ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: We describe the first case of a pediatric patient with acute intermittent porphyria and severe chronic porphyric neuropathy treated with givosiran, a small-interfering RNA that drastically decreases delta-aminolevulinic acid production and reduces porphyric attacks' recurrence. CASE REPORT: A 12-year-old male patient with refractory acute intermittent porphyria and severe porphyric neuropathy was followed prospectively for 12 months after givosiran initiation (subcutaneous, 2.5 mg/kg monthly). Serial neurological, structural, and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluations were performed, including clinical scales and neurophysiological tests. Delta-aminolevulinic acid urinary levels dropped drastically during treatment. In parallel, all the administered neurological rating scales and neurophysiological assessments showed improvement in all domains. Moreover, an improvement in central motor conduction parameters and resting-state functional connectivity in the sensory-motor network was noticed. At the end of the follow-up, the patient could walk unaided after using a wheelchair for 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: A clear beneficial effect of givosiran was demonstrated in our patient with both clinical and peripheral nerve neurophysiologic outcome measures. Moreover, we first reported a potential role of givosiran in recovering central motor network impairment in acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), which was previously unknown. This study provides Class IV evidence that givosiran improves chronic porphyric neuropathy.
Subject(s)
Acetylgalactosamine/analogs & derivatives , Porphyria, Acute Intermittent , Humans , Male , Porphyria, Acute Intermittent/drug therapy , Child , Acetylgalactosamine/therapeutic use , Aminolevulinic Acid/analogs & derivatives , Aminolevulinic Acid/urine , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Pyrrolidines/therapeutic use , Uridine/analogs & derivatives , Uridine/therapeutic use , Uridine/administration & dosage , Recovery of Function , Chronic Disease , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Objetivos Evaluar la influencia del tratamiento de los puntos gatillo miofasciales (PGM) en el balance motor y en la autonomía funcional en pacientes con ictus isquémico agudo. Participantes y métodos Se incluyeron 22 pacientes con ictus isquémico de menos de cinco días de evolución, con paresia braquial y/o crural en un estudio piloto, aleatorizado, a doble ciego, de tratamiento experimental vs. control. Durante la hospitalización, ambos grupos recibieron la fisioterapia. Adicionalmente, al grupo experimental (GE) se le trataron los PGM detectados en hombro y cadera paréticos y al grupo control (GC) se le aplicó un tratamiento sin efectos sobre los PGM. Fueron registrados al alta y a los 90 días postictus el grado fuerza de las extremidades paréticas mediante la National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, y el grado de autonomía funcional mediante la escala de Rankin modificada. Resultados Se detectó una mejoría tanto en la fuerza de las extremidades paréticas (probabilidad al alta de un mejor balance motor del 75,6% en la extremidad superior y del 69% en la extremidad inferior), como en la autonomía funcional (probabilidad de una mejor funcionalidad del 68%) en el GE comparado con el GC. Estos resultados no se mantuvieron a los 90 días de seguimiento. Conclusiones El tratamiento de los PGM como complemento al tratamiento de fisioterapia durante el ingreso hospitalario parece mejorar el balance motor y el grado de autonomía funcional al alta. Son necesarios futuros estudios que permitan confirmar nuestros resultados y evaluar el beneficio de una intervención más allá del ingreso hospitalario (AU)
Objectives To assess the influence of treatment of MTrPs on motor balance and functional autonomy in patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Patients and methods 22 patients with ischaemic stroke of less than 5 days evolution, with brachial and / or leg paresis were included in a randomized, double-blind, pilot study of experimental versus control treatment. During hospitalization, both groups received physiotherapy. In addition, the MTrPs detected in the paretic shoulder and hip were treated in the experimental group (EG). In contrast, the control group (CG) were given treatment without effects on the MTrPs. At the time of hospital discharge and 90 days post-stroke, we recorded the degree of strength of the paretic limbs using the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, and the degree of functional autonomy using the modified Rankin Scale. Results We detected an improvement both in the strength of the paretic limbs (probability at discharge of a better motor balance of 75.6% in the upper limb and 69% in the lower limb) and in functional autonomy (68% probability of better functionality) in the EG compared to the CG. These results were not maintained at 90 days of follow-up. Conclusions Treatment of MTrPs