Robotic surgery in the management of complex pelvic endometriosis.

INTRODUCTION: Endometriosis consists in the proliferation of endometrial tissue outside of the uterine cavity, predominantly in the ovaries but also in the urinary bladder or bowel. About 10% of fertile women are affected and the main symptoms are pain, menstrual disorders and infertility. Surgery is the treatment option for those symptomatic patients in which medical treatment had no success. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We report on a case of a 43 - years - old patient without urologic personal history submitted to our office because of a grade - III right - hydronephrosis. The patient, with an endometriosis diagnosis since years, presents chronic pelvic pain with the daily necessity of strong opioids intake. CT scan revealed several endometriosis implants in the uterine wall and rectum that caused right ureteral entrapment. Renography revealed a 24% function in the right kidney. After right nephrostomy a multidisciplinary committee decided surgical intervention. With robotic approach, we performed an hysterectomy with right salpingo - oophorectomy; release, resection and right ureteral reimplantation; anterior resection of the rectum and protective ileostomy. Vaginal extraction of the specimen. In this video we show the key steps of the procedure. RESULTS: Total operative time: 330 minutes. Total bleeding: 250 cc. Nephrostomy removal: 4 th day. Urethral catheter removal: 5 th day. Patient was discharged in the 7 th day. Ureteral JJ - stent removal: 30 th day. CT urography reveals a permeable ureteral tract with no urine leakage. Renography shows a progressive improvement of the kidney function. CONCLUSIONS: Robotic surgery allows a correct handling of endometriosis, mainly in complex cases. It is a safe and reproducible technique with correct outcomes in selected patients. A multidisciplinary team is required.

[Hyponatremia as a presenting sign of metastatic disease in muscle invasive bladder cancer.] / Hiponatremia como signo de presentación de enfermedad metastásica en el cáncer vesical musculo infiltrante (CVMI).

OBJECTIVE: Bladder cancer is a commonly diagnosed malignancy in Europe, being 30% muscle-invasive at diagnosis. In these patients, metastases can develop both at diagnosis and after progression. Metastatic disease can manifest in a number of different ways, even as hydroelectrolytic alterations. In this work, we go through the causes of hyponatremia in patients suffering from bladder cancer and its relationship with disseminated disease. METHOD: We present two cases of patients with muscleinvasive bladder cancer with a common electrolytic misbalance, hyponatremia. RESULTS: As a result of the study, bone and cerebral metastases were revealed. CONCLUSIONS: The electrolytic alterations in the oncologic patient can have several causes: chemotherapy, urinary diversion, pain, or even to the tumor itself or its metastases. It is necessary to conduct an exhaustive study in order to discard the most important causes of hyponatremia and be able to decide an appropriate treatment.

Hiponatremia como signo de presentación de enfermedad metastásica en el cáncer vesical musculo infiltrante (CVMI) / Hyponatremia as a presenting sign of metastatic disease in muscle invasive bladder cancer

OBJETIVO: El carcinoma vesical es una neoplasia de frecuente diagnóstico en Europa, siendo en un 30% de los casos musculo-infiltrante al diagnóstico. En estos pacientes la enfermedad metastásica puede presentarse al diagnóstico o con la progresión de la enfermedad. La presencia de metástasis puede manifestarse de diversas formas, incluso como alteraciones analíticas. En este trabajo realizamos un repaso de las causas de hiponatremia en los pacientes con carcinoma vesical y su relación con la enfermedad diseminada. MÉTODO: Presentamos 2 casos clínicos de pacientes con un carcinoma vesical infiltrante y con una alteración analítica en común, la hiponatremia. RESULTADO: A raíz del estudio de la hiponatremia, se evidencia la presencia de metástasis. CONCLUSIONES: Las alteraciones electrolíticas en el paciente oncológico pueden ser de causas diversas: tipo de derivación urinaria, quimioterápicos, dolor, o incluso la propia neoplasia ó sus metástasis. Se debe seguir un estudio exhaustivo para descartar las causas más importantes y poder realizar un correcto tratamiento de estos pacientes

