Edible Plant Extracts against Aedes aegypti and Validation of a Piper nigrum L. Ethanolic Extract as a Natural Insecticide.

The Aedes aegypti mosquito significantly impacts public health, with vector control remaining the most efficient means of reducing the number of arboviral disease cases. This study screened the larvicidal and pupicidal activity of common edible plant extracts. Piper nigrum L. (black pepper) extract production was optimized using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and validated following regulatory requirements using HPLC-PDA analytical methodology to quantify its major component-piperine. Larvicidal activity was determined for the standardized P. nigrum fruit ethanol extract (LC50 1.1 µg/mL) and piperine standard (LC50 19.0 µg/mL). Furthermore, 9-day residual activity was determined for the extract (4 µg/mL) and piperine (60 µg/mL), with daily piperine quantification. Semi-field trials of solid extract formulations demonstrated 24-day activity against Ae. aegypti larvae. Thus, the standardized P. nigrum extract emerges as a potential candidate for insecticide development to control the arboviral vector.

Differential Allele-Specific Expression Revealed Functional Variants and Candidate Genes Related to Meat Quality Traits in B. indicus Muscle.

Traditional transcriptomics approaches have been used to identify candidate genes affecting economically important livestock traits. Regulatory variants affecting these traits, however, remain under covered. Genomic regions showing allele-specific expression (ASE) are under the effect of cis-regulatory variants, being useful for improving the accuracy of genomic selection models. Taking advantage of the better of these two methods, we investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in regions showing differential ASE (DASE SNPs) between contrasting groups for beef quality traits. For these analyses, we used RNA sequencing data, imputed genotypes and genomic estimated breeding values of muscle-related traits from 190 Nelore (Bos indicus) steers. We selected 40 contrasting unrelated samples for the analysis (N = 20 animals per contrasting group) and used a beta-binomial model to identify ASE SNPs in only one group (i.e., DASE SNPs). We found 1479 DASE SNPs (FDR ≤ 0.05) associated with 55 beef-quality traits. Most DASE genes were involved with tenderness and muscle homeostasis, presenting a co-expression module enriched for the protein ubiquitination process. The results overlapped with epigenetics and phenotype-associated data, suggesting that DASE SNPs are potentially linked to cis-regulatory variants affecting simultaneously the transcription and phenotype through chromatin state modulation.

Dynamin Superfamily at Pre- and Postsynapses: Master Regulators of Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity in Health and Disease.

Dynamin superfamily proteins (DSPs) comprise a large group of GTP-ases that orchestrate membrane fusion and fission, and cytoskeleton remodeling in different cell-types. At the central nervous system, they regulate synaptic vesicle recycling and signaling-receptor turnover, allowing the maintenance of synaptic transmission. In the presynapses, these GTP-ases control the recycling of synaptic vesicles influencing the size of the ready-releasable pool and the release of neurotransmitters from nerve terminals, whereas in the postsynapses, they are involved in AMPA-receptor trafficking to and from postsynaptic densities, supporting excitatory synaptic plasticity, and consequently learning and memory formation. In agreement with these relevant roles, an important number of neurological disorders are associated with mutations and/or dysfunction of these GTP-ases. Along the present review we discuss the importance of DSPs at synapses and their implication in different neuropathological contexts.

Aportes del uso de Simuladores educativos en aula como una herramienta para mejorar la calidad del aprendizaje de los alumnos de la Facultad de Psicología de la UAQ / Contributions of the use of educational simulators in the classroom as a tool to improve the quality of learning in the students of the faculty of psychology of the UAQ

Dentro de este magnífico mundo de enseñanza ­aprendizaje existen muchos elementos de influencia más allá de solo un maestro, un alumno o un aula; crear ambientes de aprendizaje dinámicos, efectivos y orientados a la generación de aprendizaje significativo es tarea de todos los profesionales de la educación; para ello debemos romper esquemas, modelos anacrónicos y pensar en estrategias propositivas adaptadas a las nuevas y diferentes formas de aprender de las generaciones actuales y futuras creando entornos amigables, prácticos y efectivos. Este artículo plantea la utilización de simuladores en los ámbitos educativos, como una forma de facilitar el aprendizaje mediante el uso de los métodos y herramientas de transmisión de conocimiento adaptadas a las necesidades de aprendizaje actuales, es decir, de explotar las herramientas propias de la época en la que vivimos; en este caso las tecnológicas; esto se vuelve necesario considerando que tanto los métodos de enseñanza ­aprendizaje, como los sistemas educativos de hoy en día, ya no son del todo suficientes para cubrir las expectativas de educación actuales, debido a que hoy en día en muchos países aún se siguen utilizando métodos y estrategias educativas diseñadas para cubrir las necesidades de las sociedades del siglo pasado. En este documento se habla sobre la necesidad actual de contar con herramientas que potencialicen la calidad y efectividad del proceso de enseñanza ­aprendizaje en las aulas y de la propuesta de un método de investigación participativa en la cual es posible identificar cómo la implementación de herramientas TIC por medio del uso de simuladores en aula, es efectiva y benéfica para mejorarla adquisición y dominio de conocimiento en los estudiantes de la licenciatura de Psicología del trabajo de la Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, logrando en ellos un mejor desempeño profesional y mayor éxito en las actividades propias de su profesión.

