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2.
Prev. tab ; 11(4): 134-141, oct.-dic. 2009. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-78857

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Evaluar la evolución de actitudes y conducta delos profesores al impartir un programa de prevención detabaquismo.Sujetos y métodos: Ensayo comunitario prospectivo congrupo control, realizado durante tres cursos. Los profesoresde educación secundaria de Fuentesaúco (Zamora)desarrollaron el programa (GI) siendo los de Babilafuente(Salamanca) el grupo control (GC). Se utilizó el cuestionariodel proyecto ESFA, comparando los resultados enambos grupos mediante T de Student y prueba de Mann-Whitney.Resultados: Participaron 53 profesores (28:GI, 25:GC) conedades entre 28 y 61 años (media 43,12; 41,15-45,09). Antesde la intervención fumaba el 25,0% en el GI y el 20,0% enel GC(p=0,750). Los profesores del GI pensaban que no sedebe fumar en la escuela (media: 4,17;DS:0,88; escala:1-5),que la prevención se debe impartir en la escuela (media:4,26;DS:0,78) y aceptaban realizar el programa (media: 4,17;DS: 0,66), dudando sobre su capacidad para desarrollarlo(media: 3,84; DS: 1,00). No existían diferencias signifi cativasGI-GC excepto en la mejor actitud frente al consumo detabaco de los profesores del GI (p=0.001).Después de desarrollar el programa fuma el 21,7% en elGI y el 11,1% en el GC(p=0,444). Los profesores del GImantienen su actitud contra el consumo en el centro (media:4,55; DS:0,62), siguen pensando que la prevención se debeimpartir en la escuela (media: 4,26; DS:0.59) y que se debenrealizar estos programas (media:3,80; DS:1,07), manteniendolas dudas sobre su idoneidad para realizarlo (media:3,77; DS:1,00), no observándose diferencias signifi cativasGI-GC.Conclusiones: A pesar de haber realizado el programa losprofesores del GI mantienen dudas acerca de su capacidadpara abordar el problema. Es preciso incentivar y formar alos profesores para mejorar los resultados de estos programas (AU)


Objectives: To assess the evolution of the attitude and thebehaviour of teachers included in a smoking prevention program. Subjects and methods: A community-based prospectivestudy with a control group, carried out along three years.The teachers in Fuentesaúco (Zamora) developed the program(IG), and the teachers in Babilafuente (Salamanca)were the control group (CG). We used the ESFA questionnaire,comparing the results of both groups with theStudent’s T-test and the Mann-Whitney Test.Results: A total of 53 teachers participated in the program(28:IG; 25:CG), with ages between 28 and 61 years (average43.12; 41.15-45.09). Before the intervention, 25.0%of IG and 20.0% of CG smoked (p=0.750). Teachers inIG thought that smoking should not be allowed in theschool (average: 4.17; SD:0.88; range 1-5), and that preventionshould be taught in school (average 4.26; SD:0.78).They agreed to participate in the program (average: 4.17;SD:0.66), although they doubted their own ability to putit into practice (average: 3.84; SD:1.00). No signi cantdifferences were found between the IG and the CG, exceptfor a more positive attitude to teachers smoking inIG (p=0.001). After the execution of the program, 21.7of IG and 11.1% of CG smokes (p=0.444). Teachers inthe IG maintain their attitude to smoking in the school(average: 4.55; SD:0.62), they still think that preventionhas to be taught in the school (average: 4.26; SD:0.59), andthat these programs have to be carried out (average: 3.80;SD:1.07), although they still doubt their ability to put itinto practice (average: 3.77; SD:1.00). No signi cant differenceswere found between IG and CG.Conclusions: Although they have participated in this program,teachers in the IG still have doubts with regard totheir ability to deal with this problem. Teachers have to bemotivated and educated in order to improve the results ofthese programs (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Smoking/epidemiology , Smoking/prevention & control , Smoking Prevention , Smoking Prevention , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Primary Prevention , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/prevention & control , Prospective Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , School Health Services/statistics & numerical data
3.
An Pediatr (Barc) ; 68(5): 454-61, 2008 May.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18447989