as a complement to physiotherapy treatment during hospital admission seems to improve the degree of strength of paretic limbs and the degree of functional autonomy at hospital discharge. Future studies are necessary to confirm our results and evaluate the benefit of an intervention beyond hospital admission (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Stroke Rehabilitation/methods , Trigger Points , Physical Functional Performance , Musculoskeletal Manipulations , Pilot Projects , Double-Blind Method , Acute Disease , Case-Control Studies , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is critical for tumor progression. However, the establishment and function of the TME remain obscure because of its complex cellular composition. Using a mouse genetic system called mosaic analysis with double markers (MADMs), we delineated TME evolution at single-cell resolution in sonic hedgehog (SHH)-activated medulloblastomas that originate from unipotent granule neuron progenitors in the brain. First, we found that astrocytes within the TME (TuAstrocytes) were trans-differentiated from tumor granule neuron precursors (GNPs), which normally never differentiate into astrocytes. Second, we identified that TME-derived IGF1 promotes tumor progression. Third, we uncovered that insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is produced by tumor-associated microglia in response to interleukin-4 (IL-4) stimulation. Finally, we found that IL-4 is secreted by TuAstrocytes. Collectively, our studies reveal an evolutionary process that produces a multi-lateral network within the TME of medulloblastoma: a fraction of tumor cells trans-differentiate into TuAstrocytes, which, in turn, produce IL-4 that stimulates microglia to produce IGF1 to promote tumor progression.
Subject(s)
Astrocytes/metabolism , Carcinogenesis/metabolism , Cell Transdifferentiation , Cerebellar Neoplasms/metabolism , Medulloblastoma/metabolism , Paracrine Communication , Animals , Cell Lineage , Cerebellar Neoplasms/pathology , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Hedgehog Proteins/metabolism , Heterografts , Humans , Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/genetics , Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism , Interleukin-4/genetics , Interleukin-4/metabolism , Male , Medulloblastoma/pathology , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Neurons/metabolism , Tumor MicroenvironmentABSTRACT
Aging is accompanied by altered intercellular communication, deregulated metabolic function, and inflammation. Interventions that restore a youthful state delay or reverse these processes, prompting the search for systemic regulators of metabolic and immune homeostasis. Here we identify MANF, a secreted stress-response protein with immune modulatory properties, as an evolutionarily conserved regulator of systemic and in particular liver metabolic homeostasis. We show that MANF levels decline with age in flies, mice and humans, and MANF overexpression extends lifespan in flies. MANF deficient flies exhibit enhanced inflammation and shorter lifespans, and MANF heterozygous mice exhibit inflammatory phenotypes in various tissues, as well as progressive liver damage, fibrosis, and steatosis. We show that immune cell-derived MANF protects against liver inflammation and fibrosis, while hepatocyte-derived MANF prevents hepatosteatosis. Liver rejuvenation by heterochronic parabiosis in mice further depends on MANF, while MANF supplementation ameliorates several hallmarks of liver aging, prevents hepatosteatosis induced by diet, and improves age-related metabolic dysfunction. Our findings identify MANF as a systemic regulator of homeostasis in young animals, suggesting a therapeutic application for MANF in age-related metabolic diseases.
Subject(s)
Homeostasis , Immune System/physiology , Nerve Growth Factors/physiology , Animals , Drosophila/physiology , Humans , MiceABSTRACT
Rhodococcus equi is a gram-positive coccobacillus responsible for severe infections in patients with weakened immune systems. R equi generally causes pnumonia that may evolve into fatal systemic infection if left untreated. Here, we present a case of a 67-year-old woman affected by acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) who developed R equi pneumonia 7 months after kidney transplantation. Although clinical features at presentation were nonspecific, lung computed tomography showed right perihilar consolidation with a mass-like appearance causing bronchial obstruction. Appropriate antibiotic including intravenous meropenem and oral azithromycin that was then switched to oral levofloxacin and oral azithromycin along with reduction of immunosuppressive therapy resolved pneumonia without provoking an acute attack of porphyria. AIP limited the choice of antibiotics for the treatment of R equi infection because some potentially porphyrinogenic antibacterial agents were avoided. Based on this experience, azithromycin and meropenem can be safely administered for the treatment of R Equi infection in patients with AIP.
