Chemical composition and in vitro iron bioavailability of extruded and open-pan cooked germinated and ungerminated pearl whole millet "Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br."

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of extrusion and of open-pan cooking on whole germinated and non-germinated grains of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L. R. Br.), on its chemical-nutritional composition and in vitro iron bioavailability. The experimental design consisted of three flours: non-germination open-pan cooked millet flour (NGOPCMF), germination open-pan cooked millet flour (GOPCMF), and extrusion cooked millet flour (ECMF). The ECMF increased the carbohydrates, iron, manganese, diosmin, and cyanidin and decreased the total dietary fiber, resistant starch, lipids, and total vitamin E, in relation to NGOPCMF. The GOPCMF increased the lysine and vitamin C and decreased the phytate, lipids, total phenolic, total vitamin E, and riboflavin concentration, in relation to NGOPCMF. Furthermore, germinated cooked millet flour and extruded millet flour improved iron availability in vitro compared to non-germinated cooked millet flour. GOPCMF and ECMF generally preserved the chemical-nutritional composition of pearl millet and improved in vitro iron bioavailability; therefore, they are nutritionally equivalent and can be used to develop pearl millet-based products.

Dietary glutamine-glutamate supplementation enhances growth performance and intestinal villi development in cage-farmed Nile tilapia fingerlings

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of associated glutamine and glutamic acid on growth performance and intestinal development of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, fingerlings. Five isoproteic (~344.70 g kg−1 crude protein) and isocaloric diets (~3,925 kcal kg−1 gross energy) were developed containing 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20 g kg−1 of associated glutamine and glutamic acid in extruded diets. Fish (n = 2,000, mean body weight of 2.12±0.53 g) were distributed into twenty 1-m3 floating net cages in an entirely randomized design with five treatments and four replicates, and each replicate comprised one floating net cage with 100 fish. Fish were hand-fed seven days per week, three times a day until apparent satiety for 45 days. There was a quadratic effect on final body weight, body weight gain, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, protein retention efficiency, net protein utilization, and intestinal villi height with optimized values for supplementation of associated glutamine and glutamic acid at 10.77, 10.67, 10.00, 8.85, 9.85, 10.15, and 10.98 g kg−1, respectively. There was no effect of associated glutamine and glutamic acid supplementation on feed intake, survival, and body composition. We conclude that 10.67 g kg−1 of associated glutamine and glutamic acid is adequate for growth performance optimization, and supplementation at 10.98 g kg−1 exerts trophic action and improves intestinal morphometry in cage-farmed Nile tilapia fingerlings.

Effect of In Ovo Feeding of L-Glutamine to Chick Embryos

In ovo feeding (IOF), injecting nutrients into the amnion of the avian embryo may enhance hatchability, gastrointestinal development and serum metabolism changes. This hypothesis was evaluated with 5 IOF solutions containing L-glutamine. Were used 315 fertile Rhode Island Red eggs were used (breeders with 32-weeks). The experimental design was completely randomized with the treatments constituted by two controls and five solutions containing L-glutamine levels with 45 replicates each. Data collected were subjected to polynomial regression at 5% of significance. Differences (p>0.05) were observed in hatchability and intermediary mortality, with a gradual lower of decrease in hatchability from the IOF of L-glutamine. The yolk sac was higher (p 0.05) after the IOF (control and L-glutamine) in the in ovo fed embryos at 0.5% L-glutamine. IOF of L-glutamine alone enhanced the blood pH and reduced the other serum parameters (p 0.05), which may have fuelled more embryo development, mainly vital organs how as the heart and the liver due to the larger concentration of available nutrients for the embryo. The results of this study indicate that until 0.5% L-glutamine may be supplemented in-ovo to chick embryos without negative influence on chick weight and gastrointestinal tract development, acting as serum biochemical metabolism regulator and obtaining better hatchability.(AU)

Effect of In Ovo Feeding of L-Glutamine to Chick Embryos

In ovo feeding (IOF), injecting nutrients into the amnion of the avian embryo may enhance hatchability, gastrointestinal development and serum metabolism changes. This hypothesis was evaluated with 5 IOF solutions containing L-glutamine. Were used 315 fertile Rhode Island Red eggs were used (breeders with 32-weeks). The experimental design was completely randomized with the treatments constituted by two controls and five solutions containing L-glutamine levels with 45 replicates each. Data collected were subjected to polynomial regression at 5% of significance. Differences (p>0.05) were observed in hatchability and intermediary mortality, with a gradual lower of decrease in hatchability from the IOF of L-glutamine. The yolk sac was higher (p 0.05) after the IOF (control and L-glutamine) in the in ovo fed embryos at 0.5% L-glutamine. IOF of L-glutamine alone enhanced the blood pH and reduced the other serum parameters (p 0.05), which may have fuelled more embryo development, mainly vital organs how as the heart and the liver due to the larger concentration of available nutrients for the embryo. The results of this study indicate that until 0.5% L-glutamine may be supplemented in-ovo to chick embryos without negative influence on chick weight and gastrointestinal tract development, acting as serum biochemical metabolism regulator and obtaining better hatchability.

