Delabelling beta-lactam allergy.

Background: Hypersensitivity to beta-lactam (BL) antibiotics is one of the most frequent reported drug allergies. In our population, it is common to find labels of BL allergy in electronic medical records (EMRs) that have not been assessed. The objective of our study was to detect patients with beta-lactam allergy labels in their EMRs and to assess how many of them are false after a correct diagnostic evaluation. Methods: A multicentre prospective study was performed with patients labelled as allergic to BLs in their EMRs in the previous 5 years. Demographical and clinical data, as well as variables regarding the BL allergy label and the characteristics of the index reaction from clinical history and EMRs, were recorded. Then, diagnostic assessments including clinical history, skin tests (STs), and drug provocation tests (DPTs) were conducted in order to confirm or exclude the diagnosis of BL allergy. Results: A total of 249 patients completed the study, of which 160 (64.3%) were women with a median age of 57 years (interquartile range [IQR], 45-68). The most frequent BL allergy labels detected were for penicillin (124), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (61), and amoxicillin (54). Of the 204 patients who underwent STs, 20.1% were positive. DPTs were performed in 224 patients, showing good tolerance in 87.1% of cases. After the allergy diagnosis work-up, 186 patients (74.7%) were diagnosed as non-allergic to BL antibiotics. Conclusion: In our study population, the number of patients labelled as allergic to BLs in their EMRs was similar to that in previously published studies, with proportions near to 75%-80% being falsely labelled as allergic to BLs.

Empatía, agresividad y perdón en contextos de vulnerabilidad, hostilidad y seguridad en niños y adolescentes

Introducción: El objetivo de este artículo fue identificar las variables que mejor predicen las medidas de agresión, empatía y perdón, como también las principales diferencias en contextos vulnerables, hostiles y seguros, en una muestra de niños, niñas y adolescentes pertenecientes a una población vulnerable. Método: se realizó un estudio cuantitativo transversal con una muestra no probabilística incidental de 85 participantes, se emplearon medidas psicométricas para la empatía, agresión y perdón. Los participantes fueron convocados en una fundación de atención a víctimas para realizar una entrevista y aplicar el test. Resultados: Se encontraron efectos estadísticamente significativos entre las variables del modelo verificado, donde la empatía predice la agresión en el contexto hostil, pero no en el vulnerable y seguro. A su vez, la empatía predice el perdón en los contextos vulnerables y seguros, y la agresión predice el perdón en el modelo hostil, pero no es significativo su efecto en el contexto vulnerable y seguro. Además, la empatía tiene un papel clave en la comprensión del perdón, dado que se asocia a conductas agresivas en los contextos de hostilidad, mientras que un modelo de perdón debería ser diferencial en estos contextos. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos de este estudio brindan evidencia empírica que sustenta la importancia de la implementación de estrategias para mejorar las habilidades relacionadas con la empatía en niños y adolescentes, desde la perspectiva de la educación para la paz y el perdón. Además, se demostró que los aspectos como el clima familiar, las vulnerabilidades de los contextos de riesgo y la misma cultura, pueden determinar el desarrollo de habilidades socioemocionales que favorecen el perdón, empatía y otras capacidades interpersonales.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to identify the variables that best predict measures of aggression, empathy, and forgiveness, as well as the main differences in vulnerable, hostile and safe contexts, in a sample of children and adolescents belonging to a vulnerable population. Method: A cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted with a non-probabilistic incidental sample of 85 participants. Psychometric measures of empathy, aggression, and forgiveness were used. The participants were invited to a victim assistance foundation for an interview and test application. Results: Statistically significant effects were found among the variables in the verified model, where empathy predicts aggression in the hostile context, but not in the vulnerable and safe context. In turn, empathy predicts forgiveness in the vulnerable and safe contexts, and aggression predicts forgiveness in the hostile model, but its effect in the vulnerable and safe context is not significant. Furthermore, empathy plays a key role in understanding forgiveness, given that it is associated with aggressive behaviors in the hostile contexts, whereas a forgiveness model should be differential in these contexts. Conclusions: The findings of this study provide empirical evidence that supports the importance of implementing strategies to improve empathy-related skills in children and adolescents, from the perspective of peace education and forgiveness. In addition, it was shown that aspects such as family climate, vulnerabilities of risk contexts and culture itself, can determine the development of socioemotional skills that favor forgiveness, empathy, and other interpersonal skills.

Are antihistamines still used during omalizumab treatment for chronic spontaneous urticaria?