Around the magnific world of the teaching -learning, exist many influencing elements more than the only a professor, a student or an classroom; work to make a dynamic and effective learning environments and oriented to create significative learning is a job of all the professionals of learning, to do that, we have to broke schemes, anachronic models and think In propositives strategies aligned to the new and different ways of learn of the actually and future generations, creating friendly, practical and effective environments. This article proposes the use of simulator systems in educational environments, is a way to facilitate the learning through the use of methods and tools to help the transmission of knowledge adapted to current learning needs, that is to, exploit the modern tools; the technology tools. That becomes necessary considering that both the teaching ­learning methods and the actually educational systems, are very far from covering the current education expectations and needs because in many countries are using educational methods and strategies designed to comply the needs of the last century societies. This article, talk about the current need to count with tools that enhance the quality and effectiveness of the teaching -learning process in the classrooms and the proposal of a participatory investigation method with which is possible to identify how the implementation of TIC tools across the use of simulators in classroom is effective and beneficial to get better and acquire mastery of learning on the psychology students of autonomous university of Querétaro, achieving a better professional performance in them and greater success in professional activities.

Multi-response optimal hot pressurized liquid recovery of extractable polyphenols from leaves of maqui (Aristotelia chilensis [Mol.] Stuntz).

Multi-response optimization of hot pressurized liquid extraction (HPLE) was applied for the first time to obtain maqui (Aristotelia chilensis [Mol.] Stuntz) leaf extracts. The total polyphenol content (TPC), the antioxidant capacity (AC) as well as the total polyphenol purity of the maqui leaf extracts were accurately predicted (RSD < 8%) at the evaluated extraction scales. The optimum HPLE conditions that prioritized TPC and AC equally (OPT1) recovered ~3 times more TPC (205.14 mg GAE/g leaves) than maqui leaf extracts obtained by maceration, while the extract that prioritized purity over TPC and AC presented the highest purity (36.29%) and an EC50 ~3 times lower than currently reported values. It was found by multi-response optimization that maqui leaves and HPLE are among the best natural sources and extraction techniques, respectively, to recover protocatechuic acid, quercetin, and catechin.

Disentangling the genetic bases of Saccharomyces cerevisiae nitrogen consumption and adaptation to low nitrogen environments in wine fermentation.

The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been considered for more than 20 years as a premier model organism for biological sciences, also being the main microorganism used in wide industrial applications, like alcoholic fermentation in the winemaking process. Grape juice is a challenging environment for S. cerevisiae, with nitrogen deficiencies impairing fermentation rate and yeast biomass production, causing stuck or sluggish fermentations, thus generating sizeable economic losses for wine industry. In the present review, we summarize some recent efforts in the search of causative genes that account for yeast adaptation to low nitrogen environments, specially focused in wine fermentation conditions. We start presenting a brief perspective of yeast nitrogen utilization under wine fermentative conditions, highlighting yeast preference for some nitrogen sources above others. Then, we give an outlook of S. cerevisiae genetic diversity studies, paying special attention to efforts in genome sequencing for population structure determination and presenting QTL mapping as a powerful tool for phenotype-genotype correlations. Finally, we do a recapitulation of S. cerevisiae natural diversity related to low nitrogen adaptation, specially showing how different studies have left in evidence the central role of the TORC1 signalling pathway in nitrogen utilization and positioned wild S. cerevisiae strains as a reservoir of beneficial alleles with potential industrial applications (e.g. improvement of industrial yeasts for wine production). More studies focused in disentangling the genetic bases of S. cerevisiae adaptation in wine fermentation will be key to determine the domestication effects over low nitrogen adaptation, as well as to definitely proof that wild S. cerevisiae strains have potential genetic determinants for better adaptation to low nitrogen conditions.

Disentangling the genetic bases of Saccharomyces cerevisiae nitrogen consumption and adaptation to low nitrogen environments in wine fermentation

The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been considered for more than 20 years as a premier model organ- ism for biological sciences, also being the main microorganism used in wide industrial applications, like alcoholic fermentation in the winemaking process. Grape juice is a challenging environment for S. cerevisiae , with nitrogen deficiencies impairing fermentation rate and yeast biomass production, causing stuck or sluggish fermentations, thus generating sizeable economic losses for wine industry. In the present review, we summarize some recent efforts in the search of causative genes that account for yeast adaptation to low nitrogen environments, specially focused in wine fermentation conditions. We start presenting a brief perspective of yeast nitrogen utilization under wine fermentative conditions, highlighting yeast preference for some nitrogen sources above others. Then, we give an outlook of S. cerevisiae genetic diversity studies, paying special attention to efforts in genome sequencing for population structure determination and presenting QTL mapping as a powerful tool for phenotype-genotype correlations. Finally, we do a recapitulation of S. cerevisiae natural diversity related to low nitrogen adaptation, specially showing how different studies have left in evidence the central role of the TORC1 signalling pathway in nitrogen utilization and positioned wild S. cerevisiae strains as a reservoir of beneficial alleles with potential industrial applications (e.g. improvement of industrial yeasts for wine production). More studies focused in disentangling the genetic bases of S. cerevisiae adaptation in wine fermentation will be key to determine the domestication effects over low nitrogen adaptation, as well as to definitely proof that wild S. cerevisiae strains have potential genetic determinants for better adaptation to low nitrogen conditions.

Pharmacological safety of Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) Kausel in rabbits.

