Pulmonary light chain deposition disease: Case series and review of the literature.

Pulmonary light chain deposition disease is a rare entity characterized by immunoglobulin deposition within the lung parenchyma with pathologic features distinct from pulmonary amyloidosis. Here, the authors present the clinical presentation, associations, and radiologic features of pulmonary light chain deposition disease in a series of 4 patients as well as discuss the distinctions from amyloidosis. The present case series highlights the frequent presence of both cysts and nodules at CT. Clinically, lymphoma and/or autoimmune disease are often associated.

Projected loss of brown macroalgae and seagrasses with global environmental change.

Although many studies predict extensive future biodiversity loss and redistribution in the terrestrial realm, future changes in marine biodiversity remain relatively unexplored. In this work, we model global shifts in one of the most important marine functional groups-ecosystem-structuring macrophytes-and predict substantial end-of-century change. By modelling the future distribution of 207 brown macroalgae and seagrass species at high temporal and spatial resolution under different climate-change projections, we estimate that by 2100, local macrophyte diversity will decline by 3-4% on average, with 17 to 22% of localities losing at least 10% of their macrophyte species. The current range of macrophytes will be eroded by 5-6%, and highly suitable macrophyte habitat will be substantially reduced globally (78-96%). Global macrophyte habitat will shift among marine regions, with a high potential for expansion in polar regions.

scX: a user-friendly tool for scRNAseq exploration.

Motivation: Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) has transformed our ability to explore biological systems. Nevertheless, proficient expertise is essential for handling and interpreting the data. Results: In this article, we present scX, an R package built on the Shiny framework that streamlines the analysis, exploration, and visualization of single-cell experiments. With an interactive graphic interface, implemented as a web application, scX provides easy access to key scRNAseq analyses, including marker identification, gene expression profiling, and differential gene expression analysis. Additionally, scX seamlessly integrates with commonly used single-cell Seurat and SingleCellExperiment R objects, resulting in efficient processing and visualization of varied datasets. Overall, scX serves as a valuable and user-friendly tool for effortless exploration and sharing of single-cell data, simplifying some of the complexities inherent in scRNAseq analysis. Availability and implementation: Source code can be downloaded from https://github.com/chernolabs/scX. A docker image is available from dockerhub as chernolabs/scx.

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Babesia bigemina Attenuated Vaccine and Virulent Strains of Mexican Origin.

Bovine babesiosis, caused by the protozoan Babesia bigemina, is one of the most important hemoparasite diseases of cattle in Mexico and the world. An attenuated B. bigemina strain maintained under in vitro culture conditions has been used as a live attenuated vaccine; however, the biological mechanisms involved in attenuation are unknown. The objective of this study was to identify, through a comparative transcriptomics approach, the components of the B. bigemina virulent parasites that are differentially expressed in vivo, as opposed to those expressed by B. bigemina attenuated vaccine parasites when inoculated into naïve cattle. The biological material under study was obtained by inoculating spleen-intact cattle with infected erythrocytes containing either the attenuated strain or a virulent field strain. After RNA extraction, transcriptomic analysis (RNA-seq) was performed, followed by bioinformatic Differential Expression (DE) analysis and Gene Ontology (GO) term enrichment. The high-throughput sequencing results obtained by analyzing three biological replicates for each parasite strain ranged from 9,504,000 to 9,656,000, and 13,400,000 to 15,750,000 reads for the B. bigemina attenuated and virulent strains, respectively. At least 519 differentially expressed genes were identified in the analyzed strains. In addition, GO analysis revealed both similarities and differences across the three categories: cellular components, biological processes, and molecular functions. The attenuated strain of B. bigemina derived from in vitro culture presents global transcriptomic changes when compared to the virulent strain. Moreover, the obtained data provide insights into the potential molecular mechanisms associated with the attenuation or pathogenicity of each analyzed strain, offering molecular markers that might be associated with virulence or potential vaccine candidates.

Multimodality Imaging of a Mass Arising from a Cor Triatriatum Sinister Membrane.