Background: The guidelines for the treatment of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) recommend adding omalizumab to the treatment of patients with uncontrolled disease despite four-fold doses of second-generation antihistamines (AH). On the contrary, some studies revealed that omalizumab was effective without concomitant AH and several authors suggest tapering off AH when CSU is controlled with omalizumab. Objectives: The aim of our study was to evaluate the use of AH during treatment with omalizumab in patients with CSU in real clinical practice. Materials & Methods: This was a multicentre cross-sectional and observational study conducted by the Catalan and Balearic Chronic Urticaria Network (XUrCB) based on a cohort of 298 CSU patients treated with omalizumab. Results: In total, 23.5% of our patients decided themselves to stop taking AH during omalizumab treatment. The ratio of patients with CSU without concomitant inducible urticaria and the percentage of patients with a good response to omalizumab (UAS7≤6 and/or UCT ≥12) were higher in those who stopped taking AH. Conclusion: More studies are required to identify the phenotypic characteristics of patients responding to omalizumab as monotherapy in order to avoid overtreating with AH. Our study suggests that patients with CSU without concomitant inducible urticaria and those who achieve a good response to omalizumab tend to be controlled by omalizumab without AH. In order to establish guidelines on how to stop AH, further evidenced-based studies are required.

Validación cognitiva de un protocolo instruccional de reexperimentación emocional en adultos víctimas de violencia política en Colombia / Cognitive validation of an instructional protocol for emotional disclosure in adult victims of political violence in Colombia

Resumen La re experimentación emocional (RE) permite dar sentido a hechos traumáticos o estresantes mediante un proceso dirigido por instrucciones verbales o escritas, y por ello puede generar beneficios en el bienestar psicológico y la salud física autoinformada. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la comprensión de tres tipos de instrucciones experimentales (RE tradicional, RE con claves de aceptación y compromiso, y RE psicosocial) y una instrucción para el grupo control (RE trivial), mediante técnicas de validación cognitiva (pruebas centradas en el significado y verbalización de pensamiento) en personas expuestas a hechos de violencia política en Colombia. Para ello, se desarrolló un estudio de tipo cualitativo con corte instrumental, en el que se entrevistó a 42 colombianos víctimas de violencia política, en su mayoría mujeres, elegidos con un muestro por conveniencia. Las entrevistas fueron transcritas y codificadas mediante un análisis categorial mixto que tomó como referente procedimientos del Movimiento de Aspectos Cognitivos de la Metodología de Encuestas. Como resultado, los participantes comprendieron de manera diferencial las instrucciones dadas en cada protocolo, enfocándose en aspectos como el contexto sociopolítico en el caso del protocolo psicosocial, y en respuestas asociadas a la aceptación en el protocolo con claves de aceptación y compromiso. Se identificaron dificultades en la comprensión de algunas secciones de los protocolos, las cuales fueron ajustadas. Finalmente, se enfatiza la importancia de implementar técnicas de validación cognitiva para verificar la comprensión de instrucciones, protocolos o instrumentos, dado que el desempeño de los participantes y la calidad de las medidas de las intervenciones pueden verse afectados por la comprensión e interpretación de las instrucciones propuestas.

Abstract Emotional disclosure (ED) allows making sense of traumatic or stressful events through a process guided by verbal or written instructions, and thus may generate benefits in psychological well-being and self-reported physical health. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the understanding of three types of experimental instructions (traditional ED, ED with acceptance and commitment cues, and psychosocial ED) and one instruction for the control group (trivial ED), trough cognitive validation techniques (tests focused on meaning and verbalización of thought), in people exposed to events of political violence in Colombia. For this purpose, a qualitative study with an instrumental approach was developed, in which 42 Colombian victims of political violence, mostly women, were interviewed, chosen through convenience sampling. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed by means of a mixed categorical analysis that used as a reference procedures from the Cognitive Aspects of the Survey Methodology Movement. As a result, participants differentially understood the instructions given in each protocol, focusing on aspects such as the sociopolitical context in the case of the psychosocial protocol, and on responses associated with acceptance in the protocol with acceptance and commitment cues. Difficulties were identified in the understanding of some sections of the protocols, which were adjusted. Finally, the importance of implementing cognitive validation techniques to verify the understanding of instructions, protocols or instruments is emphasized, given that the performance of the participant and the quality of the measures of the experiments may be affected by the understanding and interpretation of the proposed instructions.

Bacterias multirresistentes en ecosistemas aislados, ¿existe alternativa terapéutica? / Multi resistant bacteria in isolate echo-systems. Is there a therapeutic alternative?