Fruit peels of Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) Kausel are widely used in Brazilian traditional medicine, but no studies have proved the safety of its pharmacological effects on the respiratory, cardiovascular, and central nervous systems. The present study assessed the safety pharmacology of P. cauliflora in New Zealand rabbits. First, an ethanol extract (EEPC) was selected for the pharmacological experiments and chemical characterization. Then, different groups of rabbits were orally treated with EEPC (200 and 2000 mg/kg) or vehicle. Acute behavioral and physiological alterations in the modified Irwin test, respiratory rate, arterial blood gas, and various cardiovascular parameters (i.e., heart rate, blood pressure, and electrocardiography) were evaluated. The main secondary metabolites that were identified in EEPC were ellagic acid, gallic acid, O-deoxyhexosyl quercetin, and the anthocyanin O-hexosyl cyanidin. No significant behavioral or physiological changes were observed in any of the groups. None of the doses of EEPC affected respiratory rate or arterial blood gas, with no changes on blood pressure or electrocardiographic parameters. The present study showed that EEPC did not cause any significant changes in respiratory, cardiovascular, or central nervous system function. These data provide scientific evidence of the effects of this species and important safety data for its clinical use.

Spectral Analysis of the Amplified Spontaneous Emission in the Second Positive System of the N2 Molecule.

The spectrum of the 0-0 band of the [Formula: see text] electronic transition of the N2 molecule presents a considerable difference in its distribution of intensities, as a function of the wave number, when the emission spectrum by glow discharge is compared to an amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) regime spectrum, commonly known as the N2 "laser". In the present paper, this particularity, due to gain of the transition, is analyzed from an experimental and theoretical point of view, and for the first time has its experimental and theoretical intensities fully compared. An experimental rotational spectrum is obtained for this transition and a model for the ASE intensities has been carried out in order to retrieve the experimental conditions. The theoretical calculations of the gain have been carried out through a model proposed by other authors, as explained in the article. For the comparison among the ASE experimental and theoretical intensities, the fast and slow relaxation approximations proposed have been used, being the first one that best reproduces the experimental spectrum. For the first time, the experimental and theoretical spectra are compared directly, allowing the precise determination of the vibrational coefficient of inversion and temperature, showing the possible problems arising from the approximation. A good agreement between experimental and theoretical results is observed showing the reasonable validity of the model for the gain.

Deficiências e incapacidades na hanseníase: do diagnóstico à alta por cura / Deficiencies and disabilities in leprosy: from the diagnosis to discharge by cure

Objetivou-se comparar o grau de incapacidade física, os sítios corporais afetados, as deficiências e incapacidades presentes e os nervos acometidos no diagnóstico e na alta em pacientes com hanseníase. Trata-se de um estudo desenvolvido entre 2009 e 2014 em centro de referência para hanseníase na Paraíba. Envolveu 414 prontuários, utilizando formulário estruturado. Os dados foram analisados através de técnicas de estatística descritiva (frequência absoluta e percentagem) e inferencial (Teste de Wilcoxon e Mcnemar). Nota-se decréscimo do acometimento dos sítios corporais (nariz p=0,000), das deficiências (ressecamento p=0,002 e ferida p=0,000 no nariz e úlcera p=0,004 nos pés) e da quantidade de nervos afetados (p=0,000) entre o diagnóstico e a alta por cura. Na análise dos anos 2009-2014 observa-se redução da quantidade de pacientes apresentando grau de incapacidade física 2. Conclui-se, portanto, que mesmo após a alta os pacientes estão propícios a desenvolver ou agravar incapacidades físicas, necessitando de acompanhamento periódico.

The aim was to compare the level of physical disability of the affected body sites, the deficiencies and disabilities present in affected nerves in the diagnosis and discharge of leprosy patients. This is a study developed between 2009 and 2014 in a reference center for leprosy in Paraíba. It involved 414 medical records, using a structured form. The data were analyzed using descriptive (absolute frequency and percentage) and inferential (Wilcoxon's and Mcnemar's tests) statistical techniques. There was a decrease of impairment in body sites (nose p=0.000), in disabilities (dryness p=0.002 and wound p=0.000 on the nose and ulcer p=0.004 in the feet) and, of the number of affected nerves (p=0.000) between the diagnosis and discharge by cure. In the analysis of the years 2009-2014, a reduction of patients presenting level 2 of physical disability was noted. Therefore, in conclusion, even after the discharge, the patients are favorable to develop or to aggravate physical disabilities, needing periodical accompaniment.

Analysis of lower urinary tract disease of dogs

Lower urinary tract diseases (LUTD) include different conditions that affect the urinary bladder, urethra and prostate. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of different related diseases, to characterize the population affected, and to determine risk factors in dogs. The clinical cases were diagnosed with LUTD through physical examination, and clinical laboratory and imaging studies. Male dogs had a greater predisposition to present a LUTD. Dogs from 3 months to 18 years with a median of 8 years were affected, and the most affected breeds were Poodle, Labrador, German shepherd, Schnauzer, Cocker Spaniel and Chihuahua. The LUTD presented with the following frequencies: bacterial urinary tract infection 34.02%; micturition disorders 22.68%; urolithiasis 20.61%; prostatic disease 14.43%; traumatic problems 8.24%. Sixty-seven per cent of the cases were specific diseases, such as uncomplicated and complicated bacterial urinary tract infections, urinary retention of neurologic origin and silica urolithiasis.(AU)