Cor triatriatum sinister is a rare entity characterized by a membrane within the left atrium and posterior to the atrial appendage. This defect may cause obstructive symptoms analogous to mitral stenosis. The authors present a case of an incidentally detected enhancing mass originating from a cor triatriatum sinister membrane, with imaging characteristics most suggestive of myxoma. Keywords: MR Imaging, Cardiac, Left Atrium, Congenital, CT Angiography, Echocardiography Supplemental material is available for this article.

Multimodality imaging evaluation of arteriovenous fistulas and grafts: a clinical practice review.

Arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) and grafts (AVGs) are the preferred forms of vascular access for hemodialysis in patients with severe renal dysfunction. Multimodality imaging plays an important role in the pre-procedural evaluation of these patients. Ultrasound is often used for pre-procedural vascular mapping in preparation for the creation of an AVF or AVG. Pre-procedural mapping includes a comprehensive evaluation of the arterial and venous vasculature including evaluation of vessel diameter, stenosis, course, presence of collateral veins, wall thickness and wall abnormalities. Computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or catheter angiography are used when sonography is not available or when further characterization of sonographic abnormalities is required. Following the procedure, routine surveillance imaging is not recommended. If there are any clinical concerns or if physical examination is inconclusive, further evaluation with ultrasound is warranted. Ultrasound allows for assessment of vascular access site maturation by evaluating the time-averaged blood flow and helping characterize the outflow vein in the case of an AVF. CT and MRI can play a complementary role to ultrasound. Vascular access site complications include non-maturation, aneurysm, pseudoaneurysm, thrombosis, stenosis, steal phenomena or occlusion typically of the outflow vein, infection, bleeding and rarely angiosarcoma. In this article, we review the role of multimodality imaging in the pre- and post-procedural evaluation of patients with AVF and AVG. Additionally, novel technologies of vascular access site creation using endovascular techniques and upcoming non-invasive imaging techniques for evaluation of AVFs and AVGs are discussed.

["Literally torn apart by coughing"]. / "Vom Husten buchstäblich zerrissen".

The present case reports on a 53-year-old patient with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and acute pneumonia who complained of massive right-sided chest pain and hemoptysis after a severe coughing fit. To the authors' great surprise, further clinical and radiological investigations revealed a rupture of the right intercostal muscles caused by the coughing fit, with herniation of parts of the right lower lobe of the lung down to the subcutaneous and below the M. latissimus dorsi. The patient was presented to the colleagues in thoracic surgery and needed to be operated twice, finally with a mesh insert.

Radiation-associated angiosarcoma of the breast with initial presentation as non-mass enhancement on MRI.

Radiation-associated angiosarcoma of the breast (RAASB) is a rare and aggressive malignancy occurring after radiation therapy as part of breast cancer treatment. RAASB usually presents several years after prior radiation and typically involves the skin with or without involvement of the parenchyma. Most RAASB are detected as cutaneous changes on physical exam. Herein, we present a unique case of a clinically occult RAASB diagnosed as non-mass enhancement on annual surveillance breast MRI.

Partial Anomalous Left Pulmonary Artery Anterior Versus Posterior Types: A Systematic Review.

The aim of this study was to investigate the features of partial anomalous left pulmonary artery (PALPA) and differences between cases with posterior versus anterior a nomalous vessels in relation to the tracheobronchial tree. We hypothesized that statistical significance was dependent on the course of the anomalous vessel due to airway compression in the posterior type. This study included cases obtained from the literature (n = 33) and an institution teaching file (n = 2). Information collected: age, sex, medical history, additional anomalies, anomalous vessel course, and respiratory symptoms. Data were analyzed with independent samples t-test and Fisher's exact test. PALPAs were more commonly anterior than posterior. Mean age: 5.3 years (SD = 12.4) for anterior and 6.8 years (SD = 18.5) for posterior (p = 0.77). Respiratory symptoms: 20% of anterior and 60% of posterior cases (p = 0.032). Tracheobronchial anomalies: 35% of anterior and 60% of posterior cases (p = 0.182). Non-cardiac and non-tracheobronchial anomalies: 30% of anterior and 47% of posterior cases (p = 0.511). Kabuki syndrome: 25% of anterior and 6.7% of posterior cases (p = 0.207). In conclusion, respiratory symptoms were the only significant difference between anterior and posterior PALPA types.