La resistencia bacteriana genera un grave problema de salud debido al uso indiscriminado de antibióticos, esto ha causado la propagación de bacterias que codifican para la resistencia. Objetivo: Describir los diferentes genes que codifican para la resistencia bacteriana, metales pesados y la nueva alternativa terapéutica para las bacterias multirresistentes. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de información en artículos en español, inglés y portugués relacionados con resistencia bacteriana en las bases de datos, Science Direct, Redalyc;Google Scholar, NCBI; Pubmed, Pro-quest Dialnet y Lilacs. Conclusiones: Se han descrito genes que codifican para farmacorresistencia a betalactámicos, macrólidos, aminoglucósidos, glicopéptido, se ha definido otro tipo de resistencia bacteriana hacia otros compuestos como a los metales pesados, se crean antibióticos para combatir bacterias multirresistentes, el cefiderocol, que actúa en la síntesis de las bacterias Gram negativas(AU)

The bacterial resistance generates a critical health problem because of the indiscriminate use of antibiotics, this has caused the spread of bacteria which codify for their resistance. Objective: To describe the different gens that codify for the bacterial resistance heavy metals and the new therapeutic alternative for multi resistant bacteria. An information searching was performed in articles in Spanish, English and Portuguese related to bacterial resistance in data bases such as, Science Direct, Redalyc; Google Scholar, NCBI; Pubmed, Pro-quest Dialnet and Lilacs. Conclusions: Gens that codify pharmaco. Resistance to betalactamics, macrolids, aminoglucosids, glicopeptids, have been identified. Another type of bacterial resistance has been defined to other types of compounds such as heavy metals, antibiotics are created to fight multi resistant bacteria cephyiderocol, which acts in the syntheses of Gram-negative bacteria(AU)

Retrasplante pulmonar. Experiencia de un centro de referencia / Lung retransplant. Experience of a referral centre

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVOS: El retrasplante pulmonar (RTP) es un tratamiento válido en pacientes con disfunción pulmonar, pero con una elevada morbimortalidad. Nuestro objetivo es analizar nuestra experiencia en RTP en supervivencia y función pulmonar. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes con RTP (1990-2019). VARIABLES: receptores y procedimiento, mortalidad precoz, supervivencia y función pulmonar en pacientes CLAD. Variables cuantitativas (media±DE); cualitativas (%). Se utilizó el test t de Student o χ2. La supervivencia se estimó mediante Kaplan-Meier, comparándose con Log Rank. Se estableció como significativa p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: De 784 pacientes trasplantados, 25 pacientes (edad media 38,41 ± 16,3 años, 12 hombres y 13 mujeres) fueron RTP; CLAD (n = 19), infarto pulmonar (n = 2), complicaciones de vía aérea (n = 2), disfunción del injerto (n = 1), rechazo hiperagudo (n = 1). Tiempo medio hasta el retrasplante: 5,41 ± 3,87 años en CLAD y 21,2 ± 21,4 días en no CLAD. La mortalidad a 90 días fue del 52% y 36,8% en el segundo periodo (p = 0,007), siendo mayor en pacientes que precisaron ECMO preoperatorio (80 vs. 20%, p = 0,04). La supervivencia a 1 y 5 años fue del 53,9% y 37,7%, respectivamente (p = 0,016). La supervivencia del grupo CLAD fue mayor (p = 0,08). El ECMO pre RTP disminuyó la supervivencia (p = 0,032). FEV1 mejoró una media de 0,98 ± 0,13L (25,6 ± 18,8%) (p = 0,001). CONCLUSIONES: El RTP es un procedimiento de elevada mortalidad que obliga a una cuidadosa selección de los pacientes, con mejores resultados en aquellos con CLAD. La función pulmonar de los pacientes con CLAD mejoró significativamente

BACKGROUND: Lung retransplantation (LR) is a valid choice with a significant risk of perioperative morbidity and mortality in selected patients with graft dysfunction after lung transplantation. Our goal is to analyse our experience in LR in terms of survival and lung function. METHODS: Retrospective study of patients undergoing LR (1990-2019). VARIABLES: recipients and procedure, early mortality, survival and lung function in patients with CLAD. Quantitative variables (mean±SD); qualitative (%). Student's t test or χ2 was used. Survival was estimated using Kaplan-Meier, compared with Log Rank. A p < 0.05 was established as significant. RESULTS: Of 784 transplanted patients, 25 patients (mean age 38.41-16.3 years, 12 men and 13 women) were LR; (CLAD (n = 19), pulmonary infarction (n = 2), airway complications (n = 2), graft dysfunction (n = 1), hyperacute rejection (n = 1), mean time to retransplantation: 5.41 ± 3.87 years in CLAD and 21.2 ± 21.4 days in non-CLAD. The 90-day mortality was 52% and 36.8% in the second period (p = 0.007), being higher in patients who required preoperative ECMO (80 vs. 20%, p = 0.04). The 1- and 5-year survival was 53.9% and 37.7%, respectively (p = 0.016). Survival of the CLAD group was greater (p = 0.08). Pre LR ECMO decreased survival (p = 0.032). After LR, FEV1 improved an average of 0.98 ± 0.13L (25.6 ± 18.8%) (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: LR is a high mortality procedure that requires careful selection of patients with better results in patients with CLAD. The lung function of patients with CLAD improved significantly

Lung retransplant. Experience of a referral centre. / Retrasplante pulmonar. Experiencia de un centro de referencia.

