Effects of maternal antral follicle count in Bos taurus indicus cattle on the genetic merit of male offspring and antral follicle count of female offspring.

This study evaluated the effects of antral follicle count (AFC) in female cattle on offspring characteristics. Recently calved multiparous Bos indicus cows (Nelore; n = 222) were evaluated using ultrasonography on random days of their estrous cycle to determine the AFC and were classified into "low" (≤15 follicles), "intermediate" (≥16 and ≤ 29 follicles), and "high" (≥30 follicles) AFC groups. Weight and scrotal circumference (SC) of male offspring from these cows (n = 127) were determined from 20 to 27 months, and the data were added to a genetic evaluation program (economic total genetic merit, MGTe and TOP value) that uses the kinship matrix to evaluate the genetic relationship between animals. The AFC of female offspring from these cows (n = 95) was evaluated to analyze the relationship between the AFC of mothers and daughters. The effects of maternal AFC on the genetic merit of male and female offspring were analyzed using GLIMMIX and GLM, respectively. Correlations were assessed using the Pearson's coefficient. Male offspring of cows with high AFC had superior MGTe (P = 0.005) and TOP values (P = 0.01) than those from cows with low AFC. Additionally, the AFC of mothers was positively correlated with MGTe (R = 0.33; P < 0.0001) and negatively correlated with TOP values (R = -0.32; P < 0.0001). The SC (P = 0.01), but not body weight of the offspring (P = 0.46) was affected by maternal AFC. The daughters' AFC were correlated (R = 0.29; P = 0.004) with mothers' AFC and were influenced by maternal (P = 0.05) but not paternal (P = 0.77) effect. In conclusion, cows with high AFC produced males with greater MGTe, superior TOP values and higher SC. Maternal AFC did not influence the weight of male offspring but was correlated with the AFC of daughters.

Economical Evaluation of Reduced Herbicide Doses Application Rates to Control Phalaris brachystachys (Short-Spiked Canary Grass) in a Biennial Wheat-Sunflower Rotation in Mediterranean Dryland: A Modelling Approach.

Phalaris brachystachys (short-spiked canary grass) is considered to be among the most troublesome cereal weeds in Mediterranean areas. A bioeconomic model, based on population dynamics, competition and economic sub-models, was developed to simulate the long-term economic consequence of using herbicide-based strategies: no herbicide application, full herbicide dose (standard rate) and two reduced dose rates (75 and 50% of the standard rate) to control P. brachystachys in a biennial wheat-sunflower rotation. Simulation results indicated that only herbicide application at a full dose (90% control) and 3/4 dose (80% control) produced positive economic results, with the full dose being the best strategy (EUR 98.65 ha-1 year-1). A sensitivity analysis showed that the economic outcome, in terms of annualized net return, was strongly influenced by changes in yield, price, and fixed costs. In addition, the annualized net return was more sensitive to parameter changes at reduced herbicide doses than at full rate. In the wheat-sunflower rotation system, the application of the full dose of herbicide was the most economical and stable strategy in the long-term. Reduced doses are not a recommended option from an economic point of view. Bioeconomic models provide practical insight into different management approaches for effective weed control.

Simulation and Economic Analysis of the Biotechnological Potential of Biomass Production from a Microalgal Consortium.

The biomass of microalgae and the compounds that can be obtained from their processing are of great interest for various economic sectors. Chlorophyll from green microalgae has biotechnological applications of great potential in different industrial areas such as food, animal feed, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and agriculture. In this paper, the experimental, technical and economic performance of biomass production from a microalgal consortium (Scenedesmus sp., Chlorella sp., Schroderia sp., Spirulina sp., Pediastrum sp., and Chlamydomonas sp.) was investigated in three cultivation systems (phototrophic, heterotrophic and mixotrophic) in combination with the extraction of chlorophyll (a and b) on a large scale using simulation; 1 ha was established as the area for cultivation. In the laboratory-scale experimental stage, biomass and chlorophyll concentrations were determined for 12 days. In the simulation stage, two retention times in the photobioreactor were considered, which generated six case studies for the culture stage. Subsequently, a simulation proposal for the chlorophyll extraction process was evaluated. The highest microalgae biomass concentration was 2.06 g/L in heterotrophic culture, followed by mixotrophic (1.98 g/L). Phototrophic and mixotrophic cultures showed the highest chlorophyll concentrations of 20.5 µg/mL and 13.5 µg/mL, respectively. The simulation shows that higher biomass and chlorophyll production is attained when using the mixotrophic culture with 72 h of retention that we considered to evaluate chlorophyll production (a and b). The operating cost of the entire process is very high; the cultivation stage has the highest operating cost (78%), mainly due to the high energy consumption of the photobioreactors.