Thoracic Cardiovascular Complications of Tuberculosis.

ABSTRACT: Mycobacterium infection remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although rare, thoracic cardiovascular complications are associated with devastating consequences if not promptly diagnosed using computed tomography. Intrapulmonary complications include tuberculous aortitis, Rasmussen aneurysms, involvement of bronchial and nonbronchial systemic arteries, and thromboembolic events. Extrapulmonary complications include pericarditis, myocarditis, endocarditis, involvement of coronary arteries, annular-subvalvular left ventricle aneurysms and mediastinal fibrosis. This article will review these complications and their computed tomography features.

Flattening the curve in 52 days: characterisation of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Principality of Liechtenstein - an observational study.

BACKGROUND: The principality of Liechtenstein had its first COVID-19 case at the beginning of March 2020. After exponential growth, the pandemic’s first wave was contained, with the last case being diagnosed 52 days after the initial occurrence. AIM: To characterise the COVID-19 pandemic in Liechtenstein. METHODS: All patients diagnosed in Liechtenstein were followed up until recovery and again 6–8 weeks after symptom onset. They were contacted every 2 days to record their clinical status until the resolution of their symptoms. The diagnosis of COVID-19 was based on clinical symptoms and molecular testing. Household and close workplace contacts were included in the follow-up, which also comprised antibody testing. In addition, public health measures installed during the pandemic in Liechtenstein are summarised. RESULTS: During the first wave, 5% of the population obtained a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction test. A total of 95 patients (median age 39 years) were diagnosed with COVID-19 (82 who resided in Liechtenstein), resulting in an incidence in Liechtenstein of 0.211%. One patient, aged 94, died (mortality rate 1%). Only 62% of patients could retrospectively identify a potential source of infection. Testing the patients’ household and close workplace contacts (n = 170) with antibody tests revealed that 25% of those tested were additional COVID-19 cases, a quarter of whom were asymptomatic. Those households which adhered to strict isolation measures had a significantly lower rate of affected household members than those who didn’t follow such measures. The national public health measures never restricted free movement of residents. Masks were only mandatory in healthcare settings. The use of home working for the general workforce was promoted. Gatherings were prohibited. Schools, universities, certain public spaces (like sports facilities and playgrounds), childcare facilities, nonessential shops, restaurants and bars were closed. Social distancing, hygienic measures, solidarity and supporting individuals who were at risk were the main pillars of the public health campaigns. CONCLUSION: The close collaboration of all relevant stakeholders allowed for the complete workup of all COVID-19 patients nationwide. A multitude of factors (e.g., young age of the patients, low-threshold access to testing, close monitoring of cases, high alertness and adherence to public health measures by the population) led to the early containment of the first wave of the pandemic, with a very low rate of serious outcomes. Antibody testing for SARS-CoV-2 revealed a substantial proportion of undiagnosed COVID-19 cases among close contacts of the patients.

[Delirium in a 95-year-old patient]. / Delir bei einem 95-jährigen Patienten.

This article presents the case of a 95-year-old patient with acute urinary retention, postrenal acute renal failure, and subsequent delirium. Especially in older men, urinary retention is often the cause of clinically ambiguous confusional state and should always be considered in the differential diagnosis. This case report demonstrates the value of a good medical history and physical examination as fundamental elements of daily practice.

