Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip - Part 1.

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a condition characterized by changes in joint formation within the last months of intrauterine life or the first months after birth. Developmental dysplasia of the hip presentation ranges from femoroacetabular instability to several stages of dysplasia up to complete dislocation. Early diagnosis is essential for successful treatment. Clinical screening, including appropriate maneuvers, is critical in newborns and subsequent examinations during the growth of the child. Infants with suspected DDH must undergo an ultrasound screening, especially those with a breech presentation at delivery or a family history of the condition. A hip ultrasound within the first months, followed by pelvic radiograph at 4 or 6 months, determines the diagnosis and helps follow-up. Treatment consists of concentric reduction and hip maintenance and stabilization with joint remodeling. The initial choices are flexion/abduction orthoses; older children may require a spica cast after closed reduction, with or without tenotomy. An open reduction also can be indicated. After 18 months, the choices include pelvic osteotomies with capsuloplasty and, eventually, acetabular and femoral osteotomies. The follow-up of treated children must continue throughout their growth due to the potential risk of late dysplasia.

Tratamiento ortésico de luxación de cadera derivada de osteomielitis del cuello del fémur. Presentación de dos casos

La osteomielitis es una inflamación ósea causada principalmente por bacterias. En los casos de osteomielitis del cuello del fémur y artritis séptica concomitante, las complicaciones pueden ocasionar, a largo plazo, acortamiento y deterioro articular considerables. Se describen los casos de dos pacientes neonatos, con manifestaciones de hipertermia como signo común; y solo en uno de ellos limitación del movimiento del miembro inferior derecho, contractura en flexión y aducción, dolorosa a la movilización. El diagnóstico se basó en criterios clínicos, imagenológicos y de laboratorio. El tratamiento consistió en el uso de la férula en abducción, lo cual garantizó la reducción concéntrica de la cabeza del fémur en la cavidad acetabular; esto pudo constatarse mediante seguimiento y control de la reducción, a través de radiografía simple de la pelvis en cada consulta. El diagnóstico precoz de la enfermedad determina el empleo de un tratamiento más conservador, además de minimizar la aparición de complicaciones.

Osteomyelitis is a bone inflammation caused mainly by bacteria. In cases of the femur's neck osteomyelitis and concomitant septic arthritis, complications can lead to considerable joint shortening and deterioration in the long term. The cases of two neonatal patients are described, with hyperthermia manifestations as a common sign; and only in one of them limited movement of the right lower limb, flexion and adduction contracture, painful on movement. The diagnosis was based on clinical, imaging and laboratory criteria. The treatment consisted in the use of the abduction splint, which guaranteed the concentric reduction of the femoral head in the acetabular cavity; this could be verified by monitoring and control of the reduction, through simple radiography of the pelvis in each consultation. The early diagnosis of the disease determines the use of a more conservative treatment, in addition to minimizing complications.

Ultrasound techniques for the detection of developmental dysplasia of the hip: a systematic review and meta-analysis

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) encompasses a broad spectrum of hip pathologies, including femoral or acetabular dysplasia, hip instability, or both. According to the medical literature, ultrasonography is the most reliable diagnostic method for DDH. Several techniques for the assessment of hips in newborns and infants, using ultrasonography, have been described. OBJECTIVE: To compare the accuracy of the Graf technique and other diagnostic techniques for DDH. DESIGN AND SETTING: A systematic review of studies that analyzed ultrasound techniques for the diagnosis of DDH within an evidence-based health program of a federal university in São Paulo (SP), Brazil. METHODS: A systematic search of relevant literature was conducted in the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and LILACS databases for articles published up to May 5, 2020, relating to studies evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of different ultrasound techniques for diagnosing DDH. The QUADAS 2 tool was used for methodological quality evaluation. RESULTS: All hips were analyzed using the Graf method as a reference standard. The Morin technique had the highest rate of sensitivity, at 81.12-89.47%. The Suzuki and Stress tests showed 100% specificity. The Harcke technique showed a sensibility of 18.21% and specificity of 99.32%. CONCLUSION: All the techniques demonstrated at least one rate (sensibility and specificity) lower than 90.00% when compared to the Graf method. The Morin technique, as evaluated in this systematic review, is recommended after the Graf method because it has the highest sensitivity, especially with the three-pattern classification of 89.47%. REGISTRATION NUMBER: Identifier: CRD42020189686 at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (identifier: CRD42020189686).