Subject(s)
Actinomycetales Infections/drug therapy , Actinomycetales Infections/immunology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Kidney Transplantation , Porphyria, Acute Intermittent/complications , Actinomycetales Infections/complications , Aged , Azithromycin/therapeutic use , Drug Therapy, Combination , Female , Humans , Immunocompromised Host , Kidney Transplantation/adverse effects , Levofloxacin/therapeutic use , Meropenem/therapeutic use , Pneumonia, Bacterial/immunology , Pneumonia, Bacterial/microbiology , Rhodococcus equi , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Transplant RecipientsABSTRACT
In the context of global change, symbiotic cnidarians are largely affected by seawater temperature elevation leading to symbiosis breakdown. This process, also called bleaching, is triggered by the dysfunction of the symbiont photosystems causing an oxidative stress and cell death to both symbiont and host cells. In our study, we wanted to elucidate the intrinsic capacity of isolated animal cells to deal with thermal stress in the absence of symbiont. In that aim, we have characterized an animal primary cell culture form regenerating tentacles of the temperate sea anemone Anemonia viridis. We first compared the potential of whole tissue tentacle or separated epidermal or gastrodermal monolayers as tissue sources to settle animal cell cultures. Interestingly, only isolated cells extracted from whole tentacles allowed establishing a viable and proliferative primary cell culture throughout 31 days. The analysis of the expression of tissue-specific and pluripotency markers defined cultivated cells as differentiated cells with gastrodermal origin. The characterization of the animal primary cell culture allowed us to submit the obtained gastrodermal cells to hyperthermal stress (+ 5 and + 8 °C) during 1 and 7 days. Though cell viability was not affected at both hyperthermal stress conditions, cell growth drastically decreased. In addition, only a + 8 °C hyperthermia induced a transient increase of antioxidant defences at 1 day but no ubiquitin or carbonylation protein damages. These results demonstrated an intrinsic resistance of cnidarian gastrodermal cells to hyperthermal stress and then confirmed the role of symbionts in the hyperthermia sensitivity leading to bleaching.
Subject(s)
Primary Cell Culture/methods , Sea Anemones/cytology , Animals , Cell Proliferation/physiology , Hot Temperature , Sea Anemones/physiology , Stress, PhysiologicalABSTRACT
El láser como alternativa a la cirugía abierta de la vía aérea superior ha venido a modificar la forma de abordaje de las patologías en esta área, pero no deja de ser un procedimiento costoso que no está al alcance de todos los servicios. Por este motivo se han reinventado nuevas formas de abordaje que cumplan los mismos requisitos tanto de la cirugía abierta como con láser pero con un menor coste. Presentamos una serie de 30 casos realizados en un período de 6 años por motivos tanto tumorales como no, en los que se realizaron abordajes cerrados a través de microcirugía con disección mediante microelectrodos. Obteniendo pocas complicaciones y una disminución de la estancia hospitalaria significativa. Con lo cual nos parece una técnica eficiente para abordajes de este tipo.
