ABSTRACT
La planta de uso medicinal Allophylus edulis se utiliza para el tratamiento de enfriamiento, catarro, diabetes y la planta Matricaria recutita (manzanilla) se utiliza como antiinflamatorio, descongestivo, tratar conjuntivitis, cólicos. Ambas especies son de amplio uso a nivel nacional, en Paraguay, e internacional, pero no se conocen bien sus posibles efectos secundarios sobre embriones de vertebrados. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar si los extractos acuosos de, Allophylus edulis y Matricaria recutita tienen efecto tóxico en embriones de Danio rerio. Se trataron embriones de 6 horas pos fecundación con diferentes concentraciones de cada extracto para determinar la toxicidad de los extractos acuosos de Allophylus edulis y Matricaria recutita. En los resultados obtenidos, ambos extractos presentaron efectos tóxicos significativos en los siguientes parámetros: ausencia de formación de somitas, de latidos cardiacos, de circulación sanguínea y de pigmentación. No se observó un efecto teratogénico significativo. Se concluye que los extractos acuosos de Allophylus edulis y Matricaria recutita resultaron tóxicos para embriones de Danio rerio, de manera dosis dependiente. (AU)
Medicinal plant Allophylus edulis is used to treat colds, catarrh, diabetes and the Matricaria recutita plant (chamomile) is used as an anti-inflammatory, decongestant, conjunctivitis treatment, and colic. Both species are widely used nationally in Paraguay, and internationally, but their possible side effects on vertebrate embryos are not well known. The objectives of this work were to evaluate whether the aqueous extracts of Allophylus edulis and Matricaria recutita have a toxic effect on Danio rerio embryos. Embryos 6 hours after its fertilization were treated with different concentrations of each extract to determine the toxicity of the aqueous extracts of Allophylus edulis and Matricaria recutita. In the results obtained, both extracts presented significant toxic effects on the following parameters: absence of somite formation, heartbeat, blood circulation and pigmentation. No significant teratogenic effect was observed. It is concluded that the aqueous extracts of Allophylus edulis and Matricaria recutita were toxic for Danio rerio embryos, in a dose dependent way. (AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Matricaria/poisoning , Plants, Medicinal/toxicity , Plant Extracts/toxicity , Zebrafish , Embryo, NonmammalianABSTRACT
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The leaves of Allophylus edulis (A. St.-Hil., A. Juss. & Cambess.) Radlk. (Sapindaceae) are traditionally used as a natural anti-inflammatory agent; however, there are no scientific studies demonstrating its activity essential oil. The content of essential oil in A. edulis may be the chemical basis to explain its ethnobotanical uses, since infusions of this plant are used to treat inflammation in the traditional medicine in Brazil. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-mycobacterial activities of the essential oil (EOAE) and viridiflorol, its main compound. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Essential oil from fresh leaves of A. edulis (EOAE) was obtained by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus. Forty-one compounds, accounting for 99.10% of the oil, were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The major constituent of the oil was viridiflorol (30.88%). Additionally, the essential oil and viridiflorol were evaluated using an in vitro test against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays. Both EOAE (30 and 100mg/kg) and viridiflorol (3 and 30mg/kg) by oral administration were assayed in carrageenan-induced mice paw oedema and pleurisy using subcutaneous injection of dexamethasone (0.5mg/kg) as the positive control. RESULTS: EOAE and viridiflorol displayed moderate in vitro activity in the M. tuberculosis assay. In all tests, EOAE and viridiflorol showed moderate antioxidant activity compared with reference standards. Both EOAE and viridiflorol showed significant inhibition in the carrageenan-induced mice paw oedema via oral administration of the oil (30 and 100mg/kg), compound (3 and 30mg/kg), and subcutaneous injection of dexamethasone (0.5mg/kg, reference drug). Also EOAE and viridiflorol significantly inhibited carrageenan (Cg) induced pleurisy, reducing the migration of total leucocytes in mice by 62±5% (30mg/kg of oil), 35±8% (100mg/kg of oil), 71±5% (3mg/kg of viridiflorol) and 57±3% (30mg/kg of viridiflorol). CONCLUSION: For the first time, the results from this work corroborate the literature, showing that A. edulis can be used as a natural anti-inflammatory agent. Moreover, both EOAE and viridiflorol exhibited biological activities, such as anti-mycobacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity.
Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Antitubercular Agents/pharmacology , Edema/prevention & control , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effects , Oils, Volatile/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Oils/pharmacology , Pleurisy/prevention & control , Sapindaceae/chemistry , Terpenes/pharmacology , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/chemistry , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/isolation & purification , Antioxidants/chemistry , Antioxidants/isolation & purification , Antitubercular Agents/chemistry , Antitubercular Agents/isolation & purification , Benzothiazoles/chemistry , Biphenyl Compounds/chemistry , Carrageenan , Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects , Dexamethasone/pharmacology , Disease Models, Animal , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Edema/chemically induced , Edema/immunology , Female , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Male , Mice , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/growth & development , Oils, Volatile/chemistry , Oils, Volatile/isolation & purification , Phytotherapy , Picrates/chemistry , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Plant Oils/chemistry , Plant Oils/isolation & purification , Plants, Medicinal , Pleurisy/chemically induced , Pleurisy/immunology , Sulfonic Acids/chemistry , Terpenes/chemistry , Terpenes/isolation & purification , Time FactorsABSTRACT
O extrato alcoólico dos frutos da espécie nativa Allophylus edulis (A.St.-Hil., Cambess. & A. Juss.) Radlk. (Sapindaceae), popularmente conhecida como ?vacum?, ?fruto-de-pombo?, ?vacunzeiro?, ?chal-chal?, ?murta vermelha?, foi avaliado no presente trabalho quanto às atividades citotóxicas, antioxidantes e anticolinesterásicas. O extrato dos frutos mostrou baixa toxicidade pelo bioensaio de letalidade frente à náuplios de Artemia salina Leach (CL50 > 1000 µg mL-1), não sendo considerado citotóxico. As propriedades antioxidantes foram investigadas in vitro pelo método de DPPH e foram consideradas bastante significativas (CI50 = 46,4 µg mL-1). Apenas um componente do extrato mostrou atividade anticolinesterásica pelo ensaio enzimático de inibição de acetilcolinesterase. Estes resultados sugerem que os frutos de Allophylus edulis apresentem baixa toxicidade e sejam considerados uma fonte de metabólitos bioativos, podendo ser indicados em terapias de doenças relacionadas com a presença de radicais livres. Tanto a atividade antioxidante quanto a atividade anticolinesterásica estão sendo relatadas pela primeira vez para esta espécie.
The alcoholic fruit extract of native species Allophylus edulis (A.St.-Hil., Cambess. & A. Juss.) Radlk. (Sapindaceae), commonly known as ?vacum?, ?fruto-de-pombo?, ?vacunzeiro?, ?chal-chal?, ?murta vermelha?, was evaluated in this study regarding its cytotoxic, antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities. The fruit extract showed low toxicity to bioassay lethality for Artemia salina Leach (LC50> 1000 µg mL-1) and not considered cytotoxic. The antioxidant properties were investigated in vitro by DPPH method and were considered highly significant (IC50 = 46.4 µg mL-1). Only one component of this extract showed anticholinesterase activity by enzymatic assay of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. These results suggest that Allophylus edulis fruits have low toxicity and are considered a source of bioactive metabolites, may be prescribed in the therapy of diseases related to the presence of free radicals. Both the antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities for this species have been reported for the first in this study.