DDC_Calc, software para diagnosticar la displasia del desarrollo de cadera en lactantes (versión 1)

Fundamento la displasia del desarrollo de la cadera constituye la afección más frecuente del desarrollo del sistema musculoesquelético. En el contexto del diagnóstico radiográfico de esta enfermedad en el lactante, las radiografías digitales ofrecen ventajas que pudieran ser aprovechadas para un diagnóstico más preciso. Objetivo describir el funcionamiento del software DDC_Calc para realizar mediciones radiográficas en formato digital. Métodos se realizó un estudio de innovación tecnológica durante el año 2019, en el Hospital Pediátrico Universitario Paquito González Cueto, de Cienfuegos, concretamente en el Servicio de Ortopedia y con la contribución de personal de la Facultad de Matemática, Física y Computación, de la Universidad Central "Marta Abreu", de Las Villas. Se utilizó el algoritmo de visión artificial Viola-Jones para la detección de las estructuras, así como un sistema basado en reglas con vistas a una sugerencia del diagnóstico. Resultados el software integró las herramientas necesarias para la realización de las mediciones utilizadas (ángulos, distancias, posiciones) en el diagnóstico radiográfico de la displasia del desarrollo de cadera. Fueron descritas sus funcionalidades, requisitos y funcionamiento de la aplicación, partiendo de un caso clínico real, todo esto ilustrado con imágenes. Conclusiones el empleo del software facilita la realización de mediciones más exactas por parte del médico, de modo que garantiza mayor calidad en el diagnóstico y la preservación de los hallazgos radiográficos iniciales, los cuales resultan de gran utilidad en el seguimiento radiográfico de la afección en el tiempo.

Background developmental dysplasia of the hip constitutes the most frequent affection for the development of the musculoskeletal system. In the context of radiographic diagnosis of this disease in infants, digital radiographs offer advantages that could be used for a more accurate diagnosis. Objective to describe the DDC_Calc software operation to perform radiographic measurements in digital format. Methods a technological innovation study was carried out during 2019, at the Paquito González Cueto University Pediatric Hospital, in Cienfuegos, specifically in the Orthopedics Service and with the specialists' contribution from the "Marta Abreu" Central University' Mathematics, Physics and Computing Faculty, Las Villas. The Viola-Jones artificial vision algorithm was used for the detection of the structures, as well as a rule-based system with a view to a diagnostic suggestion. Results the software integrated the necessary tools to carry out the measurements used (angles, distances, positions) in the radiographic diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip. Its functionalities, requirements and operation of the application were described, based on a real clinical case, all illustrated with images. Conclusions the use of the software facilitates the performance of more accurate measurements by the doctor, thus guaranteeing higher quality in the diagnosis and the preservation of the initial radiographic findings, which are very useful in the radiographic follow-up of the condition in time.

Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip - Part 1 / Displasia do desenvolvimento do quadril - Parte 1

Abstract Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a condition characterized by changes in joint formation within the last months of intrauterine life or the first months after birth. Developmental dysplasia of the hip presentation ranges from femoroacetabular instability to several stages of dysplasia up to complete dislocation. Early diagnosis is essential for successful treatment. Clinical screening, including appropriate maneuvers, is critical in newborns and subsequent examinations during the growth of the child. Infants with suspected DDH must undergo an ultrasound screening, especially those with a breech presentation at delivery or a family history of the condition. A hip ultrasound within the first months, followed by pelvic radiograph at 4 or 6 months, determines the diagnosis and helps follow-up. Treatment consists of concentric reduction and hip maintenance and stabilization with joint remodeling. The initial choices are flexion/abduction orthoses; older children may require a spica cast after closed reduction, with or without tenotomy. An open reduction also can be indicated. After 18 months, the choices include pelvic osteotomies with capsuloplasty and, eventually, acetabular and femoral osteotomies. The follow-up of treated children must continue throughout their growth due to the potential risk of late dysplasia.