Growth performance and intestinal health of broilers fed a standard or low-protein diet with the addition of a protease

We evaluated the effects of a protease supplementation on the growth performance and intestinal health of broilers. Cobb chicks (392; 1-42 d) were divided into four treatments (seven replicates of 14 birds each). There were two feed formulations: a standard diet (SD) and a low crude protein and digestible amino acids diet (Low CP&AA). The two diets were either supplemented (+P) or not (−P) with a protease (Jefo Protease; 1.25 g kg−1). Performance was evaluated by feeding phases (1-7, 8-21, 21-35, and 35-42 d). On day 28, ileum samples were analyzed by a morphometric index for histological alterations (I See Inside Scoring System ­ ISI). Broilers fed the Low CP&AA had a poor feed conversion ratio (FCR); however, the addition of the protease to the Low CP&AA positively affected FCR and body weight gain and promoted a performance similar to the group fed SD−P. Birds fed diets supplemented with the protease presented the best ISI morphological index, mainly as a result of the low number of alterations regarding the lamina propria, epithelial thickness, and enterocyte proliferation. It is possible to conclude that the enzyme improves feed conversion and lamina propria, epithelial thickness, and proliferation of enterocytes index of broiler chickens when added to a standard diet or with a low crude protein and digestible amino acids diet.(AU)

Structure, kinetics, molecular and redox properties of a cytosolic and developmentally regulated fungal catalase-peroxidase.

CAT-2, a cytosolic catalase-peroxidase (CP) from Neurospora crassa, which is induced during asexual spore formation, was heterologously expressed and characterized. CAT-2 had the Met-Tyr-Trp (M-Y-W) adduct required for catalase activity. Its KM for H2O2 was micromolar for peroxidase and millimolar for catalase activity. A Em = -158 mV reduction potential value was obtained and the Soret band shift suggested a mixture of low and high spin ferric iron. CAT-2 EPR spectrum at 10 K indicated an axial and a rhombic component. With peroxyacetic acid (PAA), formation of Compound I* was observed with EPR. CAT-2 homodimer crystallographic structure contained two K+ ions; Glu107 residues were displaced to bind them. CAT-2 showed the essential amino acid residues for activity in similar positions to other CPs. CAT-2 Arg426 is oriented towards the M-Y-W adduct, interacting with the deprotonated Tyr238 hydroxyl group. A perhydroxy modification of the indole nitrogen of Trp90 was oriented toward the catalytic His91. In contrast to cytochrome c peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase, the catalase-peroxidase heme propionates are not exposed to the solvent. Together with other N. crassa enzymes that utilize H2O2 as a substrate, CAT-2 has many tryptophan and proline residues at its surface, probably related to H2O2 selection in water.

Dietary lysine requirement of adult lambari ( Astyanax altiparanae ) (Garutti and Britski, 2000)

A 90-day feeding trial was conducted to estimate the dietary lysine requirement of adult lambari ( Astyanax altiparanae ), based on growth performance, whole-body composition, muscle development, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities. Six isoproteic (345.0 g kg−1) and isoenergetic (19.51 MJ kg−1) diets were formulated, and crystalline L-lysine was added to obtain diets with lysine concentrations of 12.13, 13.31, 15.36, 18.79, 19.92, and 23.02 g kg−1 dry diet. Female adult lambari (n = 480; weight of 4.96±0.02 g) were distributed into 24 (70 L) aquaria and fed the experimental diets six times daily. Fish fed 12.13 to 19.92 g kg−1 lysine showed increased weight gain and percent weight gain, and fish from those treatments also showed improvement in final carcass quality by a decrease in whole-body lipid content. Fish fed 12.13 g kg−1 lysine showed lower ALT and AST activities in blood serum when compared with fish fed the highest lysine levels. No differences were observed in muscle growth in fish fed graded lysine levels. According to the broken-line model analysis of weight gain and dietary lysine levels, the dietary lysine requirement of adult lambari is estimated at 18.72 g kg−1 (5.41% of dietary protein).(AU)

Crystal structures of Leishmania mexicana arginase complexed with α,α-disubstituted boronic amino-acid inhibitors.

Leishmania arginase is a potential drug target for the treatment of leishmaniasis because this binuclear manganese metalloenzyme initiates de novo polyamine biosynthesis by catalyzing the hydrolysis of L-arginine to generate L-ornithine and urea. The product L-ornithine subsequently undergoes decarboxylation to yield putrescine, which in turn is utilized for spermidine biosynthesis. Polyamines such as spermidine are essential for the growth and survival of the parasite, so inhibition of enzymes in the polyamine-biosynthetic pathway comprises an effective strategy for treating parasitic infections. To this end, two X-ray crystal structures of L. mexicana arginase complexed with α,α-disubstituted boronic amino-acid inhibitors based on the molecular scaffold of 2-(S)-amino-6-boronohexanoic acid are now reported. Structural comparisons with human and parasitic arginase complexes reveal interesting differences in the binding modes of the additional α-substituents, i.e. the D side chains, of these inhibitors. Subtle differences in the three-dimensional contours of the outer active-site rims among arginases from different species lead to different conformations of the D side chains and thus different inhibitor-affinity trends. The structures suggest that it is possible to maintain affinity while fine-tuning intermolecular interactions of the D side chain of α,α-disubstituted boronic amino-acid inhibitors in the search for isozyme-specific and species-specific arginase inhibitors.