The laser as an alternative to open surgery of the upper airway has come to change the form of approaching the disease in this area, but it is still an expensive procedure that is not available to all services. For this reason a new ways of approach to meet the same requirements both open as laser but at a lower cost surgery. We present a series of 30 cases performed over a period of 6 years for reasons as much tumor, which closed approaches through microsurgical dissection were performed using microelectrodes. Obtaining few complications and significant decreased hospital stay. Our considerations is it seems an efficient technique for such approaches.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Laryngeal Diseases/surgery , Electrosurgery/methods , Laryngectomy/methods , Microsurgery/methods , Laryngeal Neoplasms/surgery , Microdissection , ElectrodesABSTRACT
Mosaic Analysis with Double Markers (MADM) is a mouse genetic system that allows simultaneous gene knockout and fluorescent labeling of sparse, clonally-related cells within an otherwise normal mouse, thereby circumventing embryonic lethality problems and providing single-cell resolution for phenotypic analysis in vivo. The clonal efficiency of MADM is intrinsically low because it relies on Cre/loxP-mediated mitotic recombination between two homologous chromosomes rather than within the same chromosome, as in the case of conditional knockout (CKO). Although sparse labeling enhances in vivo resolution, the original MADM labels too few or even no cells when a low-expressing Cre transgene is used or a small population of cells is studied. Recently, we described the usage of a new system, MADM-ML, which contains three mutually exclusive, self-recognizing loxP variant sites as opposed to a single loxP site present in the original MADM system (referred to as MADM-SL in this paper). Here we carefully compared the recombination efficiency between MADM-SL and MADM-ML using the same Cre transgene, and found that the new system labels significantly more cells than the original system does. When we established mouse medulloblastoma models with both the original and the new MADM systems, we found that, while the MADM-SL model suffered from varied tumor progression and incomplete penetrance, the MADM-ML model had consistent tumor progression and full penetrance of tumor formation. Therefore MADM-ML, with its higher recombination efficiency, will broaden the applicability of MADM for studying many biological questions including normal development and disease modeling at cellular resolution in vivo.
Subject(s)
Gene Knockout Techniques/methods , Mosaicism , Animals , Chromatids/genetics , Clone Cells/cytology , Clone Cells/metabolism , Clone Cells/pathology , Disease Progression , Genetic Markers/genetics , Integrases/metabolism , Medulloblastoma/genetics , Medulloblastoma/pathology , Mice , Recombination, Genetic , Transgenes/geneticsABSTRACT
Transcriptional profiling is a powerful approach for understanding development and disease. Current cell type-specific RNA purification methods have limitations, including cell dissociation trauma or inability to identify all RNA species. Here, we describe "mouse thiouracil (TU) tagging," a genetic and chemical intersectional method for covalent labeling and purification of cell type-specific RNA in vivo. Cre-induced expression of uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (UPRT) provides spatial specificity; injection of 4-thiouracil (4TU) provides temporal specificity. Only UPRT(+) cells exposed to 4TU produce thio-RNA, which is then purified for RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). This method can purify transcripts from spatially complex and rare (<5%) cells, such as Tie2:Cre(+) brain endothelia/microglia (76% validated by expression pattern), or temporally dynamic transcripts, such as those acutely induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. Moreover, generating chimeric mice via UPRT(+) bone marrow transplants identifies immune versus niche spleen RNA. TU tagging provides a novel method for identifying actively transcribed genes in specific cells at specific times within intact mice.
Subject(s)
Molecular Biology/methods , RNA/isolation & purification , Staining and Labeling/methods , Thiouracil/metabolism , Animals , Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism , Bone Marrow Transplantation , Brain/embryology , Brain/metabolism , Chimera , Gene Expression Profiling , Mice , Transgenes/geneticsABSTRACT
El Fibromixoma Odontogénico es una variante del Mixoma Odontogénico. Se describe como una lesión intraósea agresiva derivada del tejido conjuntivo embrionario asociada con la odontogénesis1 constituida principalmente por grandes cantidades de tejido fibroso celular maduro. Su origen es controvertido, aparece en el esqueleto facial, afectando con mayor frecuencia a la mandíbula2. A continuación se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente de sexo femenino de 36 años de edad que presentó un aumento de volumen a nivel del ápice de diente 1.6 ,en la que se realizó un curetaje logrando la completa resección de la lesión, el resultado del informe patológico da el diagnóstico de Fibromixoma de origen Odontogénico
The Odontogenic Fibromyxoma is a variant of the Odontogenic Myxoma. It is described as an agressive intraoseous lesion that derives from the embrionary connective tissue associated with the odontogenesis, constituted by great amounts of celular mature fibrous tissue. It has a controverted origin, appears in the facial skeleton affecting more frecuently the mandible. We present a case of a 36 year old female who consulted with an increase of volume in relation to the 1.6 theet where we practiced a curetaje obtaining a complete resection of the lesion, the results of the patologic inform gives the diagnostic of odontogenic fibromyxoma