Resumo O termo displasia do desenvolvimento quadril (DDQ) refere-se à condição na qual a articulação sofre alterações na sua formação durante os últimos meses da vida intrauterina ou nos primeiros meses após o nascimento. No espectro de apresentação, varia desde a instabilidade femuroacetabular, passando por estádios de displasia até a completa luxação. O diagnóstico precoce é fundamental para o sucesso do tratamento. A triagem através do exame clínico incluindo manobras apropriadas é imprescindível nos recém-nascidos e nas avaliações subsequentes durante o crescimento da criança. O rastreamento ultrassonográfico é indicado nos bebês sob suspeita clínica e muito mais recomendável naqueles que tiveram apresentação pélvica para o parto ou que tenham antecedentes familiares. A ultrassonografia do quadril nos primeiros meses seguida da radiografia da bacia após o 4° ou 6° mês de vida são os exames que determinam o diagnóstico e auxiliam o seguimento. O tratamento está baseado na obtenção de uma redução concêntrica e na manutenção e estabilização do quadril, propiciando a remodelação articular. Inicialmente, as órteses de flexão/abdução são a escolha; em crianças maiores pode ser necessário o uso de gesso após redução incruenta com ou sem tenotomia; redução aberta pode ser indicada e após os 18 meses as osteotomias pélvicas associadas a capsuloplastia e eventuais osteotomias acetabular e femoral. Crianças tratadas devem ser acompanhadas durante todo o seu crescimento pelo eventual risco de displasias tardias.

Mediciones radiográficas y diagnóstico de la displasia de cadera del lactante mediante visión computacional y sistema basado en reglas / Radiographic Measurements and Diagnosis of Hip Dysplasia in Infants Using Computer Vision and a Rule-Based System

RESUMEN Fundamento el uso de radiografías digitales para el diagnóstico de la displasia del desarrollo de la cadera permite, además del diagnóstico precoz y mayor eficiencia del trabajo, realizar mediciones más precisas, el seguimiento del paciente y la planificación quirúrgica. Objetivo describir una herramienta capaz de detectar estructuras y puntos de interés de forma semiautomática para realizar las mediciones y cálculos necesarios con vistas al diagnóstico de la displasia de cadera en lactantes. Métodos estudio de innovación tecnológica, donde se utilizó el algoritmo de visión artificial Viola-Jones para la detección de las estructuras, así como un sistema basado en reglas con vistas a una sugerencia del diagnóstico. La herramienta propuesta (Software para las mediciones radiográficas con vistas al diagnóstico de la displasia del desarrollo de cadera en lactantes) se encuentra en fase de prueba y explotación en el Hospital Pediátrico Universitario Paquito González Cueto, de Cienfuegos. Para validar los resultados se tomaron estudios radiográficos de 12 casos, a los cuales se aplicaron las mediciones con el método tradicional y luego mediante el software. Resultados se obtuvo un sistema con vistas a determinar estructuras en las imágenes de radiografía de cadera, las cuales permiten obtener puntos y líneas para calcular los indicadores de displasia. La tasa de acierto al detectar las estructuras fue del 100 %. Conclusión existió una alta coincidencia entre las medidas calculadas por el algoritmo y las calculadas manualmente. La correspondencia entre el diagnóstico predicho por el sistema y el emitido por los médicos especialistas también fue elevada.

ABSTRACT Background the use of digital radiographs for the diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip allows, in addition to early diagnosis and greater work efficiency, more precise measurements, patient monitoring and surgical planning. Objective to describe a tool capable of detecting structures and points of interest in a semi-automatic way to carry out the necessary measurements and calculations with a view to diagnosing hip dysplasia in infants. Methods study of technological innovation, where the Viola-Jones artificial vision algorithm was used for the detection of structures, as well as a rule-based system with a view to a diagnosis suggestion. The proposed tool (Software for radiographic measurements for diagnosing developmental dysplasia of the hip in infants) is in the testing and exploitation phase at the Paquito González Cueto University Pediatric Hospital, in Cienfuegos. To validate the results, radiographic studies of 12 cases were chosen, to which measurements were applied using the traditional method and then using the software. Results a system was obtained with a view to determining structures in hip radiography images, which allow points and lines to be obtained to calculate dysplasia indicators. The success rate in detecting the structures was 100%. Conclusion there was a high coincidence between the measures calculated by the algorithm and those calculated manually. The correspondence between the diagnosis predicted by the system and that issued by specialist doctors was also high.