Threonine-lysine ratio on the requirements of digestible lysine in diets for broilers / Relação treonina: lisina sobre a exigência de lisina digestível em dietas para frangos de corte

Two experiments were performed to determine the influence of threonine-lysine (Thr:Lys) ratio on requirements of digestible lysine (Lys) in low crude protein diets for broilers in the growth phase. In the first experiment, a total of 480 Cobb 500 male broilers were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with four dietary Thr:Lysratio (57.0; 60.5; 64.0 and 67.5%) and with five replicates of 24 birds each. No significant differences were reported in weight gain, feed intake, poultry manure humidity, carcass and meat yields. However, the feed conversion was increased linearly as dietary Thr:Lysratio was increased. In the second experiment, a total of 400 Cobb 500 male broilers were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with four digestibleLyslevels (1.005, 1.045, 1.085 and 1.125%), and with four replicates of 25 birds each. No significant differences were reported in performance, poultry litter humidity and carcass and meat yields. Lys levels of 1.005% and Thr:Lysat 57% were sufficient to maximize the performance and carcass yield of broilers during the growth phase when fed on low crude protein diets.(AU)

Dois experimentos foram realizados com o objetivo de determinar a influência da relação treonina:lisina (Thr:Lys) sobre a exigência de lisina (Lys) digestível em dietas com baixa PB para frangos de corte na fase de crescimento. No primeiro experimento, foram utilizados 480 frangos de corte, machos da linhagem Cobb 500, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro relações de Thr:Lys (57,0; 60,5; 64,0 e 67,5%) e cinco repetições com 24 aves cada. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas no ganho de peso, consumo de ração, umidade de cama e rendimento de carcaça e de cortes. Entretanto, a conversão alimentar piorou conforme a relação Thr:Lys aumentou na dieta. No segundo experimento, foram utilizados 400 frangos de corte distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro níveis de Lys digestível (1,005; 1,045; 1,085 e 1,125%) e quatro repetições com 25 aves cada. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas no desempenho,umidade de cama e rendimento de carcaça e de cortes. O nível de Lys de 1,005% e a relação de Thr:Lys de57% foi suficiente para maximizar o desempenho e o rendimento de carcaça de frangos de corte na fase decrescimento alimentados com dietas baixas em PB.(AU)

Threonine-lysine ratio on the requirements of digestible lysine in diets for broilers / Relação treonina: lisina sobre a exigência de lisina digestível em dietas para frangos de corte

Two experiments were performed to determine the influence of threonine-lysine (Thr:Lys) ratio on requirements of digestible lysine (Lys) in low crude protein diets for broilers in the growth phase. In the first experiment, a total of 480 Cobb 500 male broilers were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with four dietary Thr:Lysratio (57.0; 60.5; 64.0 and 67.5%) and with five replicates of 24 birds each. No significant differences were reported in weight gain, feed intake, poultry manure humidity, carcass and meat yields. However, the feed conversion was increased linearly as dietary Thr:Lysratio was increased. In the second experiment, a total of 400 Cobb 500 male broilers were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with four digestibleLyslevels (1.005, 1.045, 1.085 and 1.125%), and with four replicates of 25 birds each. No significant differences were reported in performance, poultry litter humidity and carcass and meat yields. Lys levels of 1.005% and Thr:Lysat 57% were sufficient to maximize the performance and carcass yield of broilers during the growth phase when fed on low crude protein diets.

Dois experimentos foram realizados com o objetivo de determinar a influência da relação treonina:lisina (Thr:Lys) sobre a exigência de lisina (Lys) digestível em dietas com baixa PB para frangos de corte na fase de crescimento. No primeiro experimento, foram utilizados 480 frangos de corte, machos da linhagem Cobb 500, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro relações de Thr:Lys (57,0; 60,5; 64,0 e 67,5%) e cinco repetições com 24 aves cada. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas no ganho de peso, consumo de ração, umidade de cama e rendimento de carcaça e de cortes. Entretanto, a conversão alimentar piorou conforme a relação Thr:Lys aumentou na dieta. No segundo experimento, foram utilizados 400 frangos de corte distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro níveis de Lys digestível (1,005; 1,045; 1,085 e 1,125%) e quatro repetições com 25 aves cada. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas no desempenho,umidade de cama e rendimento de carcaça e de cortes. O nível de Lys de 1,005% e a relação de Thr:Lys de57% foi suficiente para maximizar o desempenho e o rendimento de carcaça de frangos de corte na fase decrescimento alimentados com dietas baixas em PB.

Crescimento de mudas de orégano submetidas a doses e frequências de aplicação de Ácido L-glutâmico em sistema orgânico / Growth of oregano (Origanum vulgare L. ) seedlings in different levels and frequencies of foliar application of the l-glutamic acid in the organic system

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo identificar o efeito de diferentes doses e frequências de aplicação do biofertilizante aminoácido Ácido L-glutâmico em mudas de orégano produzidas em sistema orgânico, quantificando seu crescimento. Os tratamentos compostos por 2 doses (0,4 e 0,8 mL L-1) de Ácido L-glutâmico a 30%, e testemunha com água, foram aplicados via foliar em intervalos regulares de 7 e 14 dias, por 28 dias (fatorial 3 x 2, com 4 e 2 aplicações, respectivamente), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 4 repetições. Aos 62 dias após a semeadura foi realizada a coleta de 8 plantas centrais por repetição para avaliação de características biométricas da parte aérea e das raízes. O experimento demonstrou que o biofertilizante aminoácido ácido L-glutâmico influenciou as características avaliadas. A dose de 0,8 mL L-1, aplicada com intervalo de 14 dias, promoveu maior crescimento das mudas de orégano.

The aim of this study was to identify the effect of the different levelsand frequencies of foliar application of the biofertilizer L-glutamic acid in oregano seedlings produced in the organic system, quantifying their growth. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications in a 3 x 2 factorialarrangement, consisting of two doses (0.4 and 0.8 ml L-1) of a compound with 30% L -glutamic acid and a control, under a frequency of two applications, with a total of 4 applications for the 7-day frequency, and 2 applications for the 14-day frequency. At the 62nd day after sowing, eight plants were collected per replication for measuring biometric characteristics of shoots and roots. The biofertilizer L-glutamic acid affected the evaluated characteristics, and the dose of 0.8 ml L-1 (applied with a 14-day interval), promoted greater seedling growth of oregano.