OBJECTIVE: Bladder cancer is a commonly diagnosed malignancy in Europe, being 30% muscle-invasive at diagnosis. In these patients, metastases can develop both at diagnosis and after progression. Metastatic disease can manifest in a number of different ways, even as hydroelectrolytic alterations. In this work, we go through the causes of hyponatremia in patients suffering from bladder cancer and its relationship with disseminated disease. METHOD: We present two cases of patients with muscleinvasive bladder cancer with a common electrolytic misbalance, hyponatremia. RESULTS: As a result of the study, bone and cerebral metastases were revealed. CONCLUSIONS:The electrolytic alterations in the oncologic patient can have several causes: chemotherapy, urinary diversion, pain, or even to the tumor itself or its metastases. It is necessary to conduct an exhaustive study in order to discard the most important causes of hyponatremia and be able to decide an appropriate treatment

[Experience with third, fourth and fifth kidney transplants and their complications.] / Experiencia en terceros, cuartos y quintos trasplantes renales y sus complicaciones.

OBJECTIVES: Kidney transplant may be a good choice to treat chronic renal failure even in patients with two or more previous renal grafts. However, there might be several surgical complications and other difficulties we have to deal with. The aim of this report is to analyze the third, fourth and fifth transplants performed in our center focusing on the surgical complications and graft and patient survivals. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of the 73 third, fourth and fifth kidney transplants performed in our center between February 1975 and December 2015. Statistical analysis has been performed with IBM SPSS 23.0 software. RESULTS: 62 patients received a third graft, 10 received a fourth one and one patient received a fifth graft. The median age of the recipients was 48 years, while for donors it was 50. Median cold ischemia time was 21 hours. Transplantectomy was not necessary in 49.31% of the cases. In 59.7% of the cases the graft vessels were anastomosed to the external iliac vessels. There were 21 cases of relevant postoperative complications (27.4% of the total grafts). Vascular thrombosis appeared in 5.5%. After 49 months of follow-up, the 1-, 3-, and 5-year graft survival were 64.3%, 56.16% and 50.69%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A new renal transplant in patients with two or more previous grafts is feasible, being necessary to individualize the cases. In spite of being more complex operations than previous transplants with a higher complication rate, we can obtain both acceptable graft and patient survival outcomes with an appropriate approach.

Experiencia en terceros, cuartos y quintos trasplantes renales y sus complicaciones / Experience with third, fourth and fifth kidney transplants and their complications

Objetivos: El trasplante renal puede ser una buena opción terapéutica en la insuficiencia renal terminal, incluso en los pacientes con dos o más injertos previos. Sin embargo, pueden existir una serie de dificultades y complicaciones quirúrgicas a las cuales el equipo de trasplante debe enfrentarse. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar los terceros, cuartos y quintos trasplantes realizados en el Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla (HUMV) analizando las dificultades quirúrgicas, sus complicaciones y la supervivencia de injertos y pacientes. Método: Revisión retrospectiva desde Febrero de 1975 hasta Diciembre de 2015 que incluye 73 trasplantes (3º,4º y 5º) realizados en el HUMV. El estudio estadístico ha sido realizado con el programa informático IBM SPSS versión 23.0. Resultados: 62 pacientes han recibido un tercer trasplante, 10 de ellos posteriormente han recibido un cuarto y 1 única paciente ha recibido un quinto. La mediana de edad de los receptores fue 48 años y la de los donantes 50. La mediana de isquemia fría fue de 21 horas. No fue necesaria la trasplantectomía de los injertos previos en un 49,31 % de los casos. En un 59,7% de los casos se pudieron anastomosar los vasos del injerto a los vasos iliacos externos del receptor. Se registraron un 27,4% de complicaciones postquirúrgicas relevantes, con un 5,5% de trombosis en los vasos de los injertos. Tras una mediana de seguimiento global de 49 meses la supervivencia del injerto a 1, 3 y 5 años fue del 64,3%, 56,16% y 50,69% respectivamente. Conclusión: A pesar de ser necesario individualizar los casos, un nuevo trasplante en pacientes con dos o más injertos renales previos, sigue siendo una opción terapéutica a considerar. Aunque pueden ser cirugías complejas y de alto riesgo de complicaciones, con un manejo óptimo y cirujanos expertos se pueden obtener cifras de supervivencia de injerto aceptables (AU)