Infected ("Mycotic") coronary artery aneurysm: Systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Infected coronary artery aneurysms (ICAA) represent a rare but potentially fatal complication of pre-existent atherosclerotic or non-atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, percutaneous coronary artery intervention, endocarditis or extracardiac infection. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of four cases in addition to 51 infected coronary artery aneurysms from the literature, for a total of 55 ICAA was performed. Clinical and morphological information including age, sex, clinical presentation, microbial cultures, size, location and associated abnormalities as well as patient outcome was reviewed. RESULTS: 83% of affected patients were adult males, with an average age of 55.24 years. The right coronary artery was the most commonly affected vessel (40%). In nearly 80% of the time, the responsible organism was either Staphylococcus aureus (53.3%), or Streptococcus (20%) infection. ICAA are typically large, on average 3.4 cm in diameter and can measure up to 9 cm. On contrast enhanced CT, imaging features include lobulated contour or saccular shape (54.2%) with thick wall or mural thrombus (87.5%). Associated abnormal appearance of the pericardium with either pericardial fluid, thickening or loculation is common (79.2%). CONCLUSION: ICAA are typically large, and characterized by a thick wall with a lobulated or saccular shape. Association with mediastinal, chest wall or pericardial abnormalities are common. This combination of findings, in the setting of fever, known infection, or recent coronary intervention should raise concern for ICAA.

Final transitions to place of death: patients and families wishes.

Purpose: This four-country study (Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy and Spain) examines prevalence and types of final transitions between care settings of cancer patients and the extent to which patient/family wishes are cited as a reason for the transition. Methods: Data were collected from the EUROSENTI-MELC study over a 2-year period. General practitioners within existing Sentinel Networks registered weekly all deaths of patients within practices using a standardized questionnaire. This registration included place of care in the final 3 months and wishes for the final transition to place of death. All non-sudden deaths due to cancer (+18 years) were included in the analyses. Results: We included 2048 non-sudden cancer deaths; 63% of patients had at least one transition between care settings in the final 3 months of life. 'Hospital death from home' (25-55%) and 'home death from hospital' (16-30%) were the most frequent types of final transitions in all countries. Patients' or families' wishes were mentioned as a reason for a final transition in 5-27% (P < 0.001) and 10-22% (P = 0.002) across countries. Conclusions: 'Hospital deaths from home' is the most prevalent final transition in three of four countries studied, in a significant minority of cases because of patient/family wishes.

Factors associated with fulfilling the preference for dying at home among cancer patients: the role of general practitioners.

AIM: This study aimed to explore clinical and care-related factors associated with fulfilling cancer patients' preference for home death across four countries: Belgium (BE), The Netherlands (NL), Italy (IT), and Spain (ES). METHODS: A mortality follow-back study was undertaken from 2009 to 2011 via representative networks of general practitioners (GPs). The study included all patients aged 18 and over who had died of cancer and whose home death preference and place of death were known by the GP. Factors associated with meeting home death preference were tested using multivariable logistic regressions. RESULTS: Among 2,048 deceased patients, preferred and actual place of death was known in 42.6 percent of cases. Home death preference met ranged from 65.5 to 90.9 percent. Country-specific factors included older age in BE, and decision-making capacity and being female in the NL. GPs' provision of palliative care was positively associated with meeting home death preference. Odds ratios (ORs) were: BE: 9.9 (95 percent confidence interval [CI] 3.7-26.6); NL: 9.7 (2.4-39.9); and IT: 2.6 (1.2-5.5). ORs for Spain are not shown because a multivariate model was not performed. CONCLUSION: Those who develop policy to facilitate home death need to examine available resources for primary end-of-life care.

Pathologically proved nonspecific interstitial pneumonia: CT pattern analysis as compared with usual interstitial pneumonia CT pattern.

