específicas significativas para explicar las diferencias detectadas en niveles de empatía.

Empathy is defined as the ability to understand the feelings and emotions of others, based on the recognition of the other as similar. Applied to the doctor-patient relationship can improve clinical outcomes, reason for which it is considered an essential ability in the training of every medical professional. Objective: To identify the level of empathy and related factors in resident physicians in medical and surgical specialized training in a hospital in Lima, Peru. Material and methods: Sociodemographic, personal and professional data were obtained and the Jefferson Medical Empathy Scale, consisting of 20 questions and a 1 to 7 Likert scoring type, was applied; with a minimum score of 20 and maximum of 140, the level of empathy is directly related to the obtained score obtained. Results: One hundred resident physicians, 52% of them female, were surveyed. The mean score obtained was 112.88, with DE 14.51, median of 115, and a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.82. The values of the quartiles were 102, 115 and 124. Twenty-six per cent of medical residents, 19.2% of surgery, 10% of gynecology-obstetrics and 35% of pediatrics reached higher values of the upper quartile. No statistically significant differences were found when comparing the respondents’ scores with each of the identified variables. Conclusions: Residents of the Pediatrics specialty has higher scores than the rest of the specialties, although no specific significant variables were found to explain the differences between the empathy levels.

El Examen Clínico Objetivo Estructurado (ECOE) en la evaluación de competencias de comunicación y profesionalismo en los programas de especialización en Medicina / The objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) in the evaluation of communication and professionalism competences in the medicine training subspecialties programs

Los programas de especialización médica consideran a la comunicación y profesionalismo como competencias que debe tener un médico especialista. El objetivo de esta revisión fue evaluar la utilización de la simulación clínica como instrumento de entrenamiento y evaluación de las competencias profesionalismo y comunicación en los programas de especialización médica. La Evaluación Clínica Objetiva y Estructurada (ECOE) evalúa el aprendizaje y es recomendada por sistemas de acreditación internacional como el Royal College of Physicians of Canada que elaboró los estándares Canadian Medical Education Directives for Specialist (CanMEDS) y el Comité de acreditación de los programas de postgrado de los Estados Unidos de América, Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). Para la evaluación de competencias de comunicación y profesionalismo, el ECOE aplica escenarios de simulación clínica validados que permiten una evaluación formativa y sumativa en los programas de especialización. El ECOE puede ser implementado como instrumento de evaluación de competencias en los programas de especialización de Perú. (AU)

Communication and professionalism are two competences that training subspecialties programs in medicine do consider essential among trainees. This review has the objective to evaluate the use of clinical simulation as an instrument to train residents of medicine subspecialties in getting competences in communication and professionalism. The OSCE is recommended by international accredited systems such as the Royal College of Physicians of Canada and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education of the USA. To asses competences in communication and professionalism, the OSCE uses validated scenarios of clinical simulation allowing formative and summative evaluations. OSCE can be implemented as a tool to asses competences in medicine subspecialties training programs. (AU)

Relación entre el estado nutricional y los grados de ausentismo laboral en trabajadores de dos empresas peruanas / Relationship between nutritional status and level of work absenteeism in workers of two Peruvian companies during the year 2013

Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre el estado nutricional y los grados de ausentismo laboral. Materiales y métodos: El diseño del estudio fue de tipo transversal. Se recolectó la información a través de las historias clínicas tras el examen médico ocupacional y el registro de las ausencias durante todo el año 2013. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva para el cálculo de la frecuencia y regresión logística para la obtención de los factores asociados. Resultados: Ingresaron 545 trabajadores. Al incrementarse la edad se incrementan las frecuencias de sobrepeso y obesidad. Las complicaciones asociadas al incremento de peso: hipertensión arterial (48,8%), diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (57,1%), dislipidemia (54,5%) y los trastornos musculo esqueléticos (61,9%) se presentan con mayor frecuencia en los trabajadores con sobrepeso, el valor de 28 kg/m2 tuvo la mayor significancia estadística para explicar la relación entre el índice de masa corporal (IMC) incrementado y grados de ausentismo (p=0,01). Conclusiones: El sobre peso está relacionado con mayores índices de ausentismo, específicamente al de mediano plazo. Un IMC de 28 kg/m2 se asocia a un incremento significativo del ausentismo, y los trastornos osteomusculares son los modifican de manera sustancial la relación entre ausentismo e incremento de peso