Objectives: Kidney transplant may be a good choice to treat chronic renal failure even in patients with two or more previous renal grafts. However, there might be several surgical complications and other difficulties we have to deal with. The aim of this report is to analyze the third, fourth and fifth transplants performed in our center focusing on the surgical complications and graft and patient survivals. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of the 73 third, fourth and fifth kidney transplants performed in our center between February 1975 and December 2015. Statistical analysis has been performed with IBM SPSS 23.0 software. Results: 62 patients received a third graft, 10 received a fourth one and one patient received a fifth graft. The median age of the recipients was 48 years, while for donors it was 50. Median cold ischemia time was 21 hours. Transplantectomy was not necessary in 49.31% of the cases. In 59.7% of the cases the graft vessels were anastomosed to the external iliac vessels. There were 21 cases of relevant postoperative complications (27.4% of the total grafts). Vascular thrombosis appea-red in 5.5%. After 49 months of follow-up, the 1-, 3-, and 5-year graft survival were 64.3%, 56.16% and 50.69%, respectively. Conclusions: A new renal transplant in patients with two or more previous grafts is feasible, being necessary to individualize the cases. In spite of being more complex operations than previous transplants with a higher complication rate, we can obtain both acceptable graft and patient survival outcomes with an appropriate approach (AU)

[Complications of radical prostatectomy.] / Complicaciones de la prostatectomía radical.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this article is to classify and describe the different types of complications of radical prostatectomy, their frequency of appearance, as well as the different factors that may influence their development. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was carried out, based on the search of published articles between 2002 and 2015. RESULTS: Laparoscopic or robotic radical prostatectomy may require conversion into open surgery, and these cases are significantly associated with longer hospital stay and greater rate of complications. Vascular damage comprises from injuries to small and medium caliber vessels (Santorini plexus or epigastric vessels) to possible lesions of large vessels (iliac), although they are infrequent. The most common nerve injury is that of the obturator nerve, which can be treated in the case of a complete section, and in incomplete lesions, damage is usually reversible. Intestinal injury is one of the most serious complications because it could be lifethreatening. Rectal injury is a complication that needs a correct diagnosis and intraoperative treatment, since it may lead to the development of a secondary rectourethral fistula. Such fistulae in most cases require surgical treatment. Lymphocele is a characteristic complication of radical prostatectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy, requiring treatment only in cases of complication. Anastomotic leakage is a frequent complication, and a prognostic factor for the later development of anastomosis stricture. Some of the factors that seem to influence the development of complications are associated comorbidity, anatomical factors, surgical approach and surgical experience, among others. CONCLUSIONS: It is crucial to know the potential complications of radical prostatectomy, as well as the associated risk factors, in order to avoid their appearance.

Complicaciones de la prostatectomía radical / Complications of radical prostatectomy