Economic values of reproductive, growth, feed efficiency and carcass traits in Nellore cattle.

A bioeconomic model was developed to calculate the economic value (ev) of reproductive and growth performance, feed efficiency and carcass traits of a seedstock Nellore herd. Data from a full-cycle cattle operation (1,436 dams) located in the Brazilian Cerrado were assessed. The ev was calculated by the difference in profit before and after one-unit improvement in the trait, with others remaining unchanged. The ev was standardized by the phenotypic standard deviation of each trait. Preweaning average daily gain (ADG) was the most economically important trait evaluated (R$ 58.04/animal/year), followed by age at first calving (R$ 44.35), postweaning ADG (R$ 31.43), weight at 450 days (R$ 25.36), accumulated productivity (R$ 21.43), ribeye area (R$ 21.35), calving interval (R$ 19.97), feed efficiency (R$ 15.24), carcass dressing per cent (R$ 8.27), weight at 120 days (R$ 6.22), weight at 365 days (R$ 6.06), weight at weaning (210 days, R$ 5.82), stayability (R$ 5.70) and the probability of early calving (R$ 0.32). The effects of all traits on profits are evidence that their selection may result in the economic and genetic progress of the herd if there is genetic variability.

Selection indexes for Nellore production system in the Brazilian Pantanal

The objective was to develop selection indexes for Nellore cattle raised in full-cycle production system in the Brazilian Pantanal. The resulting offspring are retained as replacements or sold at two years of age. Preliminary analyses explored effects of scale on economic values (EV). However, given the available data, these effects were very small. Presented herein are results from a simulated system consisting of 5,000 cows with all animals maintained on pasture as is typical in Pantanal. The EV were determined by approximating the partial derivatives of the profit function, changing one trait at a time, by one unit, while keeping the other traits constant. Traits in the breeding objective were mature cow weight, direct and maternal weaning weight, postweaning average daily gain, subcutaneous fat depth, longissimus muscle area, and stayability. Economic values were calculated on the basis of number of animals (per head), number of animal units, and arroba of carcasss weight. Regardless of the basis, maternal weaning weight and subcutaneous fat depth made negligible contributions to the breeding objective. Proportions of variation in the breeding objectives (per head, per animal unit, per arroba) explained by cow weight, direct weaning weight, postweaning average daily gain, stayability, and longissimus muscle area were: 13, 13, 17; 6, 1, 5; 3, 3, 4; 67, 67, 61; and 11, 17, 13, respectively. These indexes may aid Nellore breeders in their selection decisions, thus facilitating the genetic progress and increased productivity and profitability of Pantanal herds.

Risk tolerance and control perception in a game-theoretic bioeconomic model for small-scale fisheries.

Cooperation is generally the most advantageous strategy for the group; however, on an individual level, cheating is frequently more attractive. In a fishery, one can choose to cooperate by fishing only the regulated amount or not to cooperate, by fishing to maximize profits. Top-down management can help to emulate a cooperative result in fisheries, but it is costly and not always a viable alternative for development states. Here, we investigate elements of a fishing system that can be strategically managed to encourage a cooperative behaviour. Using bioeconomic data, we modelled an evolutionary game between two populations of fishers that differ if they cooperate or do not cooperate with a fishing restriction. We penalized players including risk tolerance and control perception, two social parameters that might favour cooperation. We assessed the degrees to which risk tolerance and control perception affect the cooperative behaviours of fishers in a restricted fishing effort small-scale fishery (RSSF) in southern Brazil. We also assessed the likelihood of a scenario wherein a cooperative strategy can evolve and dominate the system. We identified dominance and coexistence outcomes for the RSSF. Sensitivity analyses suggested that both control perception and risk tolerance could facilitate a cooperative outcome for the fishery.

Breeding objectives of Brangus cattle in Brazil.