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Many factors have been reported as being responsible for starting smoking during school age, but it is still not well known which cognitive determinants may be used as predictive factors of tobacco use. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A prospective, longitudinal, study, including 417 pupils from 12 to 17 years, was carried out over three years in two rural Secondary Education Institutes in Castilla y León. The ESFA questionnaire was used, which included scales on attitudes and beliefs, social influences, self-efficacy, intention to smoke in the future and smoker behaviour. RESULTS: Of the 417 pupils studied, 36.7 % were smokers (38.6 % females and 34.4 % males). The mean of starting smoking was 12 years (11.83-12.15). In the initial analysis there was a clear relationship between cognitive determinants and smoker behaviour. The advertising and peer pressure lost predictive value after 3 years. The multivariate analysis showed that the determining factors of tobacco use are, besides age (OR = 3.85; 95 % CI, 1.27-11.64), to have a favourable attitude to smoking, (OR = 4.47; 95 % CI, 2.15-9.32), and the conduct perceived among peers (OR = 5.05; 95 % CI, 2.50-10.19). CONCLUSIONS: The determining factors that demonstrates a clear relationship with smoker behaviour are, age, favourable attitude of pupils towards smoking, and the perceived behaviour by smoker friends. Smoking prevention programs should take these factors into accounts when designing their activities.


Subject(s)
Smoking/epidemiology , Students/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Adult , Catchment Area, Health , Child , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Incidence , Male , Predictive Value of Tests , Prevalence , Prospective Studies , Spain/epidemiology , Surveys and Questionnaires
4.
An. pediatr. (2003, Ed. impr.) ; 68(5): 454-461, mayo 2008. tab
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-64572

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Se han descrito múltiples factores como responsables de la iniciación al consumo de tabaco durante la edad escolar, pero aún no se conoce bien qué determinantes cognitivos se comportan como factores predictores del consumo de tabaco. Sujetos y métodos: Se ha realizado un estudio prospectivo, longitudinal, de 3 años de duración, en dos institutos de educación secundaria rurales de Castilla y León. Han participado 417 alumnos de 12 a 17 años. Se ha utilizado el cuestionario ESFA, que incluye escalas sobre actitudes y creencias, influencias sociales, autoeficacia, intención de fumar en el futuro y conducta fumadora. Resultados: Son fumadores el 36,7 % de los alumnos (el 38,6 % de las alumnas y el 34,4 % de los alumnos). La edad media de inicio al consumo es de 12 años (11,83-12,15). En el análisis inicial existe una clara relación entre determinantes cognitivos y conducta fumadora. A los 3 años pierden valor predictivo la presión de la publicidad y de los allegados. El análisis multivariante muestra que los determinantes del consumo de tabaco son además de la edad (odds ratio [OR] 5 3,85; intervalo de confianza del 95 % [IC 95 %]: 1,27-11,64), tener una actitud favorable a fumar (OR 5 4,47; IC 95 %: 2,15-9,32) y la conducta percibida entre iguales (OR 5 5,05; IC 95 %: 2,50-10,19). Conclusiones: Los determinantes que demuestran una clara relación con la conducta fumadora son la edad, la actitud de los alumnos favorable a fumar y la conducta percibida de los amigos fumadores. Los programas de prevención de tabaquismo deberán tener en cuenta estos factores al diseñar sus actividades (AU)