Plantilla para medir la cadera con desarrollo displásico en el lactante / Template for measuring the hip with dysplastic development in the breastfed baby

RESUMEN El éxito del tratamiento de la displasia del desarrollo de la cadera está íntimamente ligado a una intervención temprana, o sea, a un diagnóstico y tratamiento precoces y seguros. El estudio radiográfico tradicionalmente se ha sustentado en la medición de una serie de parámetros, la cual se realiza mediante el goniómetro, marcando directamente en la radiografía. Sin embargo, este procedimiento tiene sus desventajas. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo exponer las características de una plantilla para medir la cadera con desarrollo displásico en el lactante. Se explica cómo proceder con la herramienta propuesta; se argumentan sus posibilidades y metodología de aplicación, y se ilustra su factibilidad desde el punto de vista práctico. La plantilla permite evaluar la cadera del lactante, independientemente de la osificación del núcleo de la cabeza del fémur; así como determinar si la cadera es normal; y en caso de ser patológica, clasificarla en dependencia del grado de severidad de la afección.

ABSTRACT The success of developmental dysplasia of the hip treatment is closely linked to early intervention, that is, early and safe diagnosis and treatment. The radiographic study has traditionally been based on the measurement of a series of parameters, which is carried out using the goniometer, marking directly on the radiograph. However, this procedure has its disadvantage. The present study aims to expose the characteristics of a template to measure the hip with dysplastic development in infants. It explains how to proceed with the proposed tool; its possibilities and application methodology are argued, and its feasibility from a practical point of view is illustrated. The template allows evaluation of the infant's hip, regardless the femoral head nucleus ossification; as well as determines if the hip is normal; and if it is pathological, classifies it depending on the degree of severity of the condition.

Prevalence of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip in a Maternity Hospital in São Paulo, Brazil.

Objective To evaluate the prevalence of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), that is, hips classified as Graf type-IIc or higher, among a sample of the population of newborns aged from 0 to 3 days of life, and to correlate the findings with the main risk factors described in the literature. Methods An observational, cross-sectional, prospective study on a sample of newborns at a Maternity Hospital School in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, to assess the prevalence of DDH diagnosed by the Graf method and verify its correlation with the risk factors. Results A total of 678 newborns underwent hip ultrasound (1,356 hips). The prevalence of DDH was of 5.46%. The logistic regression analysis showed odds ratios (ORs) with statistical significance for the following parameters: white ethnicity (OR = 2.561; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.07 to 6.11); multiparity (OR = 3.50; 95%CI: 1.62 to 7.38), female gender (OR = 4.95; 95%CI: 1.86 to 13.13); and breech presentation (OR = 2.03; 95%CI: 1,01 to 4.11). Conclusion The prevalence of DDH in the sample was of 5.45% using ultrasound as a diagnostic method. This result is different from that of studies that assessed prevalence exclusively through physical examination (Ortolani maneuver). The main risk factors associated with a higher risk of developing DDH were newborns of the female gender, with breech presentation, firstborns, and of white ethnicity.

Hip pain in childhood.

Hip pain in a child can have infectious, inflammatory, traumatic, neoplastic, or developmental causes, which can make the diagnosis challenging. Meticulous history taking and a detailed clinical examination guide the radiological investigation. In this article, we address some of the main causes of hip pain in childhood and their findings on diagnostic imaging.

THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENTAL DYSPLASIA OF THE HIP IN MALES.

Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) is one of the most common orthopedic hip diseases of the pediatric population. There is a predominance in females and patients with known risk factors. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the characteristics of DDH in a reference center and compare them with the literature. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional observational study based on the review of medical records and radiographs from which epidemiological data such as laterality, age at diagnosis, acetabular index, radiographic classification and others were collected. RESULTS: A total of 297 medical records were found between May 1974 and June 2009. Of those, 147 patients (216 affected hips) were eligible for the survey. Most of the patients came from the state of São Paulo (91.1%), were born in autumn/winter (66.7%), reported as Caucasians (76.9%), with bilateral involvement (46.9%) and mean age at diagnosis of 22.8 months. CONCLUSION: The most frequent type of DDH was high dislocation (28.7%), and the acetabular index progressively increased with the age. The International Hip Dysplasia Institute classification was found to be more reproducible than Tönnis classification. Delayed diagnosis was associated with the absence of risk factors and with bilaterality. Level of Evidence III, Retrospective comparative study.

