Olvido de los contenidos de histologia en alumnos de medicina / Forgetfulness of the histology curriculum in medical students

Memoria: capacidad de grabación, archivo, clasificación y recuperación posterior de información., esencial en el procesamiento de información y el aprendizaje en analogía con la computadora. Olvido: fracaso para transferir información de la memoria a corto plazo a la memoria a largo plazo o para recuperar información de esta Objetivo: evaluar en los alumnos el olvido de los contenidos de Histología un año y medio después del cursado; recabar el grado de utilidad asignado a los mismos en las asignaturas de segundo y tercer año Alumnos de alto rendimiento en 2002 (n=26) fueron evaluados con 20 preguntas de citología y tejidos y 20 de organografía Con respuesta sugeridas 20 y 20 de breve completación. Expresaron el grado de utilidad de los contenidos en el cursado de Fisiología y Físico-Química, y en el primer cuatrimestre de Anatomía Patológica, Microbiología y Farmacología. Se cotejó el rendimiento del curso 2002 con la prueba actual y en esta los resultados de preguntas de citología y tejidos versus órganos y de respuesta sugerida versus a completar. La pérdida fue del orden del 50% en la rememoración de los contenidos (37.07 :!: 1,76 = 92,6% vs. l8,52:!: 4,33 = 46,3%) sin diferencia entre citología y tejidos versus órganos ni entre respuesta sugerida versus a completar. La mayor utilidad de los contenidos se refiere a Anatomía Patológica (69%) y Fisiología (50%) y la menor a Fisicoquímica. (7%) Estimamos que el olvido en nuestros alumnos hubiese sido aun mayor sin el empleo de técnicas activas de aprendizaje.

MEMORY: ability to record, file, classify and later recover of information., essential in processing information and learning, in analogy with a computer. FORGETFULNESS: failure to transfer information from short term memory to long term memory or to recover information from the latter. AIM: to study forgetfulness in contents of Histology in students one and half year after regular course. To evaluate level of re-utilization of contents in second and third year courses. Students with high performance in 2002 (n=26) were evaluated with 20 cytology and histology questions and 20 questions related to organs. 20 multiple choice and 20 brief filled answers were used, expressing the level of usefulness of the contents in Physiology and Physicochemistry, and in the first quarter of Pathology, Microbiology and Pharmacology. The performance of 2002 course was compared with the current test, results of cytology and histology questions versus organs ones and multiple choice answers versus brief filled answers. The loss was in the order of 50% in the recovery of contents (37.07 +/- 1,76 = 92,6% vs. 18,52 +/- 4,33 = 46,3%) without difference between cytology and histology versus organs neither among multiple choice answers versus brief filled answers. The highest usefulness in the contents refers to Pathology (69%) and Physiology (50%) and the lesser to PhysicoChemistry.(7%) We estimate that forgetfulness in our students would have been even higher without the employment of active techniques of learning.

Olvido de los contenidos de histologia en alumnos de medicina / Forgetfulness of the histology curriculum in medical students

Memoria: capacidad de grabación, archivo, clasificación y recuperación posterior de información., esencial en el procesamiento de información y el aprendizaje en analogía con la computadora. Olvido: fracaso para transferir información de la memoria a corto plazo a la memoria a largo plazo o para recuperar información de esta Objetivo: evaluar en los alumnos el olvido de los contenidos de Histología un año y medio después del cursado; recabar el grado de utilidad asignado a los mismos en las asignaturas de segundo y tercer año Alumnos de alto rendimiento en 2002 (n=26) fueron evaluados con 20 preguntas de citología y tejidos y 20 de organografía Con respuesta sugeridas 20 y 20 de breve completación. Expresaron el grado de utilidad de los contenidos en el cursado de Fisiología y Físico-Química, y en el primer cuatrimestre de Anatomía Patológica, Microbiología y Farmacología. Se cotejó el rendimiento del curso 2002 con la prueba actual y en esta los resultados de preguntas de citología y tejidos versus órganos y de respuesta sugerida versus a completar. La pérdida fue del orden del 50% en la rememoración de los contenidos (37.07 :!: 1,76 = 92,6% vs. l8,52:!: 4,33 = 46,3%) sin diferencia entre citología y tejidos versus órganos ni entre respuesta sugerida versus a completar. La mayor utilidad de los contenidos se refiere a Anatomía Patológica (69%) y Fisiología (50%) y la menor a Fisicoquímica. (7%) Estimamos que el olvido en nuestros alumnos hubiese sido aun mayor sin el empleo de técnicas activas de aprendizaje.(AU)