Perfil de aminoácidos del músculo de Macrobrachium tenellum y cómputo químico de proteínas usadas en su alimentación / Perfil de aminoácidos do músculo de Macrobrachium tenellum e escore químico de proteínas utilizadas em sua alimentação / Muscle amino acid profile of Macrobrachium tenellum and chemical score of used protein in its feeding

Se utilizaron langostinos de río Macrobrachium tenellum para determinar el contenido de aminoácidos (aa) del músculo, además se determinó el cómputo químico de los principales ingredientes utilizados en los alimentos para la especie. La separación e identificación de los aa se llevó a cabo mediante cromatografía de líquidos de alta resolución (HPLC) con detector de fluorescencia y el cómputo químico se obtuvo de la división del valor del aa esencial en la proteína a evaluar entre el contenido del mismo aa en la proteína de referencia. Los aa más abundantes en el músculo fueron el ácido glutámico (16.14%), lalisina (9.60%) y el ácido aspártico (9.06%) y los más bajos fueron la metionina (2.88%), la histidina (2.52%) y el triptófano (0.47%). El primer aminoácido limitante en la harina de pescado fue treonina y en la harina de calamar la histidina; como segundo aa limitante la arginina y la treonina, respectivamente. En la harina de trigo el primer y segundo aminoácidos limitantes fueron la lisina y la treonina y en la harina de soya, la metionina y la lisina, respectivamente. Para la formulación de alimentos para M. tenellum se propone emplear una combinación de ingredientes proteicos, animales y vegetales, que se aproximen al perfil de aminoácidos de la especie.(AU)

Foram utilizados camarões de água doce Macrobrachium tenellum para determinar o conteúdo de aminoácidos (aa) do músculo e o escore químico dos principais ingredientes utilizados nos alimentos para a espécie. A separação e identificação de aa foi realizada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) com detecção por fluorescência, e o cálculo da pontuação química foi obtido pela divisão do valor de aa essenciais nas proteínas avaliadas e os aa nas proteínas de referência. Os aa mais abundantes no músculo foram o ácido glutâmico (16,14%), lisina (9,60%) e ácido aspártico (9,06%), e os mais baixos foram metionina (2,88%), histidina (2,52%) etriptofano (0,47%). O primeiro aminoácido limitante para a farinha de peixe foi a treonina, e no farelo de lula, histidina; o segundo aa limitante foi a arginina e a treonina, respectivamente. Na farinha de trigo, o primeiro e segundo aminoácidos limitantes foram lisina e treonina; na farinha de soja, metionina e lisina, respectivamente. Na formulação dos alimentos para M. tenellum recomenda-se utilizar uma combinação de ingredientes com proteína animal e vegetal, aproximando-se ao perfil de aminoácidos da espécie.(AU)

Freshwater prawns Macrobrachium tenellum were used to determine the content of amino acids (aa) of the muscle, and the chemical score of the main ingredients used in feeds for the species was determined. The separation and identification of aa is carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. The calculation of chemical score was obtained by dividing the value of essential aa between aa of the reference protein. The most abundant aa in muscle were glutamic acid (16.14%), lysine (9.60%) and aspartic acid (9.06%) and the lowest were methionine (2.88%), histidine (2.52%) and the tryptophan (0.47%). The first limiting amino acid for fishmeal was threonine and histidine for squid meal; and as a second limiting aa arginine and threonine, respectively. In wheat flour first and second limiting amino acids were lysine and threonine, in soybean meal, methionine and lysine, respectively. For feed formulation for M. tenellum intends to use a combination of plant and animal proteins that approximates the amino acid profile of the species.(AU)

Perfil de aminoácidos del músculo de Macrobrachium tenellum y cómputo químico de proteínas usadas en su alimentación / Perfil de aminoácidos do músculo de Macrobrachium tenellum e escore químico de proteínas utilizadas em sua alimentação / Muscle amino acid profile of Macrobrachium tenellum and chemical score of used protein in its feeding

Se utilizaron langostinos de río Macrobrachiumtenellumpara determinar el contenido de aminoácidos (aa) del músculo, además se determinó el cómputo químico de los principales ingredientes utilizados en los alimentos para la especie. La separación e identificación de los aa se llevó a cabo mediante cromatografía de líquidos de alta resolución (HPLC) con detector de fluorescencia y el cómputo químico se obtuvo de la división del valor del aa esencial en la proteína a evaluar entre el contenido del mismo aa en la proteína de referencia. Los aa más abundantes en el músculo fueron el ácido glutámico (16.14%), lalisina (9.60%) y el ácido aspártico (9.06%) y los más bajos fueron la metionina (2.88%), la histidina (2.52%) y el triptófano (0.47%).El primer aminoácido limitante enla harina de pescado fue treonina y enla harina de calamar la histidina; como segundoaa limitante la arginina y la treonina, respectivamente. En la harina de trigo el primer y segundo aminoácidos limitantes fueron la lisina y la treonina y en la harina de soya, la metionina y la lisina, respectivamente. Para la formulación de alimentos para M. tenellumse propone emplear una combinación de ingredientes proteicos, animales y vegetales, que se aproximen al perfil de aminoácidos de la especie.(AU)