Doenças do trato urinário inferior (DTUI) incluem várias condições clínicas que afetam a bexiga, próstata e uretra. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a frequência de diferentes doenças relacionadas, caracterizar a população afetada, e determinar os fatores de risco em cães. Os casos clínicos com DTUI foram diagnosticados através de exame físico, estudos laboratoriais e de imagem. Os cães machos apresentam uma maior predisposição para DTUI. Foram afectados cães com idades compreendidas entre os 3 meses a 18 anos, com uma mediana de oito anos, sendo as raças mais predispostas os Poodle, Labrador, Pastor Alemão, Schnauzer, Cocker Spaniel e Chihuahua. A etiologia DTUI apresentou as seguintes frequências: 34,02% foram originadas em infecção do trato urinário inferior; 22,68% em distúrbios miccionais; 20,61% em urolitíase; 14,43% em doença prostática; 8,24% em problemas traumáticos. Sessenta e sete por cento dos casos de DTUI estavam associados a doenças específicas, tais como infecções bacterianas do trato urinário não complicadas e complicadas, retenção urinária neurogénica e urolitíase por sílica.(AU)

Analysis of lower urinary tract disease of dogs / Análise de doenças do trato urinário inferior em cães

Lower urinary tract diseases (LUTD) include different conditions that affect the urinary bladder, urethra and prostate. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of different related diseases, to characterize the population affected, and to determine risk factors in dogs. The clinical cases were diagnosed with LUTD through physical examination, and clinical laboratory and imaging studies. Male dogs had a greater predisposition to present a LUTD. Dogs from 3 months to 18 years with a median of 8 years were affected, and the most affected breeds were Poodle, Labrador, German shepherd, Schnauzer, Cocker Spaniel and Chihuahua. The LUTD presented with the following frequencies: bacterial urinary tract infection 34.02%; micturition disorders 22.68%; urolithiasis 20.61%; prostatic disease 14.43%; traumatic problems 8.24%. Sixty-seven per cent of the cases were specific diseases, such as uncomplicated and complicated bacterial urinary tract infections, urinary retention of neurologic origin and silica urolithiasis.(AU)

Doenças do trato urinário inferior (DTUI) incluem várias condições clínicas que afetam a bexiga, próstata e uretra. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a frequência de diferentes doenças relacionadas, caracterizar a população afetada, e determinar os fatores de risco em cães. Os casos clínicos com DTUI foram diagnosticados através de exame físico, estudos laboratoriais e de imagem. Os cães machos apresentam uma maior predisposição para DTUI. Foram afectados cães com idades compreendidas entre os 3 meses a 18 anos, com uma mediana de oito anos, sendo as raças mais predispostas os Poodle, Labrador, Pastor Alemão, Schnauzer, Cocker Spaniel e Chihuahua. A etiologia DTUI apresentou as seguintes frequências: 34,02% foram originadas em infecção do trato urinário inferior; 22,68% em distúrbios miccionais; 20,61% em urolitíase; 14,43% em doença prostática; 8,24% em problemas traumáticos. Sessenta e sete por cento dos casos de DTUI estavam associados a doenças específicas, tais como infecções bacterianas do trato urinário não complicadas e complicadas, retenção urinária neurogénica e urolitíase por sílica.(AU)

E2F1 and E2F2 induction in response to DNA damage preserves genomic stability in neuronal cells.

E2F transcription factors regulate a wide range of biological processes, including the cellular response to DNA damage. In the present study, we examined whether E2F family members are transcriptionally induced following treatment with several genotoxic agents, and have a role on the cell DNA damage response. We show a novel mechanism, conserved among diverse species, in which E2F1 and E2F2, the latter specifically in neuronal cells, are transcriptionally induced after DNA damage. This upregulation leads to increased E2F1 and E2F2 protein levels as a consequence of de novo protein synthesis. Ectopic expression of these E2Fs in neuronal cells reduces the level of DNA damage following genotoxic treatment, while ablation of E2F1 and E2F2 leads to the accumulation of DNA lesions and increased apoptotic response. Cell viability and DNA repair capability in response to DNA damage induction are also reduced by the E2F1 and E2F2 deficiencies. Finally, E2F1 and E2F2 accumulate at sites of oxidative and UV-induced DNA damage, and interact with γH2AX DNA repair factor. As previously reported for E2F1, E2F2 promotes Rad51 foci formation, interacts with GCN5 acetyltransferase and induces histone acetylation following genotoxic insult. The results presented here unveil a new mechanism involving E2F1 and E2F2 in the maintenance of genomic stability in response to DNA damage in neuronal cells.

Minimally invasive carpal tunnel surgery in leprosy / Cirurgia minimamente invasiva do túnel do carpo em lepra

Evaluate carpal tunnel release in leprosy. Methods: The authors operated upon 60 patientswith median nerve involvement by leprosy between February 2008 and February 2012. The outpatientswere under local anesthesia submitted to carpal tunnel release. Results: All the patients showed postoperativeimprovement in pain and sensation. Conclusion: The surgical approach is a cost effectivenessprocedure adequate to developing countries...

Avaliar a descompressão do túnel do carpo na lepra. Métodos: Os autores operaram 60pacientes ambulatoriais com envolvimento do nervo mediano pela lepra, entre fevereiro de 2008 efevereiro de 2012. Os pacientes foram submetidos a anestesia local e cirurgia de túnel do carpo.Resultados: Todos os pacientes experimentaram melhora no pós-operatório da sensibilidade e da dor.Conclusão: A abordagem cirúrgica é um procedimento de custo-efetividade satisfatório, adequadapara países em desenvolvimento...