Objective: To determine the relationship between nutritional status and the levels of absenteeism in the workplace. Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional study. The information was collected from the medical records after the occupational medical check-up and by reviewing all absences in the workplace during 2013. Descriptive statistics were used for calculating the rates and logistic regression for obtaining the associated factors. Results: Five hundred and forty-five workers were included in the study. The rates of being overweight and obese increased with age. Complications associated with weight gain were: high blood pressure (48.8%), type 2 diabetes (57.1%), dyslipidemia (54.5%) and skeletal muscle disorders (61.9%), which occur more often in overweight workers. The value of 28 Kg/ m2 had the highest statistical significance for explaining the relationship between an increased BMI and the rates of absenteeism in the workplace (p= 0.01). Conclusions: Being overweight is linked to higher rates of absenteeism, specifically in the medium term. A 28- Kg/m2 BMI is associated with a significant increase in absenteeism in the workplace, and musculoskeletal disorders substantially modify the relationship between absenteeism and weight gain

Perfil metabólico y factores asociados en pacientes con esquizofrenia bajo tratamiento con antipsicóticos que acuden a consulta externa en el Instituto Nacional de Salud Mental (Perú) / Metabolic profile and associated factors among patients with schizophrenia under antipsychotic treatment attending an outpatient service at the National Institute of Mental Health (Perú)

Objetivo: Describir el perfil metabólico y factores asociados en pacientes con esquizofrenia bajo tratamiento conantipsicóticos que acudieron a consulta externa en el Instituto Nacional de Salud Mental “Honorio Delgado–HideyoNoguchi” durante un periodo de tres meses. Material y m‚todos: Estudio transversal, realizado entre mayo y julio del 2015. De manera consecutiva, fueron incluidos pacientes con esquizofrenia, en tratamiento con el mismo esquema antipsicótico por al menos 3 meses. Se tomaron medidas antropom‚tricas y se recogió información del paciente y de su historia cl¡nica. Se estimaron frecuencias y medidas de tendencia central para la estad¡stica descriptiva. Los factores asociados al perfil metabólico se establecieron mediante an lisis bivariado y multivariado, con el S¡ndrome Metabólico (SM) como variable dependiente. Resultados: De un total de 272 pacientes, 40,8% cumplieron criterios para SM seg£n la ATP-III modificada; 6,3% presentaron diabetes, 8,1% hipertensión arterial, 43% sobrepeso, 28,7% obesidad y 74,3% presentaron al menos una alteraci¢n lip¡dica. El SM estuvo significativamente asociado a edad,antecedente familiar de infarto de miocardio (IM), ¡ndice de masa corporal (IMC) y uso de politerapia con antipsicóticos at¡picos. Conclusiones: La frecuencia de SM hallada en esta muestra de pacientes esquizofr‚nicosfue elevada y estuvo asociada a una variedad de factores que es indispensable evaluar para un manejo integral y adecuado de cada paciente.

Objectives: To describe the metabolic profile and its associated factors among patients with schizophrenia underantipsychotic treatment, seen in the outpatient service at the National Institute of Mental Health “Honorio Delgado–Hideyo Noguchi”, during a period of 3 months. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study, carried out from May to July 2015. By consecutive sampling, patients with schizophrenia who were receiving the same antipsychotic treatment for at least three months were included. Anthropometric measures were taken, and medical data were obtained from the patients and their medical records. For descriptive statistics purposes, frequencies and measures of central tendency were estimated. To determine the metabolic profile-associated factors, bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed with the Metabolic Syndrome (MS) as a dependent variable. Results: From a total of272 patients evaluated, 40.8% met the modified ATP-III criteria for MS, 6.3% had type 2 diabetes mellitus, 8.1%had hypertension, 43% were overweight, 28.7% were obese and 74.3% had at least one lipid disorder. MS was significantly associated with age, family history of myocardial infarction (MI), body mass index (BMI) and use of polytherapy with atypical antipsychotics. Conclusions: The frequency of MS found in our sample of schizophrenic patients was high and was associated to a variety of factors whose evaluation is indispensable for an integral and adequate treatment of every patient.