Introduction: Many factors have been reported as being responsible for starting smoking during school age, but it is still not well known which cognitive determinants may be used as predictive factors of tobacco use. Subjects and methods: A prospective, longitudinal, study, including 417 pupils from 12 to 17 years, was carried out over three years in two rural Secondary Education Institutes in Castilla y León. The ESFA questionnaire was used, which included scales on attitudes and beliefs, social influences, self-efficacy, intention to smoke in the future and smoker behaviour. Results: Of the 417 pupils studied, 36.7 % were smokers (38.6 % females and 34.4 % males). The mean of starting smoking was 12 years (11.83-12.15). In the initial analysis there was a clear relationship between cognitive determinants and smoker behaviour. The advertising and peer pressure lost predictive value after 3 years. The multivariate analysis showed that the determining factors of tobacco use are, besides age (OR 5 3.85; 95 % CI, 1.27-11.64), to have a favourable attitude to smoking, (OR 5 4.47; 95 % CI, 2.15-9.32), and the conduct perceived among peers (OR 5 5.05; 95 % CI, 2.50-10.19). Conclusions: The determining factors that demonstrates a clear relationship with smoker behaviour are, age, favourable attitude of pupils towards smoking, and the perceived behaviour by smoker friends. Smoking prevention programs should take these factors into accounts when designing their activities (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Behavior, Addictive/epidemiology , Behavior, Addictive/psychology , Adolescent Behavior , Adolescent Behavior/psychology , Psychology, Adolescent/education , Psychology, Adolescent/methods , Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology , Predictive Value of Tests , Tobacco Use Disorder/adverse effects , Tobacco Use Disorder/prevention & control , Tobacco Use Disorder/psychology , Spain/epidemiology , Prospective Studies , Longitudinal Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Students/psychology
5.
An. pediatr. (2003, Ed. impr.) ; 60(5): 440-449, mayo 2004.
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-31876

ABSTRACT

Objetivos: Conocer la prevalencia y valorar los conocimientos y actitudes de la población escolar de 12 y 14 años de la provincia de Salamanca sobre el consumo de tabaco, así como la valoración de la información ofrecida mediante un cómic. Material y método: Estudio descriptivo (n=4.907). Las variables analizadas fueron: edad, sexo, lugar de residencia, centro escolar, consumo de tabaco, grado de conocimiento sobre las consecuencias de su consumo; antes y después de la entrega de un cómic. El estudio estadístico se realizó mediante medidas de tendencia central, la chi cuadrado (X2) y la t de Student (p < 0,05). Resultados: De los chicos/as encuestados habían fumado en alguna ocasión el 45,4 y el 39 por ciento, respectivamente, declarándose fumador en el momento de la encuesta el 20,5 por ciento, sin apreciarse diferencias de sexo. En ambos sexos fueron los amigos quienes favorecieron el primer cigarrillo (59,8 y 66,5 por ciento, respectivamente). La edad media de inicio de consumo fue de 11,1 años. La mayoría consumía entre 1 y 5 cigarrillos. El 91,8 por ciento consideraban al tabaco como droga y tras leer el cómic, el 99,1 por ciento. Un 70,1 por ciento sabía lo que era el tabaquismo pasivo, tras la información facilitada el porcentaje ascendió al 88,2 por ciento. El 64,9 por ciento relacionaban al cáncer, la bronquitis y el infarto con el consumo de tabaco y el 44,4 por ciento pensaba que el tabaco light era menos dañino; tras el cómic los porcentajes respectivos fueron del 95,3 y 1,4 por ciento. La adicción la relacionaban con la nicotina el 84,2 por ciento de los jóvenes antes del cómic, después del mismo fue del 97,8 por ciento. Conclusiones: Desde edades tempranas existe contacto con el tabaco. La información existente sobre el consumo de tabaco puede considerarse aceptable pero susceptible de mejora. La información mediante cómics informativos puede ser una forma de llegar a los jóvenes y prevenir el consumo de tabaco (AU)


Subject(s)
Female , Adolescent , Humans , Male , Tobacco Use Disorder , Tobacco Use Disorder , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Prevalence , Spain
6.
An Pediatr (Barc) ; 60(5): 440-9, 2004 May.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15104999