Our goal was to define a breeding objective for Brangus beef cattle in Brazil. Bioeconomic models were produced and used to estimate economic values (EVs). The scenarios simulated were typical full-cycle beef production systems that are used in tropical and subtropical regions. The breeding objective contained pregnancy rate (PR), warm carcass weight (WCW), mature cow weight (MCW), number of nematode eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) and tick count (TICK). Two models were used in series to estimate the EV. A deterministic model was used to simulate effects of PR, WCW and MCW on profitability with a constant parasite load. Subsequently, stochastic models were used to estimate economic values for TICK and EPG as consequences of their environmental effects on weight gains, mortality and health costs. The EV of PR, WCW, MCW, EPG and TICK, was US$1.59, US$2.11, -US$0.24, -US$5.35 and -US$20.88, respectively. Results indicate positive emphasis should be placed on PR (12.49%) and WCW (65.07%) with negative emphasis on MCW (13.92%), EPG (2.77%) and TICK (5.75%). In comparison with the indexes usually used, these results suggest a reformulation in the selection indexes of the beef production system in tropical and subtropical regions in order to obtain greater profitability.

Breeding goals and economic values for Nellore cattle in a full-cycle production system

The objective of this study was to develop a bio-economic model for the estimation of economic values of economically important traits in a full-cycle beef cattle production system. The bioeconomic model calculated economic values by simulating the impact of changes in the profit of the system consisting of a 1% increase in each trait of the breeding objective, while the other traits were kept constant. The bio-economic model was effective in estimating the sources of revenues and expenses of the production system. The estimated economic values were, in the order of importance for the full-cycle system, R$ 3.69 for male slaughter weight, R$ 3.63 for male weaning weight, R$ 3.58 for weaning rate, R$ 3.40 for female slaughter weight, R$ 2.30 for female weaning weight, and R$ 0.13 for mature cow weight. The results showed that all traits evaluated in the full-cycle system had positive economic impact, indicating that selection would increase profitability maximizing the expected response for the traits of the breeding goal.(AU)

Breeding goals and economic values for Nellore cattle in a full-cycle production system

The objective of this study was to develop a bio-economic model for the estimation of economic values of economically important traits in a full-cycle beef cattle production system. The bioeconomic model calculated economic values by simulating the impact of changes in the profit of the system consisting of a 1% increase in each trait of the breeding objective, while the other traits were kept constant. The bio-economic model was effective in estimating the sources of revenues and expenses of the production system. The estimated economic values were, in the order of importance for the full-cycle system, R$ 3.69 for male slaughter weight, R$ 3.63 for male weaning weight, R$ 3.58 for weaning rate, R$ 3.40 for female slaughter weight, R$ 2.30 for female weaning weight, and R$ 0.13 for mature cow weight. The results showed that all traits evaluated in the full-cycle system had positive economic impact, indicating that selection would increase profitability maximizing the expected response for the traits of the breeding goal.

Effects of incorporating environmental cost and risk aversion on economic values of pig breeding goal traits.

Economic values (EVs) of traits, accounting for environmental impacts and risk preferences of farmers, are required to design breeding goals that contribute to both economic and environmental sustainability. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of incorporating environmental costs and the risk preferences of farmers on the EVs of pig breeding goal traits. A breeding goal consisting of both sow efficiency and production traits was defined for a typical Brazilian farrow-to-finish pig farm with 1,500 productive sows. A mean-variance utility function was employed for deriving the EVs at finishing pig level assuming fixed slaughter weight. The inclusion of risk and risk aversion reduces the economic weights of sow efficiency traits (17%) while increasing the importance of production traits (7%). For a risk-neutral producer, inclusion of environmental cost reduces the economic importance of sow efficiency traits (3%) while increasing the importance of production traits (1%). Genetic changes of breeding goal traits by their genetic standard deviations reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, and excretions of nitrogen and phosphorus per finished pig by up to 6% while increasing farm profit. The estimated EVs could be used to improve selection criteria and thereby contribute to the sustainability of pig production systems.

Economic values and selection index in different Angus-Nellore cross-bred production systems.

Bioeconomic models were developed to calculate economic values (EV) for economically important traits in beef cattle, to evaluate the impact of these traits on production profitability, to assess possible market changes with a payment system and to develop economic selection indexes for Angus cattle for two production systems. Two beef cattle production systems were simulated as follows: a cow-calf cycle (CC) and a complete cycle (CoC). Following selection, positive changes in the EV were observed. In the CC, each 1.0% increment in weaning weight (WW), weaning rate (WR) and pregnancy rate (PR) resulted in increases in US$ 1.30, US$ 3.68 and US$ 3.55 per cow/year in profit, respectively. In the CoC, EV of US$ 1.01, US$ 1.79, US$ 1.19, US$ 1.34, US$ 6.84 and US$ 7.86 per cow/year were obtained for WW, year weight, yearling weight, final weight, WR and PR, respectively. The payment system for carcass quality showed that the scenario considering that 100% of the animals displayed uniform carcasses exhibited the highest EV and was considered optimal. Considering the sensitivity analysis, the price paid per animal was the factor that most affected the EV in both systems. The selection indexes obtained may be used in similar production systems, and the use of EV and selection indexes are important tools for any production system with positive change in profit after selection.