MEMORY: ability to record, file, classify and later recover of information., essential in processing information and learning, in analogy with a computer. FORGETFULNESS: failure to transfer information from short term memory to long term memory or to recover information from the latter. AIM: to study forgetfulness in contents of Histology in students one and half year after regular course. To evaluate level of re-utilization of contents in second and third year courses. Students with high performance in 2002 (n=26) were evaluated with 20 cytology and histology questions and 20 questions related to organs. 20 multiple choice and 20 brief filled answers were used, expressing the level of usefulness of the contents in Physiology and Physicochemistry, and in the first quarter of Pathology, Microbiology and Pharmacology. The performance of 2002 course was compared with the current test, results of cytology and histology questions versus organs ones and multiple choice answers versus brief filled answers. The loss was in the order of 50% in the recovery of contents (37.07 +/- 1,76 = 92,6% vs. 18,52 +/- 4,33 = 46,3%) without difference between cytology and histology versus organs neither among multiple choice answers versus brief filled answers. The highest usefulness in the contents refers to Pathology (69%) and Physiology (50%) and the lesser to PhysicoChemistry.(7%) We estimate that forgetfulness in our students would have been even higher without the employment of active techniques of learning.(AU)

[Association between soybean dust exposure, allergic sensitivity and profile of respiratory symptoms]. / Asociación entre exposición a polvo de soja, sensibilidad alérgica y perfil de síntomas respiratorios.

The purpose of this study was to correlate soybean dust (SD) exposure, skin reactivity to soybean hull (SH) allergens, and symptoms of asthma and/or allergic rhinitis. A group of 365 subjects with asthma and/or allergic rhinitis and a control group of 50 individuals without respiratory symptoms were studied. The level of exposure to SD is defined as follows: 1) direct (DE); 2) indirect (ID), and 3) urban (UE). All subjects completed standard questionnaires. Skin tests with a SH extract and with common allergens were performed by the prick technique (SPT). Fifty-six (15.3%) patients and no subjects from control group had positive SPT (histamine index > or = 0.5) with a SH allergen extract. The percentages of positive SPT to SH extract were 38.7%, 20.3% and 8.4% in subjects with DE, IE and UE, respectively (p < 0.001). Monosensitization to SH was absent in all subjects. The percent of subjects with positive SPTs to mites (p < 0.01), pollen (p < 0.01) and molds (p < 0.05) were higher in subjects with a positive SPT to SH versus those with a negative SPT to SH. Sixty-six percent of subjects with DE and 13.6% of subjects with IE or UE reported respiratory symptoms after SD inhalation (Odds Ratio: 12.67 [2.4-74.9], p < 0.001). Compared to subjects exclusively sensitized to mites, patients sensitized to SH presented significantly different clinical characteristics. Soybean production has been increasing in Argentina during the last 20 years, determining an increase in the population exposed to chronic SD inhalation. This fact determines a high risk of sensitization and triggering of respiratory symptoms in atopic subjects. This study demonstrates that there is: 1) a high prevalence of skin reactivity to SH in subjects with asthma and/or allergic rhinitis from Argentina and that this prevalence is associated with the level of exposure to SD, and 2) an association between sensitivity to SH and severity of asthma. Measures to avoid release and inhalation of SD in rural areas from Argentina are needed.

