ABSTRACT
In this work the presence of different pharmaceuticals at Doñana National Park (Spain) and their main entry sources (input source or entry points) have been stated over the 2011-2016 years period. Twenty-three selected pharmaceuticals (corresponding to eight therapeutic families) were evaluated in crayfish and water samples from Doñana National Park (Spain) (six sampling points selected in order to cover different possible pollution sources into and surrounding the Park). The multiresidue determination was carried out using enzymatic-microwave assisted extraction prior to high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry detection. Sulphonamides (sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, and sulfamethoxazole); trimethoprim, an antibiotic that is frequently co-administered with sulfamethoxazole; amphenicols (chloramphenicol, florfenicol and thiamphenicol); fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, flumequine, danofloxacin, gatifloxacin, norfloxacin, marbofloxacin and grepafloxacin); penicillins (amoxicillin); tetracyclines (chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline); non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (salicylic acid and ibuprofen); beta-blocker drugs (atenolol); and antiepileptics (carbamazepine) were analysed. Ciprofloxacin, ibuprofen, salicylic acid, flumequine, and carbamazepine were detected and/or quantified at some of the selected sampling points. A clear ecotoxicological risk to the ecosystem was demonstrated from the occurrence of ciprofloxacin in samples obtained after the punctual and massive presence of people inside the Park. Furthermore, flumequine and carbamazepine have been detected in Procambarus clarkii specimens in concentrations around 30 ng g-1 and 14 ng g-1, respectively, and their occurrence in the specimens could indicate the persistence of the discharge sources. The main source of pharmaceuticals into the Park might be the livestock farming activities, and the influence of urban wastewaters from surrounding villages does not seem to be very important.
Subject(s)
Pharmaceutical Preparations , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Animals , Astacoidea , Biota , Ecosystem , Environmental Monitoring , Humans , Parks, Recreational , Spain , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysisABSTRACT
The cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is capable of producing toxins including saxitoxin (STX). Few studies have verified the influence of environmental variables on the production of STX and most have only been studied in the laboratory. The goal of this work was to identify the abiotic variables related to STX concentration in situ. The relationship among STX concentration and the physical variables, nutrients and chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentration was examined in a meso-oligotrophic subtropical coastal lake dominated by C. raciborskii. A generalized linear model was developed, incorporating all variables measured monthly over a 45-month monitoring period. Conductivity and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentration provided the greatest explanatory power for STX concentration in situ. Previous studies suggested that C. raciborskii cells exposed to stress associated with higher ionic concentrations appear to activate the biosynthesis of STX suggesting that STX can elicit changes cell permeability and may contribute to the homeostasis of this organism. An increase of DIN concentration results in a higher concentration of STX which may be related to a reduced metabolic demand, since the uptake of inorganic nitrogen requires less energy than N2-fixation. Thus, increased DIN can favor the growth of C. raciborskii population or improve cellular homeostasis, both potentially increasing STX concentration in the aquatic system, which was observed through a delayed response pattern. The developed model, while providing only a moderate predictive power, can assist in the understanding of the environmental variables associated with increases in STX concentration, and in monitoring and minimizing the risks of toxic blooms.
Subject(s)
Cylindrospermopsis/metabolism , Lakes/chemistry , Saxitoxin/metabolism , Environmental Monitoring , Nitrogen/metabolism , Saxitoxin/analysisABSTRACT
O estabelecimento e manejo de áreas protegidas constituem importantes estratégias para a proteção da biodiversidade. Para as Áreas de Proteção Ambiental (APA), os planos de manejo são essenciais para a consecução dos objetivos. Para melhorar os resultados, alguns países utilizam a Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica (AAE) para elaborar planos de manejo. Essa estratégia tem apresentado bons resultados, com a melhora na gestão da área protegida. No Brasil, há um Roteiro Metodológico para Gestão de APAs (RMG-APAs) que orienta a elaboração dos planos de manejo desta categoria. Neste contexto, o artigo analisa as contribuições da AAE para os planos de manejo e discute se estas contribuições podem ser encontradas no RMG-APAs utilizado no Brasil. O método utilizado neste artigo foi qualitativo e, a partir de um levantamento conceitual obtido na literatura internacional e a definição de cinco unidades de análise, foi realizada uma análise documental de três estudos de caso relacionados às áreas protegidas. Dois destes trabalhos obversavam planos de manejo com influência da AAE (internacionais) e o terceiro, sem influência da AAE, o RMG-APAs. Os resultados mostram importantes contribuições da AAE para os planos manejo, a saber: melhor integração das etapas de planejamento, notadamente com outros planos de uso do solo e também de outros setores; avaliação dos objetivos dos planos de manejo; melhor integração e avaliação de estratégias envolvendo o social, o ambiental e o econômico; fortalecimento da gestão participativa e outros. Com relação ao RMG-APAs, a conclusão é que os planos de manejo poderão apresentar melhores resultados quando associados à AAE.
The plans establishment and management for protected areas are key strategies for biodiversity protection. The management plans are essential to achieving the goals for Environmental Protected Areas (EPA), one of the conservation areas types in Brazil. Some countries use Strategic Environmental Assessment to make management plans and they are getting good results. On the other hand, in Brazil, the management plans preparation applied in EPAs follows a specific Methodological Guide. In this context, the present paper analyzed the SEA contribution to management plans and discussed how these contributions can improve Methodological Guide of EPA in Brazil. The method used was qualitative and the conceptual framework obtained from international literature. Thus, the paper analyzed three case studies: two were related to protected areas with SEA influence and the third without influence of SEA. The results show SEA important contributions for plans management, namely: planning stages better integration, especially with land use plans; consider other management plans objectives; better integration and evaluation of strategies involving social, environmental and economic issues; participatory management strengthening. Also, considering Methodological Guide of EPA, the conclusion is that management plans can provide better results when associated with SEA.