Subject(s)
Female , Fibromatosis, Gingival/diagnosis , Fibromatosis, Gingival/pathology , Mandible , Maxilla/injuries , Myxoma/diagnosis , Myxoma/pathology , DentistryABSTRACT
A new resonance-tracking (RT) method using fast frequency sweeping excitation was developed for quantitative scanning probe microscopy (SPM) imaging. This method allows quantitative imaging of elastic properties and ferroelectrical domains with nanoscale resolution at high data acquisition rates. It consists of a commercial AFM system combined with a high-frequency lock-in amplifier, a programmed function generator and a fast data acquisition card. The resonance-tracking method was applied to the atomic force acoustic microscopy (AFAM) and to the piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) modes. Plots of amplitude versus time and phase versus time for resonant spectra working with different sweeping frequencies were obtained to evaluate the response speed of the lock-in amplifier. It was proved that this resonance-tracking method allows suitable spectral acquisition at a rate of about 5 ms/pixel, which is useful for SPM imaging in a practical scanning time. In order to demonstrate the system performance, images of RT-AFAM for TiN films and RT-PFM for GeTe are shown.
Subject(s)
Image Enhancement/instrumentation , Micro-Electrical-Mechanical Systems/instrumentation , Microscopy, Acoustic/instrumentation , Microscopy, Atomic Force/instrumentation , Microscopy, Scanning Probe/instrumentation , Equipment Design , Equipment Failure AnalysisABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To assess cognitive outcomes and structural changes in the central nervous system, the latter using a novel approach to examine changes in neuronal integrity of the optic nerve, in children at 5-6½ years of age who were born small-for-gestational age (SGA) at term having shown normal umbilical artery (UA) Doppler. METHODS: We compared neuronal damage, cognitive deficits and visuospatial perception in two cohorts of infants, one born SGA (n = 40) and one born appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) (n = 39) in weight. Neuronal damage was evaluated using optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the optic nerve. Cognitive deficits were assessed with the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) test. Visuospatial perception was evaluated with Rey-Osterreich Complex Figure (ROCF) tasks. RESULTS: Children from the SGA group had a significantly thinner average retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) compared with those from the AGA group (98.2 vs 104.5 µm, P = 0.012). Children from the SGA group exhibited impaired performance in copy tasks on the ROCF (3.27 vs 3.56, P = 0.036) and a higher rate of suboptimal WPPSI test performance intelligence quotient scores (15% vs 0%; P = 0.025) compared with those from the AGA group. CONCLUSION: Term infants with normal UA Doppler born SGA are at increased risk for cognitive deficits and axonal loss in the RNFL at the age of 5-6½ years.
Subject(s)
Axons/pathology , Central Nervous System/physiopathology , Cognition Disorders/physiopathology , Optic Nerve/physiopathology , Tomography, Optical Coherence/methods , Ultrasonography, Doppler/methods , Umbilical Arteries/diagnostic imaging , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant, Small for Gestational Age , Perception , Ultrasonography, PrenatalABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with a reduction in birth size but very few studies have collated changes in neonatal anthropometry. Our aims were both to assess body composition differences by anthropometry between new-borns from smoking mothers and those from non-smoking mothers, and to show whether these differences affect proportional body mass distribution. METHODS: Caucasian mothers and their full term singleton new-borns (N=1216) were selected during 2009. A structured questionnaire was completed regarding obstetric and demographic data, as well as tobacco consumption. Women were categorized, according to their smoking habits, into a non-smoking group (never smoked or stopped smoking prior to pregnancy) and a smoking group (smoked throughout pregnancy). RESULTS: 22.1% of mothers smoked during pregnancy (median: 6 cigarettes/day, range: l-40). Smoking mothers were significantly younger than non-smoking mothers but there were no differences regarding other aspects which could affect infant weight. Infants from non-smoking mothers were heavier, longer, and body circumferences were all larger than those from smoking mothers (p<0.001), but the Ponderal Index showed no statistical differences. Skinfold thicknesses were significantly lower in new-borns from smoking mothers but these differences were less evident than those from body size. Subcutaneous fat distribution did not show statistical differences between the two groups. After gestational age, to smoke during gestation is the second main determinant of birth weight. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking during pregnancy involves a generalized reduction of most axiological parameters as a result of proportionate fetal growth impairment. In those infants born from mothers who smoked during gestation, neonatal lean body mass appears to be more affected than body fat, and distribution of subcutaneous fat is not different.