Atividade citotóxica do extrato de Vitis labrusca em culturas de Trichomonas vaginalis / Cytotoxic activity of Vitis labrusca extract in cultures of Trichomonas vaginalis

Objetivos: Avaliar a atividade anti-Trichomonas vaginalis do extrato de folhas de videira (Vitis labrusca) provenientes de cultivo convencional e orgânico.Métodos: Extratos de folhas secas de videira, orgânico e convencional, foram elaborados com extrator Sohxlet. A composição fenólica total dos extratos foi avaliada por Folin-Cicoalteau e Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência. A atividade antiparasitária dos extratos foi realizada em cultura de T. vaginalis. Os testes foram realizados em três concentrações finais: 5, 10 e 20 mg/mL. Os trofozoítos foram contados em hemocitômetro e sua densidade foi ajustada em meio de cultura Trypticase-Yeast Extract-Maltose (TYM), de forma a se obter a concentração final de 1×105 trofozoítos/mL. Após incubação com os extratos por 24 horas a 37°C, foi feita a contagem dos trofozoítos com motilidade em hemocitômetro. Os controles do veículo foram realizados, adicionando-se água em substituição aos extratos.Resultados: O extrato de folhas convencionais é rico em catequina e os orgânicos, em resveratrol. Os extratos de V. labrusca não apresentaram atividade anti-T. vaginalis nas concentrações de 5 e 10 mg/mL. Entretanto na concentração de 20 mg/L, o extrato de folhas secas convencionais reduziu em 100% e o extrato orgânico em 48% a sobrevivência dos trofozoítos. Os polifenóis catequina, quercetina e rutina estavam em maior concentração no extrato com maior eficácia, os quais podem ser os responsáveis pela ação anti-T. vaginalis do extrato convencional.Conclusões: O extrato de folha de videira pode ser uma alternativa no combate a T. vaginalis. Estudos pré-clínicos e clínicos são necessários para comprovar eficácia e segurança desta intervenção...

AIMS: To evaluate the anti-Trichomonas vaginalis activity of the extract of organic and conventional leaves of Vitis labrusca.METHODS: Organic and conventional grapevine leaf extracts were prepared with extractor Sohxlet. The total phenolic extracts were evaluated by Folin-Cicoalteau and High-Performace Liquid Chromatography. The antiparasitic activity of the extracts was performed on growth of T. vaginalis. Tests were conducted at three final concentrations of 5, 10 and 20 mg/mL. The trophozoites were counted by hemocytometer and their density was adjusted in Trypticase-Yeast Extract-Maltose (TYM) growth environment in order to obtain a final concentration of 1x105 trophozoites/ml. After incubated with the extracts for 24 hours at 37 �C, the count of motile trophozoites was taken by hemocytometer. The vehicle controls were performed by substituting the extract by water.RESULTS: The conventional leaf extract is rich in catechin and the organic in resveratrol. The extracts of V. labrusca showed no anti-T.vaginalis activity at concentrations of 5 and 10 mg/mL. However in the concentration of 20 mg/L conventional grapevine leaf extracts reduced by 100% and the organic extract by 48% the survival of trophozoites. Catechin polyphenols, quercetin and rutin were in higher concentration in the extract with greater efficacy, which may be the responsible for the anti-T. vaginalis action of the conventional extract.CONCLUSIONS: The vine leaf extract may be an alternative to combat T. vaginalis. Pre-clinical and clinical studies are needed to confirm efficacy and safety of this intervention...

Equilíbrio eletrolítico e ácido-base em bovinos

The knowledge of the physiology and regulation of electrolytes and blood gas parameters is necessary because the health of the animal depends directly on the normal composition of fluid in body compartments. The regulation of these is closely intertwined with a rigorous and precise control so that an abnormality in one of these compartments reflects the change in the other. The evaluation of electrolyte and acid-base balance can provide key information for diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic decision for several diseases in animals such as neonatal diarrhea, anaplasmosis and babesiosis, displacement of abomasum and septic processes. The corrections of these changes with appropriate treatment are key to minimizing losses due to mortality in these diseases.

O conhecimento sobre a fisiologia e regulação dos eletrólitos e do equilíbrio ácido-base é necessário, pois a saúde do animal depende diretamente da composição normal dos fluídos nos diversos compartimentos corporais. Esta regulação está intimamente entrelaçada em um rigoroso e preciso controle, de modo que uma anormalidade em um destes compartimentos reflete na alteração dos demais. A avaliação do equilíbrio eletrolítico e ácido-base pode fornecer informações fundamentais para o diagnóstico, prognóstico e decisão terapêutica de diversas enfermidades nos bovinos, tais como diarreias neonatais, hemoparasitoses (anaplasmose e a babesiose), deslocamento de abomaso e processos de sépticos. As correções destas alterações com medidas terapêuticas adequadas são pontos chave para minimizar as perdas por mortalidade causadas por estas enfermidades.