Productive and economic performance of goats of different genetic groups / Desempenho produtivo e econômico de cabritos de diferentes grupos genéticos

This study aimed to evaluate the bio-economic performance in confinement crossbred goats from different genetic groups. Were used 30 goats, crossbred (F1) intact male, 10 goats Boer x SPRD (undefined breed), 10 x Savannah SPRD and 10 Oberhasli x SPRD, with an average weight of 15 kg and an average age of 100 days. The initial weight was evaluated, final body weight, average daily gain, total weight gain, dry matter intake, water intake, feed conversion and days on feed. As an economic indicator was calculated gross profit margin (MB), the average dry matter intake, the confinement period, the cost of each diet and the cost of vaccines and medicines. We used the 5% Tukey test for comparisons between treatment means. For the variables weight gain, dry matter intake, water intake and body condition score averages observed did not differ between the genetic groups. There was significant effect (P> 0.05) of genetic groups on days on feed. The biological performance of the goats finished in feedlot was not influenced by genetic group. In bioeconomic analysis was no significant difference (P> 0.05) between the evaluated racial groups. Gross profit margin was negative for the mestizos Pardo Alpine x SPRD. The cross between the Boer breed and without defined breed results in premature animals, reaching slaughter weights with reduced confinement period. In the feedlot finishing system crossbred Boer goats x SPRD showed better economic performance, providing greater profitability to the creator.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho bioecônomico em confinamento de cabritos mestiços, de diferentes grupamentos genéticos. Foram utilizados 30 cabritos, mestiços (F1), machos não castrados, sendo 10 cabritos Boer x SPRD (Sem Raça Definida), 10 Savana x SPRD e 10 Pardo Alpino x SPRD, com peso médio de 15 kg e idade média de 100 dias. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos (genótipos) e 10 repetições. Avaliou-se o peso inicial, peso vivo final, ganho de peso médio diário, ganho de peso total, consumo de matéria seca, consumo de água, e conversão alimentar e dias de confinamento. Como indicador econômico foi calculado a margem bruta de lucro (MB), o consumo médio de matéria seca, o período de confinamento, o custo de cada dieta e as despesas com vacinas e medicamentos. Utilizou-se o teste de Tukey a 5% para as comparações entre as médias dos tratamentos. Para as variáveis, ganho de peso, consumo de matéria seca, consumo de água e escore corporal, as médias observadas não diferiram entre os grupos genéticos. Houve efeito significativo (P>0,05) dos grupos genéticos sobre os dias de confinamento. O desempenho biológico dos cabritos terminados em confinamento não foi influenciado pelo grupo genético. Na análise bioeconômica houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) entre os grupos raciais avaliados. A margem bruta de lucro foi negativa para os mestiços Pardo Alpino x SPRD. O cruzamento entre a raça Boer e animais sem padrão racial definido resulta em animais mais precoces, alcançando pesos ao abate com período de confinamento reduzido. No sistema de terminação em confinamento, os cabritos mestiços de Boer x SPRD apresentaram melhor desempenho econômico, proporcionando uma maior lucratividade para o criador.(AU)

Productive and economic performance of goats of different genetic groups / Desempenho produtivo e econômico de cabritos de diferentes grupos genéticos

This study aimed to evaluate the bio-economic performance in confinement crossbred goats from different genetic groups. Were used 30 goats, crossbred (F1) intact male, 10 goats Boer x SPRD (undefined breed), 10 x Savannah SPRD and 10 Oberhasli x SPRD, with an average weight of 15 kg and an average age of 100 days. The initial weight was evaluated, final body weight, average daily gain, total weight gain, dry matter intake, water intake, feed conversion and days on feed. As an economic indicator was calculated gross profit margin (MB), the average dry matter intake, the confinement period, the cost of each diet and the cost of vaccines and medicines. We used the 5% Tukey test for comparisons between treatment means. For the variables weight gain, dry matter intake, water intake and body condition score averages observed did not differ between the genetic groups. There was significant effect (P> 0.05) of genetic groups on days on feed. The biological performance of the goats finished in feedlot was not influenced by genetic group. In bioeconomic analysis was no significant difference (P> 0.05) between the evaluated racial groups. Gross profit margin was negative for the mestizos Pardo Alpine x SPRD. The cross between the Boer breed and without defined breed results in premature animals, reaching slaughter weights with reduced confinement period. In the feedlot finishing system crossbred Boer goats x SPRD showed better economic performance, providing greater profitability to the creator.