Foram utilizados camarões de água doce Macrobrachium tenellumpara determinar o conteúdo de aminoácidos (aa) do músculo e o escore químico dos principais ingredientes utilizados nos alimentos para a espécie. A separação e identificação de aa foi realizada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) com detecção por fluorescência, e o cálculo da pontuação química foi obtido pela divisão do valor de aa essenciais nas proteínas avaliadas e os aa nas proteínas de referência. Os aa mais abundantes no músculo foram o ácido glutâmico (16,14%), lisina (9,60%) e ácidoaspártico (9,06%), e osmais baixosforam metionina (2,88%), histidina (2,52%) etriptofano (0,47%). O primeiro aminoácido limitante para a farinha de peixe foi a treonina, e no farelo de lula, histidina; o segundo aa limitante foi a arginina e a treonina, respectivamente. Na farinha de trigo, o primeiro e segundo aminoácidos limitantes foram lisina e treonina; na farinha de soja, metionina e lisina, respectivamente. Na formulação dos alimentos para M. tenellumrecomenda-se utilizar uma combinação de ingredientes com proteína animal e vegetal, aproximando-se ao perfil de aminoácidos da espécie.(AU)

Freshwater prawns Macrobrachiumtenellumwere used to determine the content of amino acids (aa) of the muscle, and the chemical score of the main ingredients used in feeds for the species was determined. The separation and identification of aa is carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection.The calculation of chemical score was obtained by dividing the value of essential aa between aa of the reference protein.The most abundant aa in muscle were glutamic acid (16.14%), lysine (9.60%) and aspartic acid (9.06%) and the lowest were methionine (2.88%), histidine (2.52%) and the tryptophan (0.47%). The first limiting amino acid for fishmeal was threonine and histidine for squid meal; and as a second limiting aa arginine and threonine, respectively. In wheat flour first and second limiting amino acids were lysine and threonine, in soybean meal, methionine and lysine, respectively. For feed formulation for M. tenellumintends to use a combination of plant and animal proteins that approximates the amino acid profile of the species.(AU)

Suplementação de glutamina em dietas elaboradas com ingredientes de origem vegetal e animal para pintos de corte / Supplementation of glutamine in diets with ingredients from animal and vegetable sources for broiler chicks

Foi avaliado o efeito da suplementação da glutamina em dietas contendo ingredientes de origem animal sobre o desempenho e a integridade intestinal de pintos de corte, criados até 21 dias de idade. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de combinações entre tipos de dieta, com ingredientes de origem vegetal ou vegetal+animal e suplementação de glutamina (0,0; 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0%). O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso em arranjo fatorial 2x4, tipos de ração x percentagem de glutamina, com cinco repetições e 12 pintos por unidade experimental. Não houve efeito da interação tipo de dieta versus suplementação de glutamina sobre o desempenho, e os tratamentos não influenciaram o desempenho de pintos de corte. Houve efeito quadrático da suplementação de glutamina sobre o coeficiente de digestibilidade da proteína bruta. A suplementação com glutamina aumentou altura de vilos e profundidade de cripta no duodeno. A utilização de produtos de origem animal em dietas para pintos na fase inicial não prejudica o desempenho, e a inclusão de glutamina melhora a integridade intestinal.

The effect of glutamine supplementation in diets formulated with animal by-products on the performance and integrity of the small intestine of broiler chicks up to 21 days of age was evaluated. The treatments were the combination of types of diets (only with ingredients from a vegetal source or vegetal plus animal source) and levels of glutamine (0.0; 0.5; 1.0 and 2.0%). The experimental design was randomized blocks in a 2x4 factorial scheme (kinds of diets x levels of glutamine), with five replicates and 12 birds per experimental unit. No interaction between diets and glutamine supplementation and treatment effects on the performance traits were observed during the chick starter phase. There was a quadratic effect of glutamine on the crude protein digestibility coefficient. Birds supplemented with glutamine diets showed higher villus height and crypt depth in the duodenum. Broiler diets formulated with animal ingredients have no effect on chick performance during the initial phase, and glutamine supplementation improved the small intestine integrity.

Suplementação de glutamina em dietas elaboradas com ingredientes de origem vegetal e animal para pintos de corte / Supplementation of glutamine in diets with ingredients from animal and vegetable sources for broiler chicks

Foi avaliado o efeito da suplementação da glutamina em dietas contendo ingredientes de origem animal sobre o desempenho e a integridade intestinal de pintos de corte, criados até 21 dias de idade. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de combinações entre tipos de dieta, com ingredientes de origem vegetal ou vegetal+animal e suplementação de glutamina (0,0; 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0%). O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso em arranjo fatorial 2x4, tipos de ração x percentagem de glutamina, com cinco repetições e 12 pintos por unidade experimental. Não houve efeito da interação tipo de dieta versus suplementação de glutamina sobre o desempenho, e os tratamentos não influenciaram o desempenho de pintos de corte. Houve efeito quadrático da suplementação de glutamina sobre o coeficiente de digestibilidade da proteína bruta. A suplementação com glutamina aumentou altura de vilos e profundidade de cripta no duodeno. A utilização de produtos de origem animal em dietas para pintos na fase inicial não prejudica o desempenho, e a inclusão de glutamina melhora a integridade intestinal.(AU)

The effect of glutamine supplementation in diets formulated with animal by-products on the performance and integrity of the small intestine of broiler chicks up to 21 days of age was evaluated. The treatments were the combination of types of diets (only with ingredients from a vegetal source or vegetal plus animal source) and levels of glutamine (0.0; 0.5; 1.0 and 2.0%). The experimental design was randomized blocks in a 2x4 factorial scheme (kinds of diets x levels of glutamine), with five replicates and 12 birds per experimental unit. No interaction between diets and glutamine supplementation and treatment effects on the performance traits were observed during the chick starter phase. There was a quadratic effect of glutamine on the crude protein digestibility coefficient. Birds supplemented with glutamine diets showed higher villus height and crypt depth in the duodenum. Broiler diets formulated with animal ingredients have no effect on chick performance during the initial phase, and glutamine supplementation improved the small intestine integrity.(AU)