Equilíbrio eletrolítico e ácido-base em bovinos

The knowledge of the physiology and regulation of electrolytes and blood gas parameters is necessary because the health of the animal depends directly on the normal composition of fluid in body compartments. The regulation of these is closely intertwined with a rigorous and precise control so that an abnormality in one of these compartments reflects the change in the other. The evaluation of electrolyte and acid-base balance can provide key information for diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic decision for several diseases in animals such as neonatal diarrhea, anaplasmosis and babesiosis, displacement of abomasum and septic processes. The corrections of these changes with appropriate treatment are key to minimizing losses due to mortality in these diseases.

O conhecimento sobre a fisiologia e regulação dos eletrólitos e do equilíbrio ácido-base é necessário, pois a saúde do animal depende diretamente da composição normal dos fluídos nos diversos compartimentos corporais. Esta regulação está intimamente entrelaçada em um rigoroso e preciso controle, de modo que uma anormalidade em um destes compartimentos reflete na alteração dos demais. A avaliação do equilíbrio eletrolítico e ácido-base pode fornecer informações fundamentais para o diagnóstico, prognóstico e decisão terapêutica de diversas enfermidades nos bovinos, tais como diarreias neonatais, hemoparasitoses (anaplasmose e a babesiose), deslocamento de abomaso e processos de sépticos. As correções destas alterações com medidas terapêuticas adequadas são pontos chave para minimizar as perdas por mortalidade causadas por estas enfermidades.

Enzymatic antioxidant responses to biostimulants in maize and soybean subjected to drought

Water stress is one of the most important environmental factors inducing physiological changes in plants, such as decrease in the water potential of the cells, the stomatal closure; and the development of oxidative processes mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) are efficient scavengers of ROS. The aim of this research was to examine how the application of biostimulant based on humic substances and aminoacids may affect activity levels of SOD, CAT, and APX of maize and soybean plants under well-watered or drought stress conditions. Pots (4.5 L) were filled with a Typic Hapludult soil where the biostimulants doses were applied. It was taken leaf samples in order to analyze SOD, CAT, and APX activities in plants. SOD and APX activity levels were increased by application of biostimulant 1 in maize subjected to stress. Catalase activity was not enhanced in plants by using the biostimulants. The composition of the biostimulants was not able to enhance stress tolerance in maize and soybean plants subjected to water stress.

O estresse hídrico é um dos mais importantes fatores ambientais que induz mudanças fisiológicas, como diminuição do potencial de água na célula, o fechamento dos estômatos e o desenvolvimento de processos oxidativos mediante a formação das espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS). As enzimas antioxidantes superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) e ascorbato peroxidase (APX) são eficientes eliminadores das ROS. O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar como a aplicação de bioestimulantes com substâncias húmicas e aminoácidos em sua composição afeta os níveis de SOD, CAT e APX nos tecidos das folhas de plantas de milho e de soja cultivadas com ou sem estresse hídrico. Amostras de um Argissolo foram colocadas em vasos (4,5 L) onde foram adicionadas as doses dos bioestimulantes. Foram retiradas amostras de folhas para análise da atividade da SOD, CAT e APX nas plantas. A SOD e APX aumentaram nas plantas de milho com a aplicação do bioestimulante 1. A atividade da CAT não aumentou nas plantas com a aplicação dos bioestimulantes. As composições dos bioestimulantes não possibilitaram aumento na resistência ao estresse hídrico em plantas de milho e de soja submetidas ao estresse hídrico

Enzymatic antioxidant responses to biostimulants in maize and soybean subjected to drought

Water stress is one of the most important environmental factors inducing physiological changes in plants, such as decrease in the water potential of the cells, the stomatal closure; and the development of oxidative processes mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) are efficient scavengers of ROS. The aim of this research was to examine how the application of biostimulant based on humic substances and aminoacids may affect activity levels of SOD, CAT, and APX of maize and soybean plants under well-watered or drought stress conditions. Pots (4.5 L) were filled with a Typic Hapludult soil where the biostimulants doses were applied. It was taken leaf samples in order to analyze SOD, CAT, and APX activities in plants. SOD and APX activity levels were increased by application of biostimulant 1 in maize subjected to stress. Catalase activity was not enhanced in plants by using the biostimulants. The composition of the biostimulants was not able to enhance stress tolerance in maize and soybean plants subjected to water stress.

O estresse hídrico é um dos mais importantes fatores ambientais que induz mudanças fisiológicas, como diminuição do potencial de água na célula, o fechamento dos estômatos e o desenvolvimento de processos oxidativos mediante a formação das espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS). As enzimas antioxidantes superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) e ascorbato peroxidase (APX) são eficientes eliminadores das ROS. O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar como a aplicação de bioestimulantes com substâncias húmicas e aminoácidos em sua composição afeta os níveis de SOD, CAT e APX nos tecidos das folhas de plantas de milho e de soja cultivadas com ou sem estresse hídrico. Amostras de um Argissolo foram colocadas em vasos (4,5 L) onde foram adicionadas as doses dos bioestimulantes. Foram retiradas amostras de folhas para análise da atividade da SOD, CAT e APX nas plantas. A SOD e APX aumentaram nas plantas de milho com a aplicação do bioestimulante 1. A atividade da CAT não aumentou nas plantas com a aplicação dos bioestimulantes. As composições dos bioestimulantes não possibilitaram aumento na resistência ao estresse hídrico em plantas de milho e de soja submetidas ao estresse hídrico

A relação entre a expressão de sintases do óxido nítrico por células de Reed-Sternberg, apoptose e infecção pelo vírus de Epstein-Barr no linfoma de Hodgkin / The relationship between nitric oxide synthases expression in classical Hodgkin lymphoma, apoptosis-related proteins and Epstein-Barr virus expression