[Enteroendocrine cells modifications in Helicobacter pylori gastritis]. / Modificaciones de las células enteroendócrinas en gastritis por Helicobacter pylori.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to analyze the modifications in the number and distribution of enteroendocrine cells (EEC) in antrum of patients with Helicobacter pylori (HE) gastritis. We also wanted to demonstrate their possible participation in the immune response. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-six (26) biopsies of gastric antrum from patients between the ages of 40 and 60 were used. Slides were stained with H&E, Giemsa for HP, and chromogranin A to visualize EEC. Five (5) patients were normal controls. Eleven (11) patients had antral chronic gastritis (ACG) with different grades of activity, and ten (10) patients had multifocal atrophic gastritis (MAG), both groups associated to HP. EEC were quantified in relation to 100 epithelial cells. Results were statistically compared. RESULTS: In the normal control group, EEC were sparsely distributed, deep in antral glands, with an average 19.51 EEC/100 epithelial cells. In ACG there were 12.01/100. Besides EEC were irregularly distributed, close to inflammatory areas, or near lymphoid follicles. CONCLUSION: The decrease in EEC is probably due to degranulation and later to a disappearance or inhibition of stem cells by inflammatory products in HP gastritis. The proximity of EEC to prominent inflammatory zones may indicate EEC modulate the immune response. They produce and excrete peptides that interact with membrane receptors found in T lymphocytes and macrophages.

Modificaciones de las células enteroendocrinas en gastritis por Helicobacter pylori / Enteroendocrine cells modifications in Helicobacter pylori gastritis

Objetivo: Estudiar las modificaciones en número y distribución de las células entero endocrinas (CEE) en el antro gástrico de pacientes con infección por Helicobacter pylori (HP), para demostrar su participación en la respuesta inmune. Material y Método: Se utilizaron biopsias de antro gástrico de veintiseis (26) pacientes, entre 40 y 60 años de edad. Las muestras se colorearon con HE y giemsa modificado e inmunomarcaron con Cromogranina A. Cinco pacientes integraron el grupo control. Once pacientes mostraron gastritis crónica activa y los diez restantes gastritis atrófica multifocal (AMF), ambas asociadas a HP. Las CEE se cuantificaron refiriéndoselas cada 100 células epiteliales y se evaluó el patrón de distribución de las mismas. Resultados: En antros de pacientes controles (normales), la distribución de las CEE relacionadas fue uniforme con una media de 19,51 CEE/100. En los procesos inflamatorios, se detectó 12.01 CEE/100 en las gastritis crónicas y 6.31 CEE/100 en las AMF. Asimismo se observó una distribución irregular de las CEE relacionadas con áreas inflamatorias o con folículos linfoides. Conclusiones: La disminución de las CEE correspondería a una degranulación y luego debido a la agresión del HP, a la desaparición o inhibición de las stem cell hacia la línea endócrina. La persistencia de CEE en proximidad a las áreas de mayor infiltrado inflamatório, sugeriría su participación modulando esta respuesta, probablemente liberando péptidos que interactúan con linfócitos T, macrófagos y eosinófilos. Las CEE en el antro gástrico tendrían una intervención activa en la reacción inmune provocada por el HP.

Modificaciones de las células enteroendocrinas en gastritis por Helicobacter pylori / Enteroendocrine cells modifications in Helicobacter pylori gastritis