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of smoking among 12 to 14-year-olds in the province of Salamanca and to identify their knowledge of and attitudes to smoking as well as the impact of information provided on the subject in comic strip form. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We performed a descriptive study (n = 4907). The variables analyzed were: age, sex, place of residence, school, smoking, and degree of awareness of the consequences of smoking before and after being given the comic book. Statistical analysis was carried out using measures of central tendency, the chi-squared test and Student's t-test T (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Of the teenagers surveyed, 45.4 % of the boys and 39 % of the girls had smoked at some time and 20.5 % reported they were current smokers, with no differences between sexes. In both sexes the first cigarette was offered by a friend (59.8 % of boys and 66.5 % of girls). The teenagers began to smoke at a mean age of 11.1 years. Most of these adolescents smoked between 1 and 5 cigarettes a day. Most (91.8 %) considered tobacco to be a drug and after reading the comic strip this percentage rose to 99.1 %. A total of 70.1 % knew what passive smoking was, and after reading the comic strip this figure increased to 88.2 %. More than half (64.9 %) associated tobacco consumption with cancer, bronchitis and heart attack and 44.4 % considered mild cigarettes to be less harmful; after reading the comic strip these percentages changed to 95.3 % and 1.4 % respectively. Before reading the comic strip 84.2 % associated addiction with nicotine whereas after reading the comic this figure was 97.8 %. CONCLUSIONS: Children have contact with tobacco at a relatively early age. Current information on smoking is acceptable but could be improved. Information provided through comic strips can be an effective way of reaching adolescents and of preventing them from taking up the habit.


Subject(s)
Smoking , Adolescent , Female , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Humans , Male , Prevalence , Smoking/epidemiology , Smoking/psychology , Smoking/trends , Smoking Prevention , Spain/epidemiology
14.
Aten Primaria ; 30(4): 197-205; discussion 205-6, 2002 Sep 15.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12237023

ABSTRACT

AIM: To determine whether primary care provides a suitable framework for integrated treatment aimed at smoking cessation with systematic minimal intervention or pharmacological treatment with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). To compare the results with those obtained in a specialized pneumology unit. DESIGN: Prospective, quasi-experimental study. SETTING: Primary and specialized care services. PARTICIPANTS: 357 smokers who were followed at a health center (166) or a specialized clinic (191) during a 6-month period. INTERVENTIONS: Two types of intervention were used depending on the patients' degree of nicotine dependence: systematic minimal intervention for those with low dependence or who were still in the contemplation or precontemplation phase, and NRT for those with high dependence, in the preparation phase. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Twelve months after the start of the study, abstinence among participants who received systematic minimal intervention was 36.5% in primary care patients and 41.8% in specialized care patients (P>.05). Among participants who received NRT abstinence was 37.1% in the former group and 35.5% in the latter (P>.05). The percentage of patients lost to follow-up was 8.6% in specialized care and 6.3% in primary care. CONCLUSIONS: The results lead us to recommend smoking cessation treatment integrated in the primary care setting, either with systematic minimal intervention or NRT.


Subject(s)
Primary Health Care/methods , Smoking Cessation/methods , Tobacco Use Disorder/therapy , Adult , Counseling/methods , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Patient Compliance , Prospective Studies , Public Health , Treatment Outcome
15.
Aten. prim. (Barc., Ed. impr.) ; 30(4): 197-205, sept. 2002.
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-16167