Introdução. O linfoma de Hodgkin (LH) é uma neoplasia caracterizada por uma minoria de elementos neoplásicos, chamados de células de Reed-Sternberg (CRS) e suas variantes, e uma mistura de células inflamatórias que infiltram a massa tumoral, incluindo linfócitos, eosinófilos, plasmócitos, histiócitos e fibroblastos. Estudos clínicos e biológicos nos últimos 20 anos demonstraram o LH é verdadeiramente um linfoma, constituído por duas entidades distintas: o LH forma predominância linfocitária nodular (LHPLN) e o LH Clássico (LHC). Além disso, forneceram evidências de que as CRS são derivadas de células B do centro germinativo que sofreram mutações defeituosas ("crippling" mutations) de seus genes de imunoglobulina, tornando-os não funcionais. Ao contrário de linfócitos normais, que entram em apoptose por não produzirem imunoglobulina ou por produzir imungolobulinas com baixa afinidade antigênica, as CRS, por mecanismos ainda não completamente elucidados, são capazes de escapar deste processo de morte celular programada. Diversos genes ligados à regulação da apoptose, como os genes da família bcl-2, fas, fasL, c-FLIP, NFkappaB, têm sido investigados no LH, alguns dos quais parecem ter influência na evolução clínica dos pacientes. O papel desempenhado pelo vírus de Epstein-Barr (EBV) no bloqueio da apoptose no LH também tem sido intensamente estudado. O óxido nítrico (ON) é uma molécula diatômica cuja participação na regulação de numerosos processos que governam a carcinogênese, como o estímulo à profileração, ocorrência de mutações, bloqueio de apoptose, indução da angiogênese e ocorrência de metástases, tem sido intensamente estudada. O ON é produzido por uma família de enzimas denominadas sintases do óxido nítrico (NOS). Um aumento da expressão dos genes que codificam NOS e da produção de ON tem sido demonstrado em diversas neoplasias humanas, incluindo cânceres de mama, estômago, cólon, bexiga, próstata, pulmão e neoplasias hematopoiéticas. Objetivos. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a expressão das sintases do óxido nítrico (NOS1, NOS2), da nitrotirosina (evidência indireta da produção de óxido nítrico) e de proteínas associadas a apoptose (bcl-2, bax, p53, fas e fasL) no LHC, para testar a hipótese de que a produção de NOS e ON pelas CRS está envolvida na regulação defeituosa da apoptose nesta neoplasia. Foi estudada ainda a possível correlação destas moléculas com a infecção pelo EBV observada no LHC. Finalmente, pesquisou-se a capacidade das células L&H do LHPLN de produzir NOS e ON. Material e métodos. Blocos de parafina contendo material conservado em formalina de 238 casos de LHC foram selecionados do arquivo do Departamento de Patologia do Centro de Tratamento e Pesquisa Hospital do Câncer A C Camargo, São Paulo, Brasil, no período de 1980 a 2000. Foram excluídos casos com material insuficiente para realização do estudo, biópsias de recidiva e casos HIV-positivos. Após revisão histopatológica e, quando necessário, imunoistoquímica, foram submetidos a estudo imunoistoquímico utilizando anticorpos para NOS1, NOS2, nitrotirosina, bcl-2, bax, p53, fas, fasL e LMP1. Foi realizada ainda hibridização in situ com sonda contra o transcrito EBER-1 do vírus de Epstein-Barr. As lâminas foram analisadas e os resultados submetidos à análise estatística. Foram selecionados ainda 7 casos de LHPLN, que, após confirmação diagnóstica, foram submetidos a estudo imunoistoquímico utilizando anticorpos para NOS1, NOS2 e nitrotirosina. Resultados. Dos 238 casos iniciais de LHC, 171 foram selecionados para análise. A expressão de NOS1 e de NOS2 foi observada em 42.1% e 55% dos casos, respectivamente. A expressão de nitrotirosina foi observada em 18.7% dos casos. As expressões de bcl-2, bax, p53, fas, fasL e LMP1 foram observadas, respectivamente, em 35.1%, 44.4%, 44.4%, 93,6%, 5.8% e 49.7% dos casos. O transcrito EBER-1 foi detectado em 46.8% dos casos. Foram observadas associações estatisticamente significativas entre fas e sexo masculino (p=0.032), EBV (LMP-1 e EBER) e sexo masculino (p<0.0001), EBV (LMP-1 e EBER) e subtipo histológico celularidade mista (p<0.0001), EBV e estadios avançados (LMP-1, p=0.0459; EBER, p=0.011), EBV (EBER) e sintomas B (p=0.0481), bax e p53 (p=0.036), bax e fasL (p=0.046), NOS1 e p53 (p=0.006), bax e NOS2 (p=0.022); e entre bcl-2 e NOS2 (p=0.034). Correlação inversa foi observada entre EBV (LMP-1) e NOS2 (p=0.018) , e entre EBV e bcl-2 (LMP-1, p=0.002; EBER, p=0.006). Observou-se ainda uma diminuição da sobrevida global associada à forte expressão de NOS2 (p=0.0098). A forte expressão de NOS2 pelas CRS também foi fator associado a um pior prognóstico em casos tratados com o esquema quimioterápico MOPP/ABVD (p=0.0003). Com relação ao LHPLN, observou-se expressão de NOS1 e NOS2 pelas células L&H em 42.9% e 71.4% dos casos, respectivamente. Não se observou a expressão de nitrotirosina. Conclusões. Os resultados do presente estudo demonstraram a capacidade das CRS de expressarem NOS e produzirem ON, assim como de expressarem genes produtores de proteínas reguladoras do ciclo celular. As correlações observadas entre NOS e as proteínas associadas a apoptose sugerem o envolvimento das NOS e do ON no controle deste processo. Observou-se ainda que a expressão de NOS2 está associada a uma menor sobrevida global nos casos de LHC. Com relação ao LHPLN, demonstrou-se que as células L&H são capazes de produzir NOS1 e NOS2. Não foi possível demonstrar, entretanto, a produção de nitrotirosina..