Suplementos nutricionales orales a base de nuevos complejos de cobre, magnesio, manganeso y zinc

Suplementos nutricionales orales a base de nuevos complejos de cobre, magnesio, manganeso y zinc Los oligoelementos cobre, magnesio, manganeso y zinc intervienen en numerosos procesos metabólicos, enzimáticos, inmunológicos y tisulares, forman parte estructural de proteínas y pueden participar en la regulación de la expresión genética. La deficiencia de estos elementos esenciales dificulta el apropiado funcionamiento del organismo e induce el desarrollo de diversas enfermedades. Se debe garantizar la incorporación de oligoelementos a través de la dieta; sin embargo, la cantidad suministrada no siempre es suficiente y el uso de suplementos nutricionales convencionales presenta dos problemas; el primero se atribuye a la asociación de los metales a sales inorgánicas que generan una baja absorción e intolerancias a nivel gástrico y el segundo corresponde a las interacciones antagonistas entre diversos metales componentes de la formulación. Como una alternativa a los problemas mencionados, en este trabajo se propone la elaboración de tabletas para la administración oral de nuevos complejos de cobre, zinc, magnesio y manganeso ligados a los aminoácidos glicina y asparagina. En la síntesis de estos complejos, cada ligando se unió a duplas de cationes no antagonistas, se verificó la formación de los complejos por espectroscopía infrarroja, calorimetría de barrido diferencial, análisis termogravimétrico y difracción de rayos X de polvos, y se determinaron los tiempos de desintegración y de disolución in-vitro a las formas farmacéuticas finales.

Oral dietary supplements with copper, magnesium, manganese and zinc-based new complexes Oligoelements such as copper, magnesium, manganese and zinc are involved in several metabolic, enzymatic and immunological processes. They are also important for the integral tissue proteins and could be involved in gene expression regulation. The deficiency of these essential elements hampers the appropriate function of the body and may cause various diseases. Therefore, it is important to guarantee the incorporation of these trace elements in the diet, but the quantity provided is not always adequate for the optimum body performance. Currently, conventional nutritional supplements have two major problems. The first one is attributed to the association of inorganic salts with metals which might cause low absorption and gastric intolerance. The second problem is caused when several metals are present in a formulation which could lead to possible antagonistic interactions. For this reason, this study explores the development of cations (i.e., copper, zinc, magnesium and manganese) and amino acids (i.e., glycine and asparagine) new complexes formulated into compacts for oral administration. In each reaction, ligands were linked to non-antagonistic cation pairs. The complex formation was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and powder X-ray diffraction analyses. Compact disintegration and in-vitro dissolution tests for these complexes were also determined.

Relações treonina: lisina digestíveis para suínos na fase inicial, alimentados com rações de baixa proteína, calculadas de acordo com o conceito de energia líquida / Digestible threonine: lysine ratios for starting pigs fed low protein diets, considering net energy concept

Foram realizados dois experimentos com o objetivo de estudar, no primeiro, o efeito de diferentes relações treonina:lisina digestíveis (TL) sobre a utilização do nitrogênio (N) em suínos na fase inicial, dos 15 aos 30kg de peso, e, no segundo, o efeito dessas relações sobre o desempenho dos animais. No primeiro experimento, foi avaliado o balanço de nitrogênio, utilizando-se 20 suínos machos castrados, híbridos comerciais de média a alta deposição de tecido magro, com peso inicial de 23,0±4,1kg. Os suínos foram distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso. As rações continham baixo nível de proteína (17,3 por cento), e as relações TL foram: 0,574; 0,624; 0,673; 0,722 e 0,772. A proteína bruta total excretada (PBTE), a proteína bruta retida (PBR) e a utilização líquida da proteína (ULP) apresentaram efeito quadrático, e os melhores valores nas relações foram 0,648; 0,648 e 0,649, respectivamente. A melhor relação TL foi 0,649 (média da PBR e ULP). No segundo experimento, foi avaliado o efeito dessa relação sobre o desempenho dos suínos na fase inicial. Foram utilizados 60 animais (30 machos castrados e 30 fêmeas) com peso inicial de 15,5±1,5kg, de características semelhantes ao primeiro experimento, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5x2 (cinco relações TL e dois sexos, com dois animais por baia). Foram utilizadas seis baias por tratamento, com três de machos e três de fêmeas cada. Não houve efeito da relação TL sobre o consumo diário de ração e o ganho diário de peso, e houve efeito quadrático, com ponto de mínimo, sobre a conversão alimentar com a relação TL de 0,691. Os resultados indicam que a relação TL de 0,649 maximiza a retenção de nitrogênio e a relação TL de 0,691 permite melhor conversão alimentar para leitões dos 15 aos 30kg de peso.(AU)