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho bioecônomico em confinamento de cabritos mestiços, de diferentes grupamentos genéticos. Foram utilizados 30 cabritos, mestiços (F1), machos não castrados, sendo 10 cabritos Boer x SPRD (Sem Raça Definida), 10 Savana x SPRD e 10 Pardo Alpino x SPRD, com peso médio de 15 kg e idade média de 100 dias. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos (genótipos) e 10 repetições. Avaliou-se o peso inicial, peso vivo final, ganho de peso médio diário, ganho de peso total, consumo de matéria seca, consumo de água, e conversão alimentar e dias de confinamento. Como indicador econômico foi calculado a margem bruta de lucro (MB), o consumo médio de matéria seca, o período de confinamento, o custo de cada dieta e as despesas com vacinas e medicamentos. Utilizou-se o teste de Tukey a 5% para as comparações entre as médias dos tratamentos. Para as variáveis, ganho de peso, consumo de matéria seca, consumo de água e escore corporal, as médias observadas não diferiram entre os grupos genéticos. Houve efeito significativo (P>0,05) dos grupos genéticos sobre os dias de confinamento. O desempenho biológico dos cabritos terminados em confinamento não foi influenciado pelo grupo genético. Na análise bioeconômica houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) entre os grupos raciais avaliados. A margem bruta de lucro foi negativa para os mestiços Pardo Alpino x SPRD. O cruzamento entre a raça Boer e animais sem padrão racial definido resulta em animais mais precoces, alcançando pesos ao abate com período de confinamento reduzido. No sistema de terminação em confinamento, os cabritos mestiços de Boer x SPRD apresentaram melhor desempenho econômico, proporcionando uma maior lucratividade para o criador.

Economic deterministic analysis of two years old steers production systems / Análise econômica determinística de sistemas de produção de novilhos de dois anos

The objective of this study was to realize the economic deterministic analysis of steers production system in full cycle, finished in feedlot or cultivated pasture at twenty-four months old, utilizing or not the quality bonus from slaughterhouses. The study was realized using data from meta-analytic survey of studies in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, in Microsoft Excel® spreadsheets. The systems were simulated considering the male and female calves weaned early, at the tree months of age, and finished at the 24 months of age in feedlot or cultivated pasture. After the slaughter, it was realized the economic deterministic analysis. According to financial return indicators net present value (NPV), benefit:cost index (IB:C) and additional return on investment (ROI) only the system in pasture show return at the end of planning horizon, and the internal return rate (IRR), modified internal return rate (MIRR) and discounted payback (PBd), show that this system possesses a higher risk of investment. The feedlot system show negative results as a investment project. The bigger cost center was depreciation, feeding supply and taxes, and the quality bonus shows up an interesting alternative of return, but was not sufficient to render the feedlot system a viable project.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a análise econômica determinística do sistema de produção de novilhos em ciclo completo, terminados em confinamento ou pastagem cultivada aos 24 meses de idade, utilizando ou não a bonificação por qualidade das empresas frigoríficas. O experimento foi realizado utilizando dados via levantamento metanalítico de dados na região central do Rio Grande do Sul em planilhas do Microsoft Excel®. Os sistemas foram simulados considerando os bezerros e bezerras desmamados precocemente, aos três meses de idade, e terminados aos 24 meses de idade em confinamento ou pastagens cultivadas. Após o abate, foi realizada a análise econômica determinística. De acordo com os indicadores financeiros de retorno valor presente líquido (VPL), índice benefício:custo (IB:C) e retorno adicional sobre o investimento (ROIA) somente o sistema de terminação em pastagem mostrou retorno ao final do horizonte de planejamento, e a taxa interna de retorno (TIR), taxa interna de retorno modificada (TIRM) e o payback descontado (PBd) mostraram que este sistema possui um elevado risco de investimento. O sistema em confinamento mostrou resultados negativos como um projeto de investimento. Os maiores centros de custos foram os gastos com depreciação, alimentação e impostos. A bonificação por qualidade se mostrou uma alternativa interessante de retorno, porém não foi suficiente para tornar o sistema de confinamento um projeto viável.(AU)