PURPOSE: To assess the variability of computed tomography (CT) patterns in patients with pathologic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) and to evaluate correlation of CT patterns with new idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) classification guidelines, including pathologic diagnosis and predicted mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The ethical review boards of the five institutions that contributed cases waived the need for informed consent for retrospective review of patient records and images. The study included 114 patients with (a) a pathologic diagnosis of idiopathic NSIP (n = 39) or (b) a pathologic diagnosis of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) and a clinical diagnosis of IPF (n = 75). Two groups of independent observers evaluated the extent and distribution of various CT findings and identified the following five patterns: UIP, possible UIP, indeterminate (either UIP or NSIP), NSIP, and suggestive of an alternative diagnosis. CT findings were compared with pathologic diagnoses and outcome from clinical findings by using the log-rank test and Kaplan-Meier curves. RESULTS: Radiologists classified 17 cases as UIP, 24 as possible UIP, 13 as indeterminate (either UIP or NSIP), and 56 as NSIP. In 35 of 39 patients with pathologic NSIP, a diagnosis of NSIP was made with CT. On the basis of CT interpretations, the mean overall survival time of patients with UIP, possible UIP, indeterminate findings, or NSIP was 33.5, 73.0, 101.0, and 140.2 months, respectively. Outcome of patients with a CT diagnosis of UIP was significantly worse than that of patients with a pattern of possible UIP, indeterminate findings, or NSIP (log-rank test: P = .013, P = .018, and P < .001, respectively). CONCLUSION: CT pattern in patients with pathologic NSIP is more uniform than that in patients with pathologic UIP, and CT NSIP pattern is associated with better patient outcome than is CT UIP pattern.

CDS identification in a viral single-strand DNA (ssDNA) using Fisher linear discriminant.

In this paper, a novel discriminant algorithm based on Fisher linear discriminant that enables distinguishing the features of Codon DNA Segments (CDS) in a DNA sequence consistent with the underlying stochastic attributes is developed. It is specifically applied to a viral single-strand DNA (ssDNA). The Fisher discriminant adopted delineates judiciously, the codon and non-codon regions in the test ssDNA. With a complete description of the computational procedure, the efficacy of the algorithm is tested via simulated experiments on a real ssDNA of B19 virus. The results are validated against GenBank data available on the test viral sequence. Inferences with regard to CDS regions present in the test sequence are made indicating possible fuzzy transitions of codon/non-codon sections.

Computer-assisted gap equalization in total knee arthroplasty.

This in vitro biomechanical study compared a conventional balancing technique in knee arthroplasty to a technique using computer assistance. The experimental technique used a soft tissue tensioner instrumented with computer-monitored load cells to quantify soft tissue tension. To assess outcome, a tibial load transducer measured medial and lateral compartment forces and tibial rotation. An electromagnetic tracking system quantified knee position under simulated muscle loading. The computer-assisted technique improved knee balance before insertion of components. However, once components were implanted, there was no difference in knee load balance between the 2 techniques. No correlation was shown between compartmental load balance and tibial rotation or mechanical axis misalignment. Although computer-assisted surgery may improve technical accuracy, further work is necessary to achieve an optimal final knee load balance.

Fuzzy attributes of a DNA complex: development of a fuzzy inference engine for codon-"junk" codon delineation.

OBJECTIVE: The present study is concerned with the need that exists in bioinformatics to identify and delineate overlapping codon and noncodon structures in a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) complex so as to ascertain the boundary of separation between them. Codons refer to those parts in a DNA complex encoded towards forming a desired set of proteins. Also coexist in the DNA structure noncodons (or "junk" codons), whose functions are not so well defined. Such codon and noncodon parts (at least over some sections of a DNA chain) may conform to diffused (overlapping) states exhibiting sharpless boundaries with indistinctive statistics of occurrence of their constituents. Such overlapping mix of codon and noncodon entities constitutes a (fuzzy) universe with information constituent having a fuzzy structure, which can only be identified in descriptive norms with characteristic membership of belonging to certain attributes. Hence, this work is directed to develop a fuzzy inference engine (FIE), which delineates the fuzzy codon-noncodon parts. METHODS AND MATERIAL: Relevant algorithms developed for the fuzzy inference in question are based on information-theoretic (IT) considerations applied to symbolic as well as binary sequence data representing the DNA. Pseudocodes, as needed are furnished. RESULTS: Simulated studies using human and other bacterial codon statistics are presented to illustrate the efficacy of the approach pursued. The outcome of the study is illustrated via tabulated results and graphs depicting the delineation sought. CONCLUSION: The results signify the success of IT-approach pursued in delineating imprecise codon/noncodon boundaries. The FIE applies both for human and bacterial codon statistics.