ABSTRACT

Objetivo. Valorar si atención primaria ofrece un marco adecuado para el abordaje del tabaquismo de forma global, tanto con la intervención mínima sistematizada en tabaquismo como con tratamiento farmacológico mediante terapia sustitutiva con nicotina (TSN), comparando los resultados obtenidos con los de una unidad especializada de neumología. Diseño. Estudio prospectivo cuasi experimental. Emplazamiento. Atención primaria y especializada. Participantes. Un total de 357 fumadores que acudieron a una consulta de atención primaria (n = 166) o especializada (n = 191) durante un período de 6 meses. Intervenciones. Se realizaron dos tipos de intervención en función de la dependencia nicotínica de los pacientes: intervención mínima sistematizada en los que presentaban baja dependencia o que aún se encontraban en fases de precontemplación y contemplación, y TSN en los fumadores con alta dependencia y en fase de preparación. Mediciones y resultados principales. La abstinencia observada a los 12 meses del inicio del estudio fue, en el grupo de la intervención mínima sistematizada, del 36,5 per cent en atención primaria y del 41,8 per cent en especializada (p > 0,05), y en el grupo de la TSN, del 37,1 y el 35,5 per cent, respectivamente (p > 0,05). El porcentaje de pérdidas de seguimiento fue del 8,6 per cent en especializada y del 6,3 per cent en primaria. Conclusiones. Los resultados observados en el presente estudio nos permiten aconsejar el tratamiento del tabaquismo de forma global en el marco de la atención primaria, bien sea mediante la denominada intervención mínima sistematizada o la TSN (AU)


Subject(s)
Middle Aged , Adult , Male , Female , Humans , Tobacco Use Disorder , Tobacco Use Cessation , Treatment Outcome , Patient Compliance , Public Health , Primary Health Care , Prospective Studies , Counseling
18.
Medifam (Madr.) ; 12(8): 484-492, ago. 2002. ilus, tab
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-16562

ABSTRACT

El tabaquismo es la principal causa de muerte evitable en los países desarrollados. Todos los profesionales sanitarios jugamos un papel clave en su control. Es fundamental realizar un correcto diagnóstico de las características de cada fumador para de esa forma ofertarle su tratamiento más adecuado. A lo largo de este documento de consenso entre las sociedades científicas que agrupan a los profesionales sanitarios más interesados en el tabaquismo, hemos definido un grupo de datos clínicos y analíticos que deben ser considerados para establecer el conjunto mínimo de datos diagnósticos en el fumador. Además recomendamos una actividad terapéutica adecuada a las características diagnósticas de cada fumador. Este conjunto mínimo de datos es la base imprescindible para establecer el tratamiento más adecuado a cada individuo con el objetivo de que el paciente progrese en el proceso de abandono del tabaco y consiga la abstinencia tabáquica en el más corto periodo de tiempo posible y con el menor coste personal. Así mismo este conjunto mínimo de datos permite racionalizar la intervención del profesional sanitario conforme a criterios de eficacia y eficiencia (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Tobacco Use Disorder/therapy , Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures , Tobacco Use Cessation
20.
Aten Primaria ; 27(9): 629-36, 2001 May 31.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11412554

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The main objective was to compare the efficacy of one-off tobacco counselling and of the systematic minimum intervention on making people give up smoking. A secondary aim was to evaluate the efficacy of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) in the context of a primary care consultation. DESIGN: Controlled and randomised clinical trial. SETTING: Primary care. PARTICIPANTS: Smokers who over 12 months attended a primary care clinic at an urban health centre (304 patients). INTERVENTIONS: Two kinds of intervention were conducted at random on patients with low nicotine dependence (one-off medical counselling and counselling integrated into what is known as the minimal intervention, but conducted systematically). NRT was administered through nicotine patches (11% nicotine) to patients with moderate-to-high nicotine dependence. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Short-term cessation a year after the minimal intervention was 39% (29.4-49.3%), and maintained cessation 30.9% (29.4-49.3%), as against 11% (5.6-18.8%) short-term cessation in the group that received one-off counselling (p < 0.0001). Short-term tobacco cessation in the NRT group was 35.3% (24.1-47.8%), and maintained cessation 30.8%. CONCLUSIONS: Primary care is a suitable context for an intervention against tobacco dependency, through the use of any of the established interventions: one-off medical counselling, systematic minimal intervention, or specialist drug treatment through NRT. Therefore, these kinds of intervention must form part of PC clinics' daily activity.


Subject(s)
Counseling , Nicotine/therapeutic use , Nicotinic Agonists/therapeutic use , Smoking Cessation/methods , Adult , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Male , Primary Health Care , Time Factors
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