[Evaluation of an intervention for the use of thromboprophylaxis based on electronic alert transmission to first-year medical residents from two hospitals of Lima, Peru]. / Evaluación de una intervención para el uso de tromboprofilaxis basada en el envío de alertas electrónicas a médicos residentes de primer año de dos hospitales de Lima, Perú.

OBJECTIVES.: To assess the implementation of an intervention based on the sending of text messages and e-mails to internal medicine residents in order to achieve an increase in the prescription of thromboprophylaxis according to Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG). MATERIALS AND METHODS.: A quasi-experimental study was conducted in the inpatient units of internal medicine at two general hospitals in Lima, Peru: one selected to implement the intervention and the other as control. The unit of analysis was the therapeutic order sheet. It was considered that the intervention should increase the order of thromboprophylaxis according to CPG with respect to the initial assessment and also in relation to the control hospital. RESULTS.: Atotal of 394 therapeutic order sheets, 227 (57.4%) from the intervention hospital and 167 (42.4%) from the control, were evaluated. In the intervention hospital, 64.5% initially had an order of thromboprophylaxis according to CPG, which decreased to 54.4% after the intervention; overuse increased from 13.6 to 26.8%. CONCLUSIONS.: Intervention based on sending text messages and e-mails had no impact, showing a tendency to overuse of thromboprophylaxis post-intervention.

Evaluación de una intervención para el uso de tromboprofilaxis basada en el envío de alertas electrónicas a médicos residentes de primer año de dos hospitales de Lima, Perú / Evaluation of an intervention for the use of thromboprophylaxis based on electronic alert transmission to first-year medical residents from two hospitals of Lima, Peru

RESUMEN Objetivos. Evaluar la aplicación de una intervención basada en el envío de mensajes de texto y correos electrónicos dirigido a médicos residentes de medicina interna para lograr el incremento de la prescripción de tromboprofilaxis acorde a Guías de Práctica Clínica (GPC). Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio tipo cuasiexperimental en los servicios de hospitalización de medicina interna de dos hospitales generales de Lima, Perú, uno seleccionado para aplicar la intervención y el otro como control. La unidad de análisis fue la hoja de prescripción médica. Se consideró que la intervención debería incrementar la prescripción acorde a GPC con respecto a la evaluación inicial y también respecto al hospital control. Resultados. Se evaluaron 394 hojas de prescripción médica, 227 (57,4%) procedentes del servicio intervenido y 167 (42,4%) correspondieron del control. En el servicio intervenido, inicialmente el 64,5% tuvo una prescripción acorde a GPC, para disminuir a 54,4% luego de la intervención; el sobreuso aumentó de 13,6 a 26,8%. Conclusiones. La intervención basada en el envío de mensajes de texto y correos electrónicos no tuvo impacto, observándose una tendencia al sobreuso de tromboprofilaxis posintervención.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To assess the implementation of an intervention based on the sending of text messages and e-mails to internal medicine residents in order to achieve an increase in the prescription of thromboprophylaxis according to Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG). Materials and methods. A quasi-experimental study was conducted in the inpatient units of internal medicine at two general hospitals in Lima, Peru: one selected to implement the intervention and the other as control. The unit of analysis was the therapeutic order sheet. It was considered that the intervention should increase the order of thromboprophylaxis according to CPG with respect to the initial assessment and also in relation to the control hospital. Results. Atotal of 394 therapeutic order sheets, 227 (57.4%) from the intervention hospital and 167 (42.4%) from the control, were evaluated. In the intervention hospital, 64.5% initially had an order of thromboprophylaxis according to CPG, which decreased to 54.4% after the intervention; overuse increased from 13.6 to 26.8%. Conclusions. Intervention based on sending text messages and e-mails had no impact, showing a tendency to overuse of thromboprophylaxis post-intervention.