Objetivo: Estudiar las modificaciones en número y distribución de las células entero endocrinas (CEE) en el antro gástrico de pacientes con infección por Helicobacter pylori (HP), para demostrar su participación en la respuesta inmune. Material y Método: Se utilizaron biopsias de antro gástrico de veintiseis (26) pacientes, entre 40 y 60 años de edad. Las muestras se colorearon con HE y giemsa modificado e inmunomarcaron con Cromogranina A. Cinco pacientes integraron el grupo control. Once pacientes mostraron gastritis crónica activa y los diez restantes gastritis atrófica multifocal (AMF), ambas asociadas a HP. Las CEE se cuantificaron refiriéndoselas cada 100 células epiteliales y se evaluó el patrón de distribución de las mismas. Resultados: En antros de pacientes controles (normales), la distribución de las CEE relacionadas fue uniforme con una media de 19,51 CEE/100. En los procesos inflamatorios, se detectó 12.01 CEE/100 en las gastritis crónicas y 6.31 CEE/100 en las AMF. Asimismo se observó una distribución irregular de las CEE relacionadas con áreas inflamatorias o con folículos linfoides. Conclusiones: La disminución de las CEE correspondería a una degranulación y luego debido a la agresión del HP, a la desaparición o inhibición de las stem cell hacia la línea endócrina. La persistencia de CEE en proximidad a las áreas de mayor infiltrado inflamatório, sugeriría su participación modulando esta respuesta, probablemente liberando péptidos que interactúan con linfócitos T, macrófagos y eosinófilos. Las CEE en el antro gástrico tendrían una intervención activa en la reacción inmune provocada por el HP. (Au)

Asociación entre exposición a polvo de soja, sensibilidad alérgica y perfil de síntomas respiratorios / [Association between soybean dust exposure, allergic sensitivity and profile of respiratory symptoms]

The purpose of this study was to correlate soybean dust (SD) exposure, skin reactivity to soybean hull (SH) allergens, and symptoms of asthma and/or allergic rhinitis. A group of 365 subjects with asthma and/or allergic rhinitis and a control group of 50 individuals without respiratory symptoms were studied. The level of exposure to SD is defined as follows: 1) direct (DE); 2) indirect (ID), and 3) urban (UE). All subjects completed standard questionnaires. Skin tests with a SH extract and with common allergens were performed by the prick technique (SPT). Fifty-six (15.3

) patients and no subjects from control group had positive SPT (histamine index > or = 0.5) with a SH allergen extract. The percentages of positive SPT to SH extract were 38.7

in subjects with DE, IE and UE, respectively (p < 0.001). Monosensitization to SH was absent in all subjects. The percent of subjects with positive SPTs to mites (p < 0.01), pollen (p < 0.01) and molds (p < 0.05) were higher in subjects with a positive SPT to SH versus those with a negative SPT to SH. Sixty-six percent of subjects with DE and 13.6

of subjects with IE or UE reported respiratory symptoms after SD inhalation (Odds Ratio: 12.67 [2.4-74.9], p < 0.001). Compared to subjects exclusively sensitized to mites, patients sensitized to SH presented significantly different clinical characteristics. Soybean production has been increasing in Argentina during the last 20 years, determining an increase in the population exposed to chronic SD inhalation. This fact determines a high risk of sensitization and triggering of respiratory symptoms in atopic subjects. This study demonstrates that there is: 1) a high prevalence of skin reactivity to SH in subjects with asthma and/or allergic rhinitis from Argentina and that this prevalence is associated with the level of exposure to SD, and 2) an association between sensitivity to SH and severity of asthma. Measures to avoid release and inhalation of SD in rural areas from Argentina are needed.

Asociación entre exposición a polvo de soja, sensibilidad alérgica y perfil de síntomas respiratorios. / [Association between soybean dust exposure, allergic sensitivity and profile of respiratory symptoms]

The purpose of this study was to correlate soybean dust (SD) exposure, skin reactivity to soybean hull (SH) allergens, and symptoms of asthma and/or allergic rhinitis. A group of 365 subjects with asthma and/or allergic rhinitis and a control group of 50 individuals without respiratory symptoms were studied. The level of exposure to SD is defined as follows: 1) direct (DE); 2) indirect (ID), and 3) urban (UE). All subjects completed standard questionnaires. Skin tests with a SH extract and with common allergens were performed by the prick technique (SPT). Fifty-six (15.3