Background. Hodgkin' s lymphoma (HL) is a neoplasm composed by a minority of neoplastic cells, named Hodgkin and Reed-Stemberg (H-RS) cells, set in an inflammatory background consisting of lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, histiocytes, plasma cells and fibroblasts. Clinicai and biological studies over the past 20 years have concluded that HL is indeed a lymphoma, divided into 2 distinct entities: Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) and classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL ). Furthermore, they gave evidence that H-RS cells are derived from germinai center B cells with rearranged immunoglobulin genes bearing crippling mutations. Unlike normal B lymphocytes, which suffer apoptosis when failing to produce immunoglobulins, or producing low-antigenic affinity immunoglobulins, H-RS cells, by tnechanisms not fully understood, are capable of escaping apoptotic cell death. Many apoptotic regulators, such as bcl-2 family members, fas, fasL, c-FLIP, and NFkappaB, have been investigated in HL, some of which appearing to influence the clinicai outcome o f HL patients. The role o f EBV in the resistance to apoptotic cell death o f H-RS cells has also been under study. Nitric oxide (NO) is a diatomic molecule involved in multiple steps of carcinogenesis, such as DNA mutations, proliferation, blockage of apoptosis and angiogenic stimulation. NO is produced by a family of enzymes known as the nitric oxide synthases (NOS). NOS gene overexpression and NO production have been observed in many human tumors from various sites such as the breast, stomach, colon, bladder, prostate, lung and the haematopoietic system. Objective. The purpose o f this study was to analyze the role o f NOS (NOS 1, NOS2) and apoptosis-associated proteins expression in HL, to test the hypothesis that NOS and NO production by H-RS cells are involved in the deffective apoptotic program of this neoplasm. We also investigated the role of EBV expression in HL on NOS expression and NO production. Finally, we investigated if L&H cells of NLPHL could produce NOS and NO. Material and methods. 238 retrospective cases of HL, diagnosed between 1980 and 2000, were retrieved from the archives o f the Departamento de Patologia do Centro de Pesquisa do Hospital do Câncer A C Camargo. Cases without enough formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tis sue to run the immunohistochemical (IH C) reactions, relapse biopsies and HIVassociated HL were excluded. Histological diagnosis was revised, with the use of immunostains when necessary. Immunostains with antibodies against NOS 1, NOS2, nitrotyrosine, bcl-2, bax, p53, fas, fasL and LMP1 were performed. Cases were also tested for EBV presence using in situ hybridization for EBV early RNAs (EBER). We also selected 7 cases diagnosed as NLPHL, which were tested for NOS 1, NOS2 and nitrotyrosine expression. Results. A total o f 171 cases from the original 23 8 cases collected were available for analysis. NOS 1 and NOS 2 expression were detected in 42.1% and 55% of the cases, respectively. Nitrotyrosine expression was observed in 18.7% ofthe cases. Bcl-2, bax, p53, fas, fasL and LMP1 expression were observed in 35.1 %, 44.4%, 44.4%, 93,6%, 5.8% e 49.7o/o of the cases, respectively. The EBER-1 transcript was detected in 46.8% of the cases. Significant associations were established between fas and male gender (p=0.032), EBV (LMP-1 e EBER) and male gender (p<0.0001), EBV (LMP-1 e EBER) and mixed cellularity subtype (p<0.0001), EBV and late stages ofthe disease (LMP-1, p=0.0459; EBER, p=0.011 ), EBV (EBER) and B symptons (p=0.0481), bax and p53 (p=0.036), bax and fasL (p=0.046), NOS1 and p53 (p=0.006), bax and NOS2 (p=0.022); and between bcl-2 e NOS2 (p=0.034). An inverse correlation was observed between EBV (LMP-1) and NOS2 (p=0.018), and between EBV and bcl-2 (LMP-1, p=0.002; EBER, p=0.006). Strong NOS2 expression was associated with a shorter overall survival (p=0.0098). It also predicted a poor prognosis in those cases treated with MOPP/ ABVD (p=0.0003). Regarding NLPHL, NOS1 and NOS2 expression by L&H cells was detected in 42.9% and 71.4% ofthe cases, respectively. Nitrotyrosine expression was not detected. Conclusions. We conclude that H-RS cells are capable of expressing NOS and producing NO. They are also capable of producing many apoptosisassociated proteins. The correlations observed between NOS and apoptosisassociated proteins suggest that NOS and NO are involved in the defective apoptotic program of HL. Strong NOS2 expression is associated with a poor outcome in HL. We also conclude that L&H cells ofNLPHL express NOSI and NOS2. Nitrotyrosine expression, however, could not be established.