Fractura de cadera en el adulto mayor: la epidemia ignorada en el Perú / Hip fracture in elderly: the epidemic ignored in Peru

Conocer el tiempo de espera para la instauración del tratamiento quirúrgico en pacientes de un hospital de tercer nivel de atención de Lima-Perú, para luego describir los factores médicos y/o administrativos que se encuentren vinculados al tiempo preoperatorio prolongado y describir las complicaciones más frecuentes durante ese tiempo. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio de tipo descriptivo û retrospectivo durante el primer semestre del 2013. Se midió los tiempos preoperatorios, complicaciones, seguro médico, antecedentes patológicos, características de la cirugía en pacientes hospitalizados con fractura de cadera. Resultados: El 71% de pacientes fue de sexo femenino. La mediana de edad fue de 66 años. El 70% de pacientes recibió tratamiento quirúrgico con una mediana del tiempo preoperatorio de 18 días. El 77% tuvo antecedentes patológicos al ingreso, la mayoría por anemia, hipertensión arterial o diabetes mellitus tipo 2. El 62% tuvo complicaciones médicas. Los pacientes con tratamiento quirúrgico tuvieron menos porcentaje de complicaciones (47%) que los que no recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico (94%), así como menos estancia hospitalaria. La mediana de estancia hospitalaria en los pacientes con tratamiento quirúrgico fue de 26 días y la de los que no recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico fue 41 días. Conclusiones: El tiempo preoperatorio fue mayor a las 2 semanas en la mayoría de los casos, especialmente en los pacientes de mayor edad y usuarios del Seguro Integral de Salud...

Know the waiting time for the establishment of surgical treatment in patients of a third level attention hospital in Lima-Peru for the later description of medical and/or administrative factors that are linked to a prolonged preoperative time and description of the most common complications during that time. Materials and Methods: Descriptive-retrospective study during first semester of 2013. Preoperative times, medical complications, medical assurance, pathological background, surgery characteristics in patients hospitalized for hip fracture were assessed. Results: 71% of the patients were women. The median of age was of 66 years old. 70% of the patients received surgical treatment with a preoperative time of 18 days. 76.9% had a pathological background at the admission, mostly anemia, arterial hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. 62% had medical complications. Post-surgery patients had a smaller percentage of complications (47%) than the non-surgery patients (94%), as well as a smaller hospitalization rate. The median of hospitalization on surgery patients was of 26 days and on non-surgery patients was of 41 days. Conclusions: The preoperative time was higher than 2 weeks in most of cases, especially on elderly patients and SIS users...

Comparación del valor pronóstico de mortalidad del Score Child Pugh y los modelos de pronóstico de enfermedad hepática crónica en pacientes con cirrosis hepática descompensada del Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima-Perú / Comparison of the prognostic value of mortality Child Pugh Score and forecasting models of chronic liver disease in patients with decompensated cirrhosis of the Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima-Peru

La valoración del pronóstico es una parte esencial en la evaluación de todo paciente con cirrosis hepática. En la actualidad se sigue desarrollando nuevos modelos para optimizar la precisión del pronóstico de mortalidad que se calcula mediante el score Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) y el modelo para la enfermedad hepática en etapa terminal (MELD). Objetivo: Comparar la precisión pronóstica de mortalidad hospitalaria y mortalidad a corto plazo del CTP, MELD y demás modelos en pacientes con cirrosis hepática descompensada. Material y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo prospectivo, el cual incluyó 84 pacientes. El score CTP, MELD y demás modelos fueron calculados en el primer día de hospitalización. La precisión pronóstica de mortalidad se evaluó mediante el área bajo la curva ROC (AUROCs) del score CTP, MELD y los demás modelos. Resultados: La mortalidad hospitalaria y la mortalidad en el seguimiento a corto plazo fue de 20 (23,8%) y 44 (52,4%), respectivamente. Los AUROCs del CTP, MELD, MELD Na, MESO, iMELD, RefitMELD y RefitMELD Na para predecir mortalidad hospitalaria fue de 0,4488, 0,5645, 0,5426, 0,5578, 0,5719, 0,5598 y 0,5754; y para predecir mortalidad a corto plazo fue de 0,5386, 0,5747, 0,5770, 0,5781, 0,5631, 0,5881 y 0,5693, respectivamente. Al comparar entre si los AUROCs del score CTP, MELD y demás modelos ninguno mostró ser mejor que el otro (p>0,05). Conclusiones: El presente estudio no ha demostrado la utilidad predictiva del score CTP, MELD y los otros modelos (MELD Na, MESO, iMELD, Refit MELD y Refit MELD Na) para la evaluar la mortalidad hospitalaria o mortalidad a corto plazo en una muestra de pacientes con cirrosis hepática descompensada del Hospital Cayetano Heredia...