) patients and no subjects from control group had positive SPT (histamine index > or = 0.5) with a SH allergen extract. The percentages of positive SPT to SH extract were 38.7

, 20.3

and 8.4

in subjects with DE, IE and UE, respectively (p < 0.001). Monosensitization to SH was absent in all subjects. The percent of subjects with positive SPTs to mites (p < 0.01), pollen (p < 0.01) and molds (p < 0.05) were higher in subjects with a positive SPT to SH versus those with a negative SPT to SH. Sixty-six percent of subjects with DE and 13.6

of subjects with IE or UE reported respiratory symptoms after SD inhalation (Odds Ratio: 12.67 [2.4-74.9], p < 0.001). Compared to subjects exclusively sensitized to mites, patients sensitized to SH presented significantly different clinical characteristics. Soybean production has been increasing in Argentina during the last 20 years, determining an increase in the population exposed to chronic SD inhalation. This fact determines a high risk of sensitization and triggering of respiratory symptoms in atopic subjects. This study demonstrates that there is: 1) a high prevalence of skin reactivity to SH in subjects with asthma and/or allergic rhinitis from Argentina and that this prevalence is associated with the level of exposure to SD, and 2) an association between sensitivity to SH and severity of asthma. Measures to avoid release and inhalation of SD in rural areas from Argentina are needed.

Modificaciones de las células enteroendócrinas en gastritis por Helicobacter pylori. / [Enteroendocrine cells modifications in Helicobacter pylori gastritis]

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to analyze the modifications in the number and distribution of enteroendocrine cells (EEC) in antrum of patients with Helicobacter pylori (HE) gastritis. We also wanted to demonstrate their possible participation in the immune response. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-six (26) biopsies of gastric antrum from patients between the ages of 40 and 60 were used. Slides were stained with H&E, Giemsa for HP, and chromogranin A to visualize EEC. Five (5) patients were normal controls. Eleven (11) patients had antral chronic gastritis (ACG) with different grades of activity, and ten (10) patients had multifocal atrophic gastritis (MAG), both groups associated to HP. EEC were quantified in relation to 100 epithelial cells. Results were statistically compared. RESULTS: In the normal control group, EEC were sparsely distributed, deep in antral glands, with an average 19.51 EEC/100 epithelial cells. In ACG there were 12.01/100. Besides EEC were irregularly distributed, close to inflammatory areas, or near lymphoid follicles. CONCLUSION: The decrease in EEC is probably due to degranulation and later to a disappearance or inhibition of stem cells by inflammatory products in HP gastritis. The proximity of EEC to prominent inflammatory zones may indicate EEC modulate the immune response. They produce and excrete peptides that interact with membrane receptors found in T lymphocytes and macrophages.

[The inhibitory effect of LTB4 antagonist on eosinophil infiltration in cutaneous and gut late phase response in BALB/C mice sensitized with ovalubumin (OVA)].

In this study we investigated the effect of LTB4 antagonist on eosinophil infiltration in skin and gut late phase response (LPR) in OVA-sensitized BALB/c mice. The eosinophil infiltrations to skin and gut induced by skin and oral challenge reached a peak at 12 h and 6 h after the challenge, respectively. Intraperitoneal administration of LTB4 antagonist (ONO-4057) before the challenge significantly inhibited eosinophil infiltrations to the skin and gut by 53.3% and 73.7%, respectively (p < 0.05). Next, we investigated the effect to that by PAF antagonist (ONO-6240) and anti-IL-5 mAb in the skin system. OVA-induced eosinophil infiltration at 12 h after intracutaneous challenge was significantly inhibited by peritoneal administration of anti-IL-5 mAb before the challenge by 89.6% (p < 0.05), but not by that of PAF antagonist. Our results demonstrated the inhibitory effect of LTB4 antagonist on eosinophil infiltration in skin and gut LPR, suggesting the potency of LTB4 antagonist for treatment of skin lesion and food allergy in atopic dermatitis considered to be associated with LPR.