BACKGROUND: Lung retransplantation (LR) is a valid choice with a significant risk of perioperative morbidity and mortality in selected patients with graft dysfunction after lung transplantation. Our goal is to analyse our experience in LR in terms of survival and lung function. METHODS: Retrospective study of patients undergoing LR (1990-2019). VARIABLES: recipients and procedure, early mortality, survival and lung function in patients with CLAD. Quantitative variables (mean±SD); qualitative (%). Student's t test or χ2 was used. Survival was estimated using Kaplan-Meier, compared with Log Rank. A p < 0.05 was established as significant. RESULTS: Of 784 transplanted patients, 25 patients (mean age 38.41-16.3 years, 12 men and 13 women) were LR; (CLAD (n = 19), pulmonary infarction (n = 2), airway complications (n = 2), graft dysfunction (n = 1), hyperacute rejection (n = 1), mean time to retransplantation: 5.41 ± 3.87 years in CLAD and 21.2 ± 21.4 days in non-CLAD. The 90-day mortality was 52% and 36.8% in the second period (p = 0.007), being higher in patients who required preoperative ECMO (80 vs. 20%, p = 0.04). The 1- and 5-year survival was 53.9% and 37.7%, respectively (p = 0.016). Survival of the CLAD group was greater (p = 0.08). Pre LR ECMO decreased survival (p = 0.032). After LR, FEV1 improved an average of 0.98 ± 0.13L (25.6 ± 18.8%) (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: LR is a high mortality procedure that requires careful selection of patients with better results in patients with CLAD. The lung function of patients with CLAD improved significantly.

Validación de un diccionario de LIWC para identificar emociones intergrupales / Validation of a LIWC dictionary to identify intergroup emotions

Resumen Desde la tradición de analizar constructos psicológicos a partir del lenguaje, esta investigación de tipo instrumental tiene el objetivo de validar un diccionario de emociones intergrupales, cuyo proceso se fundamentó en el diseño, conformación y validación de listados de palabras asociadas a 38 emociones intergrupales, útiles para identificar emociones en corpus lingüísticos, analizados mediante el software Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC), cuya función principal es identificar categorías lingüísticas y psicológicas en textos escritos. Nueve jueces, divididos en tres grupos, calificaron las palabras de acuerdo con los parámetros de pertinencia y relevancia de cada palabra, en relación con cada emoción. Enseguida, las puntuaciones se complementaron con una metodología de bloques aleatorios incompletos, a fin de estimar la calificación de las palabras restantes. Se encontró consistencia aceptable entre jueces, así como ajuste de sus puntuaciones en el modelo de Rasch, lo que permitió aceptar los resultados. A partir de las calificaciones, se depuró el 9 % de las palabras raíz, asociadas a 38 emociones (18 negativas, 17 positivas y 3 neutrales), complementadas con sus respectivas desinencias.

Abstract Following the tradition of analysing psychological constructs based on language, this instrumental research aims to validate a dictionary of intergroup emotions, whose process was based on the design, conformation, and validation of word lists associated with 38 intergroup emotions, useful to identifying emotions in linguistic corpus analysed, using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count software (LIWC), whose main function is to identify linguistic and psychological categories in texts. Nine judges divided into three groups rated the words in two parameters (pertinence and relevance of each word with the emotion) and the scores were complemented with an incomplete random block methodology, to estimate the qualification of the remaining words. Acceptable consistency was found among the judges, as well as adjustment of their scores in the Rasch model, which allowed accepting the obtained results. From these ratings, 9 % of the root words associated with 38 emotions (18 negative, 17 positive, and 3 neutral), subsequently supplemented with their respective endings, were cleared.

Perfiles de susceptibilidad de grupos bacterianos aislados de productos cárnicos en Tunja, Boyacá / Susceptibility profiles of bacterial groups of meat products in Tunja, Boyacá / Perfil de susceptibilidade de grupos bacterianos isolados de produtos à base de carne e derivados em Tunja, Boyacá