Subject(s)
Body Composition , Smoking , Adult , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Pregnancy , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate body composition differences between children that were born small (SGA) or large for gestational age (LGA) compared with their counterparts born adequate for gestational age (AGA). METHODS: Body composition was assessed in 124 healthy Caucasian children (50% girls) aged 6-10, classified according to their birth weight for gestational age as AGA, SGA and LGA. Fat mass (FM), percentage of FM, lean mass (LM), bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in the whole body and at different body regions. RESULTS: LM (adjusted for age and sex) and total BMC (adjusted for age, sex and weight) were both significantly higher in LGA children and lower in SGA when compared with those born AGA. After adjustments for height, LM and BMC differences between groups were not significant. In SGA children, truncal (P<0.05) and abdominal fatness (P<0.01) were higher when compared with both AGA and LGA children, after adjustments for age, sex and height. There were no differences in the percentage of total and central FM between children born LGA and AGA. CONCLUSIONS: During childhood, children born SGA had higher central adiposity regardless of their body size. Children born LGA seem to have a higher body size but with harmonic body composition and adequate body fat distribution. Small size for gestational age at birth could programme excess abdominal fat deposition in children, which is a major factor for the clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors defining the metabolic syndrome.
Subject(s)
Adiposity/physiology , Birth Weight/physiology , Infant, Small for Gestational Age/physiology , Absorptiometry, Photon , Anthropometry , Body Composition/physiology , Body Mass Index , Body Weight/physiology , Bone Density , Child , Extremities/anatomy & histology , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Maternal Age , Spain/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate body composition differences between children that were born small (SGA) or large for gestational age (LGA) compared with their counterparts born adequate for gestational age (AGA). Methods: Body composition was assessed in 124 healthy Caucasian children (50% girls) aged 6-10, classified according to their birth weight for gestational age as AGA, SGA and LGA. Fat mass (FM), percentage of FM, lean mass (LM), bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in the whole body and at different body regions. Results: LM (adjusted for age and sex) and total BMC (adjusted for age, sex and weight) were both significantly higher in LGA children and lower in SGA when compared with those born AGA. After adjustments for height, LM and BMC differences between groups were not significant. In SGA children, truncal (P < 0.05) and abdominal fatness (P < 0.01) were higher when compared with both AGA and LGA children, after adjustments for age, sex and height. There were no differences in the percentage of total and central FM between children born LGA and AGA. Conclusions: During childhood, children born SGA had higher central adiposity regardless of their body size. Children born LGA seem to have a higher body size but with harmonic body composition and adequate body fat distribution. Small size for gestational age at birth could programme excess abdominal fat deposition in children, which is a major factor for the clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors defining the metabolic syndrome (AU)
Objetivo: Evaluar las diferencias que existen en la composición corporal de aquellos niños que nacieron pequeños (PEG) o grandes para su edad gestacional (GEG) en comparación con los que presentaban un peso adecuado al nacer (AEG). Métodos: La composición corporal se valoró en 124 niños caucásicos (50% niñas) con edades entre 6 y 10 años, clasificados según su peso al nacer como AEG, PEG y GEG. La masa grasa (MG), el porcentaje de MG, la masa magra (MM), el contenido mineral óseo (CMO) y la densidad mineral ósea se midieron mediante absorciometría dual de rayos X (DXA) tanto globalmente como en las diferentes regiones corporales. Resultados: La MM (ajustada por edad y sexo) y el CMO (ajustado por edad, sexo y peso) fueron mayores en los GEG y menores en los PEG al compararlos con los AEG; al ajustar la MM el CMO por la altura, dichas diferencias ya no fueron