Introduction: The assessment of prognosis is an essential part of the evaluation of all patients with liver cirrhosis. Currently continues to develop new models to optimize forecast accuracy mortality score is calculated by the Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) and the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD). Objective: Compare the prognostic accuracy of hospital mortality and short-term mortality CTP, MELD and other models in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis. Material and Methods: Prospective descriptive study, comparison type of diagnostic test that included 84 patients. The score CTP, MELD and other models were calculated on the first day of hospitalization. The prognostic accuracy of mortality was assessed by the area under the ROC curve (AUROCs) of score CTP, MELD and other models. Results: Hospital mortality and mortality in the short-term monitoring was 20 (23.8%) and 44 (52.4%), respectively. The AUROCs CTP, MELD, MELD Na, MESO, iMELD, RefitMELD and RefitMELD Na to predict hospital mortality was 0.4488, 0.5645, 0.5426, 0.5578, 0.5719, 0.5598 and 0.5754; and to predict short-term mortality was 0.5386, 0.5747, 0.5770, 0.5781, 0.5631, 0.5881 and 0.5693, respectively. By comparing each AUROCs of the CTP score, MELD and other models proved to be no better than the other (p>0.05). Conclusion: This study has not shown the predictive utility of the CTP score, MELD and other models (MELD Na, MESO, iMELD, Refit Refit MELD and MELD Na) to evaluate hospital mortality or short-term mortality in a sample of patients with decompensated cirrhosis of the Hospital Cayetano Heredia...

[Access, use and preferences of Information and Communication Technologies by physicians in a general hospital in Peru]. / Acceso, uso y preferencias de las tecnologías de información y comunicación por médicos de un hospital general del Perú.

We assessed the access, use and preferences of information and communication technology (ICT) by physicians who practice at Cayetano Heredia National Hospital. The questionnaire explored the availability and skills of ICT, time, educational activities, search engines and technological applications most used as well as ICT preferences in education.211 physicians were surveyed; laptop use was 93%, tablet and smartphone use was 66% and 88%.68% have mobile Internet. Differences were evident in the frequency of use of ICT in 25-34 year old age group as well as a higher level of skills (p<0.05). 86% use PubMed, Facebook and WhatsApp as a means of exchanging images and data related to health, 50% participated in medical blogs, online courses or videoconferences. The use and access of ICT is common among doctors in this hospital and there is positive interest in its use in education.

Insulin resistance by homeostasis model assessment in HIV-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy: cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has altered the course of HIV infection, transforming it from a fatal illness to a chronic condition, reducing morbidity and mortality. However, this therapy has led to an increased incidence of metabolic problems such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, lipodystrophy and impaired glucose metabolism. The objectives of this study are to determine the prevalence of insulin resistance (IR) in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and to investigate the potentially associated factors. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study including 219 adult patients with HIV on HAART. IR was determined through the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) mathematical model, using fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and insulin. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the association between demographic information, clinical characteristics and laboratory results, and IR. RESULTS: 75 (34.2 %) [95 % confidence interval (CI) 28.9-40.9] HIV-patients on HAART showed IR. 61 (81 %) of these patients were on HAART for more than one year, which was mainly composed by non-protease inhibitors drugs (88 %). Metabolic syndrome (MS) was found in 59 (26.9 %) subjects. In the multivariate analysis, the factors associated with IR were age ≥ 46 years (Prevalence ratio = 2.767, 95 % CI 1.325 to 5.780) and greater body mass index (BMI) (Prevalence ratio = 1.148, 95 % CI 1.054 to 1.250). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of IR was 34.2 %. Factors associated with IR were age and BMI. We did not find any significant association between IR and protease inhibitors (PI), which may be explained by the small number of patients using PI as part of their HAART regimen included in our study.