Introducción. Las bacterias son organismos que se encuentran en diferentes tipos de ambientes que actúan como reservorios, entre estos, los productos de consumo derivados de los animales. Algunas de estas bacterias son capaces de causar enfermedad a los humanos y, a su vez, han evolucionado generando resistencia a antibióticos, lo cual se ha convertido en un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. Objetivo. Describir los perfiles de susceptibilidad de grupos bacterianos provenientes de productos cárnicos y derivados, de dos lugares de abasto de Tunja. Materiales y Métodos. Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Se realizó muestreo de productos cárnicos en los expendios de carne y derivados, en un periodo de tres meses, en dos lugares de abasto de la ciudad de Tunja, de los cuales se tomaron diferentes cortes de productos cárnicos para su posterior análisis. Resultados. A partir de 160 muestras cárnicas recolectadas de 32 puntos de venta, se aislaron 333 cepas bacterianas, encontrando presencia de bacterias Gram negativas y Gram positivas en un 83.2% y 16.8% respectivamente. Por otra parte, los perfiles de susceptibilidad antimicrobiano para estas bacterias mostraron sensibilidad del 19,2% y 0,9%, respectivamente, a los seis antibióticos utilizados para cada grupo en el estudio. Conclusiones. Se encontró una alta presencia de bacterias procedentes de los aislados de productos cárnicos, que obliga a la mejora de las condiciones de manipulación y expendio de estos productos, dado que, entre los principales riesgos se encuentra la adquisición de cepas resistentes mediante el consumo de alimentos contaminados.

Introduction. Bacteria are found in different types of environments that act as reservoirs, among these consumer products derived from animals. Some of these bacteria are able to cause disease to humans and, it in turn, they have devolved generating antibiotics resistance, for that reason has become a public health problem worldwide. Objective. To describe susceptibility profiles of groups bacterium from meat products and derivatives, in two Tunja´s market. Materials and Methods. Descriptive cross-sectional study, they realized sampling meat´s products in meat sale zone and by-products in a three-month period in two Tunja´s market, which different cuts of meat products were taken, for further analysis. Results. From 160 meat samples collected from 32 outlets were isolated 333 bacterial strains, it found presence of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria in 83.2% and 16.8% respectively. Furthermore, the profiles of antimicrobial susceptibility for these bacteria, it showed sensibility of 19,2% and 0,9% respectively to the six antibiotics used for each group in the study. Conclusions. It found a high presence of isolated bacterium from meat products, what oblige to improve od manipulation conditions and sale of these products, since, among the principal risks are the acquisition of strains resistant by means consume of these food contaminate.

Introdução. As bactérias são microorganismos que se encontram em diferentes ambientes os quais atuam como reservatórios, entre estes, os produtos de consumo derivados de animais. Algumas das bactérias têm a capacidade de causar doenças em humanos, além disso, têm evoluído gerando resistência aos antibióticos, o qual tornou-se um problema de Saúde Pública a nível mundial. Objetivo. Descrever os perfis de susceptibilidade de grupos bacterianos isolados de produtos à base de carne e derivados, de dois locais de suprimento de Tunja. Materiais e métodos. Estudo descritivo e transversal. Realizou-se uma amostragem de produtos à base de carne e derivados por um período de três meses, em locais de suprimento da cidade de Tunja, foram coletadas diferentes secções dos produtos para uma análise posterior. Resultados. De 160 amostras de produtos à base de carne e derivados coletados em 32 pontos de venda, foram isoladas 333 estirpes bacterianas, com a presença de bactérias Gram negativas y Gram positivas em 83.2 % e 16.8 % respetivamente. Por outro lado, os perfis de susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos mostraram sensibilidade de 19,2 % e 0,9 % respetivamente, aos seis antibióticos usados para cada grupo no estudo. Conclusões. Encontrou-se uma elevada presença de bactérias isoladas de produtos à base de carne e derivados, que obriga a melhorar as condições do manuseio e da despesa dos mesmos, dado que, entre os principais riscos encontra-se a aquisição de estirpes resistentes pelo consumo dos alimentos contaminados.

Antibiotic Resistance: Origins, evolution and healthcare-associated infections / Resistencia a antibióticos: Origen, evolución e infecciones asociadas a la atención en salud

Abstract The increased incidences of Healthcare-associated Infections (HAI) caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria, have led to an enlarged number of morbidity and mortality cases. Besides, other factors that are affected are patients, families and institutions providing health services. Therefore, the permanent study of the subject is necessary to identify possible strategies that contribute to the reduction of the issue. A critical review of the literature based on the origin of antibiotics, the evolution of their respective resistance, and the impact on public health from a historical and current perspective was developed. The search of the literature was carried out in the bibliographic databases: Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO, The Cochrane Library and Lilacs. The reviewed literature showed, from the historical viewpoint, the discovery of antibiotics to the last-generation antibiotics. The rapid coevolution of genes for antibiotics resistance and its subsequent spread to hundreds of species of microorganisms by Horizontal Transfer gene (HTG) was also reviewed. It is also discussed how the expansion in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) generates a series of factors that increase health-care associated infections care (HAI) and their impact on public health. The development of antibiotics from the discovery to recent changes in the behavior and response of the microorganisms with the generation of AMR shortly after, is one of the most fantastic examples of the evolution that exists in nature.