OBJETIVOS: Clasificar y describir los distintos tipos de complicaciones asociadas a la prostatectomía radical, determinar su frecuencia de aparición, así como los diferentes factores que pueden influir en su desarrollo. MÉTODOS: Se ha realizado una revisión sistemática de la literatura, basada en la búsqueda de artículos publicados entre los años 2002 a 2015. Resultdos: La prostatectomía radical laparoscópica o robótica puede necesitar una conversión en cirugía abierta, y estos casos se asocian significativamente a mayor estancia hospitalaria y mayor tasa de complicaciones. Los daños vasculares comprenden desde lesiones en vasos de pequeño y mediano calibre (plexo de Santorini o vasos epigástricos) hasta posibles lesiones de grandes vasos (ilíacos), aunque son poco frecuentes. La lesión nerviosa más común es la del nervio obturador, que puede suturarse en caso de sección completa, mientras que en lesiones incompletas los daños son generalmente reversibles. La lesión intestinal es una de las complicaciones más graves, ya que ponen en riesgo el pronóstico vital del paciente. Por otro lado, la lesión rectal es una complicación que precisa de un correcto diagnóstico y tratamiento intraoperatorio, ya que puede desembocar en el desarrollo de una fístula recto-uretral o fístula recto-vesical secundaria. Dicha fístula en la mayoría de los casos requiere un tratamiento quirúrgico. El linfocele es una complicación característica de la prostatectomía radical con linfadenectomía pélvica, precisando tratamiento únicamente en casos de complicación. La fuga anastomótica es una complicación precoz frecuente, y de gravedad variable según los casos, además de ser un factor pronóstico para el desarrollo posterior de estenosis de la anastomosis. Algunos de los factores que parecen influir en el desarrollo de complicaciones son, entre otros, comorbilidad asociada, factores anatómicos, vía de abordaje y experiencia quirúrgica. CONCLUSIONES: Resulta fundamental un correcto conocimiento de las complicaciones asociadas a la prostatectomía radical, así como de los factores de riesgo relacionados, a fin de prevenir su aparición

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this article is to classify and describe the different types of complications of radical prostatectomy, their frequency of appearance, as well as the different factors that may influence their development. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was carried out, based on the search of published articles between 2002 and 2015. RESULTS: Laparoscopic or robotic radical prostatectomy may require conversion into open surgery, and these cases are significantly associated with longer hospital stay and greater rate of complications. Vascular damage comprises from injuries to small and medium caliber vessels (Santorini plexus or epigastric vessels) to possible lesions of large vessels (iliac), although they are infrequent. The most common nerve injury is that of the obturator nerve, which can be treated in the case of a complete section, and in incomplete lesions, damage is usually reversible. Intestinal injury is one of the most serious complications because it could be life-threatening. Rectal injury is a complication that needs a correct diagnosis and intraoperative treatment, since it may lead to the development of a secondary recto-urethral fistula. Such fistulae in most cases require surgical treatment. Lymphocele is a characteristic complication of radical prostatectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy, requiring treatment only in cases of complication. Anastomotic leakage is a frequent complication, and a prognostic factor for the later development of anastomosis stricture. Some of the factors that seem to influence the development of complications are associated comorbidity, anatomical factors, surgical approach and surgical experience, among others. CONCLUSIONS: It is crucial to know the potential complications of radical prostatectomy, as well as the associated risk factors, in order to avoid their appearance

Focal cryotherapy: step by step technique description.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Focal cryotherapy emerged as an efficient option to treat favorable and localized prostate cancer (PCa). The purpose of this video is to describe the procedure step by step. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We present the case of a 68 year-old man with localized PCa in the anterior aspect of the prostate. RESULTS: The procedure is performed under general anesthesia, with the patient in lithotomy position. Briefly, the equipament utilized includes the cryotherapy console coupled with an ultrasound system, argon and helium gas bottles, cryoprobes, temperature probes and an urethral warming catheter. The procedure starts with a real-time trans-rectal prostate ultrasound, which is used to outline the prostate, the urethra and the rectal wall. The cryoprobes are pretested and placed in to the prostate through the perineum, following a grid template, along with the temperature sensors under ultrasound guidance. A cystoscopy confirms the right positioning of the needles and the urethral warming catheter is installed. Thereafter, the freeze sequence with argon gas is started, achieving extremely low temperatures (-40ºC) to induce tumor cell lysis. Sequentially, the thawing cycle is performed using helium gas. This process is repeated one time. Results among several series showed a biochemical disease-free survival between 71-93% at 9-70 month- follow-up, incontinence rates between 0-3.6% and erectile dysfunction between 0-42% (1-5). CONCLUSIONS: Focal cryotherapy is a feasible procedure to treat anterior PCa that may offer minimal morbidity, allowing good cancer control and better functional outcomes when compared to whole-gland treatment.