Economic deterministic analysis of two years old steers production systems / Análise econômica determinística de sistemas de produção de novilhos de dois anos

The objective of this study was to realize the economic deterministic analysis of steers production system in full cycle, finished in feedlot or cultivated pasture at twenty-four months old, utilizing or not the quality bonus from slaughterhouses. The study was realized using data from meta-analytic survey of studies in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, in Microsoft Excel® spreadsheets. The systems were simulated considering the male and female calves weaned early, at the tree months of age, and finished at the 24 months of age in feedlot or cultivated pasture. After the slaughter, it was realized the economic deterministic analysis. According to financial return indicators net present value (NPV), benefit:cost index (IB:C) and additional return on investment (ROI) only the system in pasture show return at the end of planning horizon, and the internal return rate (IRR), modified internal return rate (MIRR) and discounted payback (PBd), show that this system possesses a higher risk of investment. The feedlot system show negative results as a investment project. The bigger cost center was depreciation, feeding supply and taxes, and the quality bonus shows up an interesting alternative of return, but was not sufficient to render the feedlot system a viable project.

O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a análise econômica determinística do sistema de produção de novilhos em ciclo completo, terminados em confinamento ou pastagem cultivada aos 24 meses de idade, utilizando ou não a bonificação por qualidade das empresas frigoríficas. O experimento foi realizado utilizando dados via levantamento metanalítico de dados na região central do Rio Grande do Sul em planilhas do Microsoft Excel®. Os sistemas foram simulados considerando os bezerros e bezerras desmamados precocemente, aos três meses de idade, e terminados aos 24 meses de idade em confinamento ou pastagens cultivadas. Após o abate, foi realizada a análise econômica determinística. De acordo com os indicadores financeiros de retorno valor presente líquido (VPL), índice benefício:custo (IB:C) e retorno adicional sobre o investimento (ROIA) somente o sistema de terminação em pastagem mostrou retorno ao final do horizonte de planejamento, e a taxa interna de retorno (TIR), taxa interna de retorno modificada (TIRM) e o payback descontado (PBd) mostraram que este sistema possui um elevado risco de investimento. O sistema em confinamento mostrou resultados negativos como um projeto de investimento. Os maiores centros de custos foram os gastos com depreciação, alimentação e impostos. A bonificação por qualidade se mostrou uma alternativa interessante de retorno, porém não foi suficiente para tornar o sistema de confinamento um projeto viável.

Avaliação do custo de doses inseminantes suínas em diferentes cenários / Evaluation of the cost of insemination doses in different settings

Mediante uma simulação dos custos de produção de doses inseminantes para suínos em três diferentescenários (1, 2 e 3), foi realizada uma análise bioeconômica do seu processo de produção. O cenário 1 foiprojetado para doses de 3 bilhões de espermatozoides com inseminação artificial tradicional (IAT). O cenário 2abrange análise e processamento de doses inseminantes com maior tecnologia (uso de sistema CASA - ComputerAssisted Semen Analysis) e melhor aproveitamento dos reprodutores ao reduzir o número de células espermáticasna dose para 2 bilhões, mantendo a IAT. O cenário 3 utiliza tecnologia em análise e processamento, produzindodoses de 1,5 bilhão de espermatozoides para a inseminação artificial pós-cervical (IAPC). Somente foramconsiderados os custos envolvidos na produção das doses, sem levar em conta os custos da inseminação e osganhos genéticos. Os resultados demonstraram que a utilização de tecnologia na análise do sêmen,proporcionando a redução do número de machos devido à redução do número de células espermáticas, somada àutilização de técnica de inseminação pós-cervical, tornou o cenário 3 o mais viável economicamente.(AU)

One bio-economic analysis was performed to investigate the costs to produce artificialinsemination (AI) doses in three different settings (1, 2 and 3). Setting 1 was designed to producedoses with 3 billion spermatozoa on the traditional AI. Setting 2 was designed by improving thetechnology on the analysis (using Computer Assisted Semen Analysis - CASA) and production of AIdoses with reduction of sperm cells to 2 billion. Setting 3 was projected improving technology on theanalysis in doses of 1.5 billion spermatozoa to be used in post cervical AI. Only the costs involved inproducing doses were considered. The costs of insemination and genetic gains were not considered.The results demonstrated that the improvement of technology in semen analysis plus the post cervicalAI, rendered Setting 3 as the most economically viable.(AU)