Resumen El aumento en la incidencia de infecciones asociadas a la atención en salud causada por microorganismos multiresistentes a antibióticos, han incrementado la morbilidad, mortalidad y otros factores que afectan a paciente, familias e instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud; por lo que se ha hecho necesario el estudio permanente del tema, para identificar posibles estrategias que contribuyan a disminuir la situación. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura sobre el origen de los antibióticos, la evolución de su respectiva resistencia, el impacto en la salud pública; desde una perspectiva histórica y actual. La búsqueda de la literatura se realizó en las bases de datos bibliográficas: Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO, The Cochrane Library y Lilacs. El análisis de la literatura mostró desde el punto de vista histórico, el descubrimiento de los antibióticos hasta los últimos antibióticos de última generación, y la rápida coevolución de los genes de resistencia a los antibióticos y su posterior diseminación a cientos de especies de microorganismos mediante la Transferencia Horizontal de Genes (THG). También es discutido como el incremento de la resistencia a los antibióticos (RAM) genera una serie de factores que potencian las infecciones asocia de las a los cuidados de la salud (IACS) y su impacto en la salud pública. La historia desde el descubrimiento, los cambios en el comportamiento de uso de los antibióticos y la respuesta de los microorganismos con la generación de la RAM poco tiempo después, es uno de los ejemplos más fantásticos de coevolución que existe en la naturaleza.

In silico analysis of the EF-hand proteins in the genome of Giardia intestinalis assembly A.

Giardia intestinalis is a parasite that inhabits the small intestine of humans and other mammals, causing a disease that can manifest itself with acute diarrhea. This parasite is an early divergent eukaryote with a compact genome and a life cycle composed of two distinct cell types: the trophozoite, the replicative form, and the cyst, the infectious form. Signal transduction pathways implicated in differentiation processes of G. intestinalis are largely unknown. Calcium, considered an essential messenger in cell signaling, has been shown to regulate a myriad of key cell processes including metabolism, motility, and exocytosis, among other important functions, through calcium-binding proteins (CaBPs). The most important and largest family of CaBPs is the EF-hand protein family. To investigate the nature of calcium signaling pathways present in this protozoan, an in silico analysis of the genome to identify genes encoding EF-hand proteins was undertaken. Twenty-eight sequences containing EF-hand domains were found; most of which have only a pair of domains, and half of the sequences were divergent or unique to Giardia. In addition, the transcription pattern for eight genes encoding EF-hand proteins was assessed during encystation. It was found that all the genes were differentially transcribed suggesting a different function in this process. The in silico results suggest that in G. intestinalis, calcium is involved in the regulation of protein phosphorylation through kinases and phosphatases.

Aplicación de la nanobiotecnología con el sistema CRISPR-cas / Application of the nanobiotechnology with the system CRISP-Cas

Resumen Introducción: La nanobiotecnología y la biología sintética son ciencias que impactan en la actualidad con el lanzamiento de aplicaciones innovadoras y beneficiosas para el ser humano, estas ciencias se han fusionado para fabricar nuevos componentes para la construcción de células totalmente artificiales y la creación de biomoléculas sintéticas. Objetivo: Conocer las aplicaciones de la nanobiotecnología relacionadas con el uso del sistema CRISPR/Cas en el almacenamiento de información en el ADN bacteriano y alternativas terapéuticas. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre las principales aplicaciones de la nanobiotecnología, en las bases de datos ScienceDirect, SciELO, PubMed y en revistas como: Nature biotechnology, Biochemistry, Science y Journal Microbiology. Resultados: La revisión de literatura describe y analiza las nuevas aplicaciones nanobiotecnológicas utilizadas para escribir información en el código genético de las células bacterianas, en el que se emplean el sistema basado en repeticiones palindrómicas cortas agrupadas y regularmente interespaciadas (CRISPR/Cas) y la producción de ADN sintético, así como las alternativas terapéuticas relacionadas con la terapia génica. Conclusión: Entre las aplicaciones nanobiotecnológicas se han demostrado dos métodos para grabar información en el ADN de células bacterianas, de Escherichia coli y Sulfolobus tokodai vinculados con el empleo del sistema CRISPR/Cas y la producción de ADN sintético, así como el uso del CRISPR/Cas en la terapia génica y celular.

Abstract Introduction: Nanobiotechnology and synthetic biology are sciences that impact today with the launching of innovative and beneficial applications for the human being. These sciences have been amalgamated to manufacture new components for the construction of totally artificial cells and the creation of synthetic biomolecules. Objective: To know the applications of nanobiotechnology related to the use of the system CRISPR/Cas in the storage of bacterial DNA and therapeutic alternatives. Materials and methods: A bibliographical review on the main applications of nanobiotechnology was carried out in ScienceDirect, SciELO, PubMed databases and in magazines such as: Nature Biotechnology, Biochemistry, Science and Journal Microbiology. Results: The literature review describes and analyzes the new nanobiotechnology applications used to write information in the genetic code of bacterial cells, in which the system is used based on short grouped and regularly interspaced palindromic repetitions (CRISPR/Cas) and the production of synthetic DNA, as well as therapeutic alternatives related to gene therapy. Conclusion: Among the nanobiotechnology applications, two methods to record information in the DNA of bacterial cells Escherichia coli and Sulfolobus Tokodai have been shown, which are linked to the use of the system CRISPR/Cas and the production of synthetic DNA, as well as the use of CRISPR/Cas in gene and cellular therapy.