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of digestible threonine:lysine ratio (TL) on nitrogen (N) use and on growth performance of starting pigs (15-30kg). Experiment I evaluated nitrogen balance using twenty high-lean commercial crossbred barrows, with initial weight of 23.0±4.1kg. Pigs were allotted in a randomized design. Diets were formulated with low crude protein levels (17.3 percent) and TL ratios were: 0.574; 0.624; 0.673; 0.722; and 0.772. Excreted crude protein (CPEX), crude protein retention (CPR), and net protein utilization (NPU) showed quadratic effect and the best TL ratio values were achieved at 0.648, 0.648, and 0.649, respectively. The best TL ratio was 0.649 (CPR and NPU means). Experiment II was carried out to examine the same TL ratio effects on the performance of pigs. Sixty pigs (30 barrows and 30 gilts), averaging 15.5±1.5kg, used in experiment II, were allotted in a randomized design, following a factorial scheme (5x2), being five TL ratios (same as in experiment I) and two genders. Six pens per treatment (three barrows and three gilts) were used. There was no effect of TL ratio on daily feed intake and on average weight gain. However, the feed:gain ratio showed a quadratic effect and the best TL ratio was achieved at 0.691. The results pointed out that the 0.649 TL ratio maximized nitrogen retention and the 0.694 TL ratio allowed a better feed conversion for starting pigs averaging 15 to 30kg of b.w.(AU)

Relações treonina: lisina digestíveis para suínos na fase inicial, alimentados com rações de baixa proteína, calculadas de acordo com o conceito de energia líquida / Digestible threonine: lysine ratios for starting pigs fed low protein diets, considering net energy concept

Foram realizados dois experimentos com o objetivo de estudar, no primeiro, o efeito de diferentes relações treonina:lisina digestíveis (TL) sobre a utilização do nitrogênio (N) em suínos na fase inicial, dos 15 aos 30kg de peso, e, no segundo, o efeito dessas relações sobre o desempenho dos animais. No primeiro experimento, foi avaliado o balanço de nitrogênio, utilizando-se 20 suínos machos castrados, híbridos comerciais de média a alta deposição de tecido magro, com peso inicial de 23,0±4,1kg. Os suínos foram distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso. As rações continham baixo nível de proteína (17,3 por cento), e as relações TL foram: 0,574; 0,624; 0,673; 0,722 e 0,772. A proteína bruta total excretada (PBTE), a proteína bruta retida (PBR) e a utilização líquida da proteína (ULP) apresentaram efeito quadrático, e os melhores valores nas relações foram 0,648; 0,648 e 0,649, respectivamente. A melhor relação TL foi 0,649 (média da PBR e ULP). No segundo experimento, foi avaliado o efeito dessa relação sobre o desempenho dos suínos na fase inicial. Foram utilizados 60 animais (30 machos castrados e 30 fêmeas) com peso inicial de 15,5±1,5kg, de características semelhantes ao primeiro experimento, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5x2 (cinco relações TL e dois sexos, com dois animais por baia). Foram utilizadas seis baias por tratamento, com três de machos e três de fêmeas cada. Não houve efeito da relação TL sobre o consumo diário de ração e o ganho diário de peso, e houve efeito quadrático, com ponto de mínimo, sobre a conversão alimentar com a relação TL de 0,691. Os resultados indicam que a relação TL de 0,649 maximiza a retenção de nitrogênio e a relação TL de 0,691 permite melhor conversão alimentar para leitões dos 15 aos 30kg de peso.

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of digestible threonine:lysine ratio (TL) on nitrogen (N) use and on growth performance of starting pigs (15-30kg). Experiment I evaluated nitrogen balance using twenty high-lean commercial crossbred barrows, with initial weight of 23.0±4.1kg. Pigs were allotted in a randomized design. Diets were formulated with low crude protein levels (17.3 percent) and TL ratios were: 0.574; 0.624; 0.673; 0.722; and 0.772. Excreted crude protein (CPEX), crude protein retention (CPR), and net protein utilization (NPU) showed quadratic effect and the best TL ratio values were achieved at 0.648, 0.648, and 0.649, respectively. The best TL ratio was 0.649 (CPR and NPU means). Experiment II was carried out to examine the same TL ratio effects on the performance of pigs. Sixty pigs (30 barrows and 30 gilts), averaging 15.5±1.5kg, used in experiment II, were allotted in a randomized design, following a factorial scheme (5x2), being five TL ratios (same as in experiment I) and two genders. Six pens per treatment (three barrows and three gilts) were used. There was no effect of TL ratio on daily feed intake and on average weight gain. However, the feed:gain ratio showed a quadratic effect and the best TL ratio was achieved at 0.691. The results pointed out that the 0.649 TL ratio maximized nitrogen retention and the 0.694 TL ratio allowed a better feed conversion for starting pigs averaging 15 to 30kg of b.w.

Efeito de concentrações de glicina e inositol no cultivo in vitro de duas frutíferas de clima temperado / Effect of glycine and inositol concentrations on two in vitro cultivated temperate fruit trees

A fim de aprimorar técnicas de cultivo in vitro de duas frutíferas de clima temperado (amoreira-preta cv. Tupy e porta-enxerto de videira cv. Kobber 5BB), testaram-se diferentes concentrações de glicina e inositol, adicionadas ao meio de cultura. Para plântula de amoreira-preta, o meio foi constituído do meio básico MS, acrescido de 30 g L-1 de sacarose e 7 g L-1 de ágar, e o pH ajustado para 5,8 antes da autoclavagem a 121ºC e 1 atm por 20 minutos; e do meio básico DSD1 para porta-enxerto de videira cv. Kobber 5BB, acrescido de 20 g L-1 de sacarose e 7 g L-1 de ágar, e o pH ajustado para 6,4. O experimento com amoreira-preta consistiu de 5 diferentes concentrações de glicina (0; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0 e 8,0 mg L-1), 5 de inositol (0; 50; 100; 200 e 400 mg L-1) e suas combinações. O experimento com videira consistiu de 4 diferentes concentrações de glicina (0; 1,0; 2,0 e 4,0 mg L-1), 4 de inositol (0; 10; 20 e 40 mg L-1) e suas combinações. Segmentos nodais, oriundos de plântulas preestabelecidas in vitro foram excisados e introduzidos em tubos de ensaio contendo 15 mL dos meios de cultura. Posteriormente, os tubos de ensaio foram transferidos para sala de crescimento a 25 ± 2ºC, irradiância de 32 mmol m² s¹ e fotoperíodo de 16 horas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualisado, utilizando-se de doze plântulas por tratamento. Após 70 dias de cultivo in vitro, melhores resultados para a amoreira-preta cv. Tupy foram obtidos com concentração de glicina até a recomendada no meio de cultura MS (2,0 mg L-1) e 4 vezes o valor de inositol. Para o porta-enxerto de videira, melhores resultados foram obtidos na ausência e/ou com baixas concentrações de glicina e concentração de inositol igual ou superior à recomendada no meio de cultura DSD1.