A displasia do desenvolvimento do quadril (DDQ) é uma das alterações ortopédicas mais frequentes na população pediátrica. Há predominância no sexo feminino e em pacientes com fatores de risco conhecidos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar as características da DDQ no sexo masculino de um grande centro de referência e cotejá-las com a literatura. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo observacional transversal baseado na revisão de prontuários e radiografias de onde foram coletados dados epidemiológicos tais como lateralidade, idade no diagnóstico, índice acetabular, classificação radiográfica e outros. RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados 297 prontuários no período de maio de 1974 a junho de 2009. Destes, 147 pacientes (216 quadris afetados) foram elegíveis para a pesquisa. A maioria dos pacientes era procedente do estado de São Paulo (91,1%), nascidos no outono/inverno (66,7%), autodeclarados caucasianos (76,9%), com acometimento bilateral (46,9%) e idade média no diagnóstico de 22,8 meses. CONCLUSÃO: O tipo de DDQ mais encontrado foi a luxação alta (28,7%); o índice acetabular apresentou-se progressivamente aumentado quanto maior a idade do paciente. A classificação do International Hip Dysplasia Institute mostrou-se mais reprodutível que a Classificação de Tönnis. O atraso no diagnóstico foi associado à ausência de fatores de risco e à bilateralidade. Nível de Evidência III, Estudo retrospectivo comparativo.

The epidemiology of developmental dysplasia of the hip in males / Epidemiologia da displasia do desenvolvimento do quadril no sexo masculino

ABSTRACT Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) is one of the most common orthopedic hip diseases of the pediatric population. There is a predominance in females and patients with known risk factors. Objective: To evaluate the characteristics of DDH in a reference center and compare them with the literature. Methods: This is a cross-sectional observational study based on the review of medical records and radiographs from which epidemiological data such as laterality, age at diagnosis, acetabular index, radiographic classification and others were collected. Results: A total of 297 medical records were found between May 1974 and June 2009. Of those, 147 patients (216 affected hips) were eligible for the survey. Most of the patients came from the state of São Paulo (91.1%), were born in autumn/winter (66.7%), reported as Caucasians (76.9%), with bilateral involvement (46.9%) and mean age at diagnosis of 22.8 months. Conclusion: The most frequent type of DDH was high dislocation (28.7%), and the acetabular index progressively increased with the age. The International Hip Dysplasia Institute classification was found to be more reproducible than Tönnis classification. Delayed diagnosis was associated with the absence of risk factors and with bilaterality. Level of Evidence III, Retrospective comparative study.

RESUMO A displasia do desenvolvimento do quadril (DDQ) é uma das alterações ortopédicas mais frequentes na população pediátrica. Há predominância no sexo feminino e em pacientes com fatores de risco conhecidos. Objetivo: Avaliar as características da DDQ no sexo masculino de um grande centro de referência e cotejá-las com a literatura. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo observacional transversal baseado na revisão de prontuários e radiografias de onde foram coletados dados epidemiológicos tais como lateralidade, idade no diagnóstico, índice acetabular, classificação radiográfica e outros. Resultados: Foram encontrados 297 prontuários no período de maio de 1974 a junho de 2009. Destes, 147 pacientes (216 quadris afetados) foram elegíveis para a pesquisa. A maioria dos pacientes era procedente do estado de São Paulo (91,1%), nascidos no outono/inverno (66,7%), autodeclarados caucasianos (76,9%), com acometimento bilateral (46,9%) e idade média no diagnóstico de 22,8 meses. Conclusão: O tipo de DDQ mais encontrado foi a luxação alta (28,7%); o índice acetabular apresentou-se progressivamente aumentado quanto maior a idade do paciente. A classificação do International Hip Dysplasia Institute mostrou-se mais reprodutível que a Classificação de Tönnis. O atraso no diagnóstico foi associado à ausência de fatores de risco e à bilateralidade. Nível de Evidência III, Estudo retrospectivo comparativo.

Hip pain in childhood / Quadril doloroso na infância

Abstract Hip pain in a child can have infectious, inflammatory, traumatic, neoplastic, or developmental causes, which can make the diagnosis challenging. Meticulous history taking and a detailed clinical examination guide the radiological investigation. In this article, we address some of the main causes of hip pain in childhood and their findings on diagnostic imaging.

Resumo A dor do quadril na criança pode resultar de causas infecciosas, inflamatórias, traumáticas, neoplásicas ou de desenvolvimento, por vezes gerando desafios diagnósticos. Uma história meticulosa e um exame clínico detalhado orientam a investigação radiológica na direção apropriada. Neste artigo abordaremos algumas das principais doenças do quadril doloroso na criança e seus achados nos exames de imagem.