Genes de resistencia en bacilos Gram negativos: Impacto en la salud pública en Colombia / Resistance genes in gram negative bacilli: impact on public health in Colombia

Introducción: La resistencia antimicrobiana es un grave problema de salud pública que se encuentra en aumento. Entre los factores más importantes relacionados con la diseminación de bacterias multirresistentes está el uso inapropiado de antibióticos y la aplicación insuficiente de las medidas de prevención y control. Adicionalmente, las bacterias tienen la capacidad de mutar o generar mecanismos de transferencia de genes de resistencia mediante plásmidos, transposones e integrones. Materiales y métodos: Se hizo una revisión crítica de la literatura sobre los principales genes de resistencia Gram negativos y su impacto en la salud pública. Fueron utilizadas las bases de datos de Medline, Embase, Lilacs, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SciELO, the Cochrane Library y Lilacs. Resultados: Se presenta una revisión de literatura que describe y analiza los principales genes de resistencia a antibióticos presentes en bacilos gram negativos, su origen, evolución y diseminación a microorganismos mediante la transferencia horizontal de genes; justificando la importancia de realizar una vigilancia epidemiológica del tránsito de clones con diferentes perfiles de resistencia y principales enzimas. Conclusiones: El seguimiento de la resistencia antimicrobiana desde el punto de vista de la epidemiología molecular forma parte transcendental de la vigilancia antibiótica como lo recomienda la Organización Mundial de la Salud; pues representa el futuro del monitoreo de la resistencia.

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance is a serious public health problem that is increasing. Among the most important factors related to the spread of multi-resistant bacteria are the inappropriate use of antibiotics and the insufficient implementation of prevention and control measures. Additionally, bacteria have the ability to mutate or create mechanisms for transfer of resistance genes via plasmids, transposons and integrons. Materials and methods: A critical review of the literature on major resistance genes in Gram negative bacteria and its impact on public health was conducted. Data have been collected from Medline, Embase, Lilacs, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SciELO, the Cochrane Library and Lilacs. Results: A review of literature that describes and analyzes the main antibiotic resistance genes present in gram-negative bacilli is presented, as well as their origin, evolution, and subsequent spread to hundreds of species of microorganisms by Horizontal gene transfer which justifies the importance of conducting an epidemiological surveillance on transit of clones with different resistance profiles and major enzymes. Conclusions: The control of antimicrobial resistance from the point of view of molecular epidemiology is part of the antibiotic surveillance control as recommended by the World Health Organization; as it represents the future of the surveillance of resistance.

Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina en estudiantes de Bacteriología y Laboratorio Clinico / Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from students of Bacteriology and Clinical Laboratory

Introducción. En las últimas décadas se ha observado un aumento significativo de los porta-dores de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina (SARM), que ha generado un gran interés por el problema que se presenta en la salud pública; cada vez son más escasas las alternativas terapéuticas con las que se cuenta. Objetivo. Este estudio tuvo como propósito la búsqueda de aislamientos de S. aureus resis-tentes a la meticilina en estudiantes de práctica clínica de Bacteriología y Laboratorio Clínico, y los factores de asociación de importancia como: sexo, edad, lavado de manos, hospitali-zaciones en el último mes, heridas y vendajes de los estudiantes con el estado de portador nasal de SARM. Métodos. Se analizaron 51 muestras de fosas nasales; el aislamiento y la identificación se hicieron siguiendo métodos microbiológicos convencionales como coagulasa, fermentación del manitol y ADNasa y se hizo el antibiograma siguiendo los estándares del Clinical and La-boratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Resultados. De las 51 muestras se obtuvieron 16 aislamientos de S. aureus correspondientes al 31.3 % de estos aislamientos, 8 correspondieron a SARM En la exploración de factores asociados no se encontró significancia estadística en ninguna de las variables evaluadas. Conclusión. Los hallazgos y situaciones planteadas indican una posible circulación de SARM entre los estudiantes de bacteriología, y el riesgo de ser portadores, diseminadores o ambos.