Aiming to improve the in vitro cultivation techniques of two temperate fruit i.e. blackberry cv. Tupy and grapevine rootstock cv. Kobber 5BB, different glycine and inositol concentrations in the culture medium were tested. The culture medium was constituted of MS basal medium, added of 30 g L-1 sucrose and 7 g L-1 agar, and the pH adjusted to 5.8 before the sterilization of 121ºC and 1 atm for 20 minutes, and DSD1 basal medium for grapevine rootstock cv. Kobber 5BB, added of 20 g L-1 sucrose and 7 g L-1 agar, and the pH adjusted to 6.4. The work with blackberry consisted of 5 different concentrations of glycine (0; 1.0; 2.0; 4.0 and 8.0 mg L-1), 5 of inositol (0; 500; 100; 200 and 400 mg L-1) and its combinations. The work with grapevine composed of 4 different concentrations of glycine (0; 1.0; 2.0 and 4.0 mg L-1), 4 of inositol (0; 10; 20 and 40 mg L-1), and its combinations. Nodal segments from in vitro plants was excised and introduced into test tubes containing 15 mL of culture medium. After that, the culture tubes were transferred in a growth room to 25 ± 2ºC, irradiance of 32 mol m-2.s-1 and photoperiod of 16 hours. The experiments were settled in a completely randomized design, using twelve explants per treatment. After 70 days of in vitro cultivation, better results for the blackberry cv. Tupy were obtained with glycine concentration as recommended in the MS culture medium (2 mg L-1) and 4 fold of the inositol value. For the grapevine rootstock, better results were obtained in the absence and/or with low glycine concentrations and the same or higher inositol concentration as recommended in the DSD1 culture medium.

Determinación de los coeficientes de digestibilidad ileal aparente y estandarizada de la proteína y aminoácidos de la torta de canola en lechones recién destetados / Estimação dos coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal aparente das proteínas e aminoácidos do torta de canola em leitões recém-desmamados / Determination of standardized and apparent ileal digestibility coefficients of protein and amino acids from canola meal in weaned piglets

Para obtener los coeficientes de digestibilidad ileal aparente (CDIA) y estandarizada (CDIE) de la proteína y aminoácidos de pasta de canola (PC), se realizó un experimento en el que se utilizaron 24 lechones destetados a los 17 días de edad con un peso de 5.5 kg, a los cuales se les fijó una cánula simple en “T” al final del íleon distal. Los lechones recibieron uno de los tratamientos: Dieta de Referencia (DR) elaborada con caseína como única fuente de proteína y almidón de maíz, dietas CTC (caseína 10% de torta de canola) y CTCP (caseína- 10% de torta de canola peletizada). Los resultados mostraron que los CDIA de la DR fueron superiores (p<0.05) a los de la dieta CTCP y estos a los de la dieta CTC. Los CDIE fueron superiores en torta de canola paletizada (TCP) e inferiores en torta de canola (TC). Se concluye que la TCP puede utilizarse a un nivel de inclusión máximo del 10% en el alimento de lechones recién destetados, ya que el peletizado mejoró significativamente la digestibilidad ileal de proteína y aminoácidos.

To obtain the coefficients of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) and standardized ileal digestibility (CSID) of protein and amino acid from canola, one experiment was carried out using 24 piglets weaned at 17 days of age, weighing 5.5 kg. Piglets were fitted with a simple “T” cannula at terminal ileum and were fed with one of three treatments: (RD) reference diet elaborated with casein as unique protein source and corn starch; casein-canola meal (CCM) and casein-peletized canola meal (CPCM) diets. In those diets 10% CM or PCM was included. CAID were higher (p<0.05) in RD than in CPCM diet and these than in CCM. CSID were ranked in the same way, PCM had higher CSID than CM. It was concluded that PCM can be useful at maximum level inclusion of 10% in weaned piglet food, because the peletized food significantly improve ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids.

Para obter os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal aparente (CDI) e padronizados (CDI) das proteínas e aminoácidos massas canola (PC), foi conduzido um experimento no qual foram utilizados 24 leitões desmamados aos 17 dias de idade com um peso de 5,5 kg, que são fixadas uma cânula simples “T” no final do íleo distal. Os leitões foram um dos tratamentos: Dieta Referência (DR) desenvolvido com caseína como única fonte de proteína e de amido de milho, rações CTC (caseína-10% do bolo canola) e CTCP (caseína-10% do bolo canola pellets). Os resultados mostram que o CDI do DR foram superiores (p<0.05) para a dieta destes CTCP e aqueles na dieta CTC. CDI foram superiores e inferiores TCP CT. Concluímos que o TCP pode ser utilizado ao nivel máximo de 10% no alimentos de leitões, devido a que o alimento pellets melhora sustancialmente a digestibilidade de proteínas e aminoácid.