Acceso, uso y preferencias de las tecnologías de información y comunicación por médicos de un hospital general del Perú / Access, use and preferences of information and communication technologies by physicians in a general hospital in Perú

Se evaluó el acceso, uso y preferencias de las tecnologías de información y comunicación (TIC) de los médicos que laboran en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, el cuestionario exploró la disponibilidad y dominio de las TIC, el tiempo, las actividades educativas, el uso de buscadores y aplicaciones tecnológicas más usadas así como las preferencias de TIC en educación. Se encuestaron 211 médicos; el uso de laptop fue 93%, tablet y smartphone en un 66 y 88%. El 68% tiene Internet móvil. Se evidenció diferencias en la frecuencia de uso de TIC en el grupo de edad de 25 a 34 años, así como un mayor nivel de dominio (p<0,05); el 86% usa PubMed, Facebook y WhatsApp como medio de intercambio de imágenes y datos relacionados con salud, el 50% participó en blogs médicos, cursos en línea o videoconferencias. El uso y acceso de TIC es frecuente en los médicos de este hospital y existe interés positivo por su uso en educación.

We assessed the access, use and preferences of information and communication technology (ICT) by physicians who practice at Cayetano Heredia National Hospital. The questionnaire explored the availability and skills of ICT, time, educational activities, search engines and technological applications most used as well as ICT preferences in education.211 physicians were surveyed; laptop use was 93%, tablet and smartphone use was 66% and 88%.68% have mobile Internet. Differences were evident in the frequency of use of ICT in 25-34 year old age group as well as a higher level of skills (p<0.05). 86% use PubMed, Facebook and WhatsApp as a means of exchanging images and data related to health, 50% participated in medical blogs, online courses or videoconferences. The use and access of ICT is common among doctors in this hospital and there is positive interest in its use in education.

[Comparison of the prognostic value of mortality Child Pugh Score and forecasting models of chronic liver disease in patients with decompensated cirrhosis of the Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima-Peru]. / Comparación del valor pronóstico de mortalidad del Score Child Pugh y los modelos de pronóstico de enfermedad hepática crónica en pacientes con cirrosis hepática descompensada del Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima-Perú.

INTRODUCTION: The assessment of prognosis is an essential part of the evaluation of all patients with liver cirrhosis. Currently continues to develop new models to optimize forecast accuracy mortality score is calculated by the Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) and the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD). OBJECTIVE: Compare the prognostic accuracy of hospital mortality and short-term mortality CTP, MELD and other models in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective descriptive study, comparison type of diagnostic test that included 84 patients. The score CTP, MELD and other models were calculated on the first day of hospitalization. The prognostic accuracy of mortality was assessed by the area under the ROC curve (AUROCs) of score CTP, MELD and other models. RESULTS: Hospital mortality and mortality in the short-term monitoring was 20 (23.8%) and 44 (52.4%), respectively. The AUROCs CTP, MELD, MELD Na, MESO, iMELD, RefitMELD and RefitMELD Na to predict hospital mortality was 0.4488, 0.5645, 0.5426, 0.5578, 0.5719, 0.5598 and 0.5754; and to predict short-term mortality was 0.5386, 0.5747, 0.5770, 0.5781, 0.5631, 0.5881 and 0.5693, respectively. By comparing each AUROCs of the CTP score, MELD and other models proved to be no better than the other (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: This study has not shown the predictive utility of the CTP score, MELD and other models (MELD Na, MESO, iMELD, Refit Refit MELD and MELD Na) to evaluate hospital mortality or short-term mortality in a sample of patients with decompensated cirrhosis of the Hospital Cayetano Heredia.