Introduction. In recent decades, a signifcant rise in Staphylococcus aureus carriers who are methillicin resistant (MRSA) has been noted. This in turn has generated a large interest due to the fact that this creates a problem for public health. Therapeutic alternatives are beco-ming less common every day. Objective. The purpose of this study was to search for isolated Staphylococcus aureus that are methicillin resistant in Bacteriology and Clinical Laboratory students carrying out their clinical practice. It also examined the factors associated with this condition, of students who carry the nasal MRSA, such as; sex, age, hand washing, hospitalisation in the last month, injuries and bandages. Methods. 51 samples of nasal cavities were analysed. The isolation and the identification were carried out following conventional microbiological methods such as coagulase, man-nitol fermentation and DNAse. The antibiogram was done following the standards from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Results. From 51 samples, 16 isolations of Staphylococcus aureus were found which co-rresponded to 31.3%. Of the 16 isolations, 8 corresponded to MRSA. In the research of the factors associated, no significant statistic was found in any of the variables studied. Conclusion. The findings and different situations suggest a possible circulation of MRSA among Bacteriology students. It is also indicated that they may be carriers, disseminators or both.

Clinical applications of scintigraphy in small animals in Buenos Aires, Argentina / Indicaciones y aplicaciones clínicas de la centellografía realizada en pequeños animales en Buenos Aires, Argentina / Indicações e aplicações clínicas da cintilografia de pequenos animais realizada em Buenos Aires, Argentina

Scintigraphy (CGF) is a diagnostic imaging tool utilizing specific radiopharmaceuticals to assess the anatomical and functional status for each organ or tissue. This technology allows the veterinarian to anticipate, supplement or complete the diagnosis, and also to monitor the treatment. Unfortunately, this diagnostic method is little known, and its lack of dissemination among clinical veterinarians prevents its optimal use. In order to understand the benefits of CGF as an effective imaging tool in the city of Buenos Aires during the years 2004-2006, we analyzed the studies that utilized CGF in canine and cats during this period. From a total of 142 studies, it was found that 38.6% of the assessments corresponded to thyroid disorders, while 61.4% of the remaining studies that involved CGF included, in descending order, pathologies associated with liver, bone, kidneys, parathyroid gland and lungs. The main findings in this paper highlight the use of CGF in the diagnosis of functional thyroid carcinoma followed by portosystemic shunt, bone neoplasms, evaluation of individual kidney function, parathyroid hyperplasia, parathyroid adenoma and pulmonary embolism.

La centellografía (CGF) es una ayuda diagnóstica a través de imágenes, que permite evaluar el estado anatómico-funcional por medio del empleo de radiofármacos específicos para cada órgano o tejido en los animales de compañía, permitiendo anticipar, complementar o concluir un diagnóstico, al igual que permite hacer el seguimiento al tratamiento instaurado. Lamentablemente es un método diagnóstico muy poco conocido y difundido entre los clínicos veterinarios, llegando a omitirse su realización. Con el propósito de conocer los diferentes tipos de estudios, aportes e indicaciones que se obtuvieron mediante el uso de la cámara gamma en la ciudad de Buenos Aires durante los años 2004-2006, se analizaron los informes de los estudios CGF que fueron realizados a caninos y felinos durante este periodo. Al finalizar el estudio se logro determinar que el 38.6% del total de los 142 estudios correspondía a evaluaciones de la glándula tiroides, mientras el 61.37% estaba constituido por cinco diferentes estudios entre los que se mencionan en orden decreciente, CGF hepática, ósea, renal, paratiroidea y pulmonar. Las principales indicaciones encontradas en el presente trabajo se destacó el diagnóstico de carcinoma de glándula tiroides funcional seguido por el shunt porto sistémico, neoplasias de tejido óseo, evaluación de la función renal individual, hiperplasia paratiroidea, adenoma paratiroides y embolismo pulmonar.

A cintilografia (CGF) é um auxílio diagnóstico através de imagens, que avalia o estado anatômico e funcional através do uso de radiofármacos específicos para cada órgão ou tecido em animais domésticos, permitindo antecipar, complementar ou completar o diagnóstico, Também permite monitorar o tratamento iniciado. Infelizmente é um método de diagnóstico pouco conhecido e divulgado entre os clínicos veterinários. Com o propósito de compreender os diferentes tipos de estudos, aportes e indicações que foram realizados utilizando-se uma câmara gamma, na cidade de Buenos Aires, durante o período de 2004-2006. Foram analisados os informes dos estudos de CGF que foram conduzidos para cães e gatos durante este período. No final do estudo foi determinado que o 38,6% do total de 142 estudos correspondem às avaliações da glândula tireóide, enquanto que 61,37% era composto por cinco diferentes estudos entre os listados em ordem decrescente, fígado, ósseo, renal , paratireóide e pulmão. As principais indicações encontrados neste trabalho destacaram o diagnóstico de carcinoma da tiróide funcional, seguido pelo shunt sistêmico, neoplasias ósseas, da função renal individual, hiperplasia da paratireóide, adenoma da paratireóide e embolia pulmonar.