Avaliação do custo de doses inseminantes suínas em diferentes cenários / Evaluation of the cost of insemination doses in different settings

Mediante uma simulação dos custos de produção de doses inseminantes para suínos em três diferentescenários (1, 2 e 3), foi realizada uma análise bioeconômica do seu processo de produção. O cenário 1 foiprojetado para doses de 3 bilhões de espermatozoides com inseminação artificial tradicional (IAT). O cenário 2abrange análise e processamento de doses inseminantes com maior tecnologia (uso de sistema CASA - ComputerAssisted Semen Analysis) e melhor aproveitamento dos reprodutores ao reduzir o número de células espermáticasna dose para 2 bilhões, mantendo a IAT. O cenário 3 utiliza tecnologia em análise e processamento, produzindodoses de 1,5 bilhão de espermatozoides para a inseminação artificial pós-cervical (IAPC). Somente foramconsiderados os custos envolvidos na produção das doses, sem levar em conta os custos da inseminação e osganhos genéticos. Os resultados demonstraram que a utilização de tecnologia na análise do sêmen,proporcionando a redução do número de machos devido à redução do número de células espermáticas, somada àutilização de técnica de inseminação pós-cervical, tornou o cenário 3 o mais viável economicamente.

One bio-economic analysis was performed to investigate the costs to produce artificialinsemination (AI) doses in three different settings (1, 2 and 3). Setting 1 was designed to producedoses with 3 billion spermatozoa on the traditional AI. Setting 2 was designed by improving thetechnology on the analysis (using Computer Assisted Semen Analysis - CASA) and production of AIdoses with reduction of sperm cells to 2 billion. Setting 3 was projected improving technology on theanalysis in doses of 1.5 billion spermatozoa to be used in post cervical AI. Only the costs involved inproducing doses were considered. The costs of insemination and genetic gains were not considered.The results demonstrated that the improvement of technology in semen analysis plus the post cervicalAI, rendered Setting 3 as the most economically viable.

Valores econômicos para habilidade de permanência e probabilidade de prenhez aos 14 meses em bovinos de corte / Economic value for stayability and heifer pregnancy at 14 months in beef cattle herds

Estimaram-se os valores econômicos para as características reprodutivas de probabilidade de prenhez aos 14 meses (PP14) e habilidade de permanência (HP). Foram simulados dados de uma propriedade pecuária de corte, especializada na fase de cria para aplicação de modelagem bioeconômica. A PP14 foi avaliada considerando taxas percentuais crescentes de prenhez de novilhas aos 14 meses de idade, e a HP foi avaliada a partir da diminuição da taxa de descarte de vacas. O valor econômico da PP14 foi estimado em R$695,97 por unidade percentual de prenhez de novilhas aos 14 meses, avaliada para o sistema produtivo, enquanto o valor econômico da HP variou em função do custo de compra da novilha de reposição. Os valores, avaliados por unidade percentual de diminuição na taxa de descarte de vacas, foram de R$-2.140,00, R$-140,00 e R$2.860,00 para o custo de compra da novilha de R$500,00, R$700,00 e R$1.000,00, respectivamente. Os valores econômicos negativos para HP indicaram que o valor de descarte da vaca superou o custo de compra da novilha. Quanto maior for o valor investido na reposição de novilhas maior será a importância econômica do HP.(AU)

Economic values for two reproductive traits, percentage of heifers pregnant at 14 months of age (PP14) and stayability (HP), were estimated using simulated bioeconomic modeling data for a cow-calf production system. Changes in HP were modeled as decreases in percentage of annual culling of cows. The economic value of PP14 was R$695.97 per one unit increase in percentage of heifers pregnant at 14 months of age, while the economic value of HP varied according to the simulated cost of replacement heifers. Economic values per unit decrease in cow culling percentage were R$-2,140.00, R$-140.00 and R$2,860.00 for heifer prices of R$500, R$700 and R$1,000, respectively. Economic values for HP were negative when the salvage value of a cull cow was higher than the cost of a replacement heifer. Thus higher investment for replacement heifers increases the importance of stayability in a cattle herd.(AU)