significativas. En los PEG, la grasa abdominal (p < 0,01) y en el tronco (p < 0,05) eran mayores que en los AEG y que en los GEG tras ajustar por edad, sexo y altura. No existían diferencias en el porcentaje de MG total corporal y en porcentaje de grasa central entre los niños nacidos GEG y AEG. Conclusiones: Durante la infancia, los niños que nacieron PEG tenían mayor adiposidad central independientemente de su tamaño corporal. Los nacidos GEG seguían siendo grandes pero con una distribución armónica de la composición corporal y una adecuada distribución de la grasa corporal. Nacer con poco peso puede programar la grasa abdominal durante la infancia, cuyo aumento constituye uno de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular que definen el síndrome metabólico (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Body Composition , Infant, Small for Gestational Age/growth & development , Adiposity , Bone Density , Body Fat Distribution , Risk Factors , Obesity, Abdominal/epidemiologyABSTRACT
The inability to purify and culture astrocytes has long hindered studies of their function. Whereas astrocyte progenitor cells can be cultured from neonatal brain, culture of mature astrocytes from postnatal brain has not been possible. Here, we report a new method to prospectively purify astrocytes by immunopanning. These astrocytes undergo apoptosis in culture, but vascular cells and HBEGF promote their survival in serum-free culture. We found that some developing astrocytes normally undergo apoptosis in vivo and that the vast majority of astrocytes contact blood vessels, suggesting that astrocytes are matched to blood vessels by competing for vascular-derived trophic factors such as HBEGF. Compared to traditional astrocyte cultures, the gene profiles of the cultured purified postnatal astrocytes much more closely resemble those of in vivo astrocytes. Although these astrocytes strongly promote synapse formation and function, they do not secrete glutamate in response to stimulation.
Subject(s)
Astrocytes/physiology , Cell Count/methods , Cell Culture Techniques/methods , Age Factors , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Annexin A5/metabolism , Apoptosis , Astrocytes/classification , Astrocytes/drug effects , CELF Proteins , Cells, Cultured , Cerebral Cortex/cytology , Chemokines/metabolism , Culture Media, Serum-Free/pharmacology , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology , Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/metabolism , Integrin beta Chains/metabolism , Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/pharmacology , Membrane Proteins/metabolism , Mice , Neurons/physiology , Occludin , RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Receptors, Growth Factor/genetics , Receptors, Growth Factor/metabolism , Synapses/physiologySubject(s)
Esophageal Diseases/pathology , Esophagoscopy , Gastroscopy , Xanthomatosis/pathology , Humans , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Life expectancy in México has increased in the last decades with a remarkable increase in geriatric population. Acute abdominal pain (AAP) in elderly people compared with young people has different clinical presentation because of the concomitant chronic diseases, the use of medications, history of abdominal surgeries and decrease in perception of pain and immunity. OBJECTIVE: To know the cause and associated mortality of acute abdominal pain in geriatric patients who attend the emergency room. METHODS: Geriatric patients' files with acute abdominal pain admitted from January 2004 to December 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. Age, gender, presence of chronic diseases, use of medications, history of surgical procedures, definitive diagnosis causative of the symptoms and the associated mortality were recorded. RESULTS: 17 524 patients were admitted, of whom 324 (1.8%) were geriatric patients with AAP: 110 were men (36.9) and 214 were women (66%), with a mean age of 78 years (range 60 to 102 years). The most common causes of AAP were acute cholecystitis in 49 patients (15.1%), irritable bowel syndrome in 42 (12.9%), ulcerative syndrome in 40 (12.3%), intestinal obstruction in 35 (10.8%) and diverticulitis in 23 (10.8%). Nine patients died (2.7%). CONCLUSIONS: In our hospital the most common cause of AAP in geriatric patients is related to biliary disease followed by functional gastrointestinal disorder and ulcerative syndrome. Mortality is low.