ORTHOPEDIC ASSESSMENT OF THE HIPS IN NEWBORNS AFTER INITIAL PEDIATRIC SURVEY.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze and follow-up patients previously selected by pediatricians at the time of birth who presented altered initial physical examination results to identify the pathological changes in their hips. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted involving 34 newborns (68 hips) out of a total of 1273 live births; these infants were assessed within the first days of life as altered findings were noted in the initial examination by the pediatrician. The results of clinical and ultrasonographic examination performed using the GRAF method and of specific treatments were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 68 hips in 34 patients, 2 hips in 2 patients required intervention using the Pavlik harness for 8 weeks; a satisfactory treatment outcome was obtained in both cases. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the low orthopedic workload in medical courses, it was possible to identify data consistent with the literature, both in the presentation of clinical findings and in those that required treatment, indicating that an initial evaluation of all newborns is mandatory, especially those with risk factors. Level of evidence IV, case series.

OBJETIVO: Analisar e acompanhar os pacientes previamente selecionados por pediatras desde o nascimento, em busca de alterações patológicas nos quadris, naqueles considerados com exame físico inicial alterado. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte prospectivo, iniciado nos primeiros dias de vida, em 68 quadris de 34 recém-nascidos, de um total de 1.273 nascidos vivos no ano da pesquisa, devido a alguma alteração no exame inicial do pediatra. Primeiramente, foram utilizados exame clínico e ultrassonográfico, com o método de Graf, tendo sido instituído tratamento específico naqueles que se fizeram necessários. RESULTADOS: Dos 68 quadris em 34 pacientes, dois quadris em dois pacientes distintos necessitaram de intervenção com uso do suspensório de Pavlik por 8 semanas, obtendo resultado satisfatório em ambos após o término do tratamento. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar da baixa carga horária da Ortopedia nos cursos de medicina, podem-se observar dados condizentes com a literatura, tanto na apresentação de achados clínicos, quanto nos que se fez necessário o tratamento, de forma que se mostra necessária a realização de avaliação inicial adequada de todos os recém-nascidos, em especial naqueles que possuem fatores de risco. Nível de evidência IV, Série de casos.

Orthopedic assessment of the hips in newborns after initial pediatric survey / Avaliação ortopédica dos quadris de recém-nascidos após exame pediátrico inicial alterado

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze and follow-up patients previously selected by pediatricians at the time of birth who presented altered initial physical examination results to identify the pathological changes in their hips. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted involving 34 newborns (68 hips) out of a total of 1273 live births; these infants were assessed within the first days of life as altered findings were noted in the initial examination by the pediatrician. The results of clinical and ultrasonographic examination performed using the GRAF method and of specific treatments were analyzed. Results: Of the 68 hips in 34 patients, 2 hips in 2 patients required intervention using the Pavlik harness for 8 weeks; a satisfactory treatment outcome was obtained in both cases. Conclusions: Despite the low orthopedic workload in medical courses, it was possible to identify data consistent with the literature, both in the presentation of clinical findings and in those that required treatment, indicating that an initial evaluation of all newborns is mandatory, especially those with risk factors. Level of evidence IV, case series.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar e acompanhar os pacientes previamente selecionados por pediatras desde o nascimento, em busca de alterações patológicas nos quadris, naqueles considerados com exame físico inicial alterado. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectivo, iniciado nos primeiros dias de vida, em 68 quadris de 34 recém-nascidos, de um total de 1.273 nascidos vivos no ano da pesquisa, devido a alguma alteração no exame inicial do pediatra. Primeiramente, foram utilizados exame clínico e ultrassonográfico, com o método de Graf, tendo sido instituído tratamento específico naqueles que se fizeram necessários. Resultados: Dos 68 quadris em 34 pacientes, dois quadris em dois pacientes distintos necessitaram de intervenção com uso do suspensório de Pavlik por 8 semanas, obtendo resultado satisfatório em ambos após o término do tratamento. Conclusão: Apesar da baixa carga horária da Ortopedia nos cursos de medicina, podem-se observar dados condizentes com a literatura, tanto na apresentação de achados clínicos, quanto nos que se fez necessário o tratamento, de forma que se mostra necessária a realização de avaliação inicial adequada de todos os recém-nascidos, em especial naqueles que possuem fatores de risco. Nível de evidência IV, Série de casos.

Avaliação ortopédica e ultrassonográfica da estabilidade dos quadris de recém-nascidos encaminhados por pediatras, com suspeita de Displasia Típica do Desenvolvimento / Orthopedic and ultrasound assessment of hip stability of newborns referred by pediatricians with suspected Developmental Dysplasia

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar recém-nascidos com suspeita de instabilidade do quadril, encaminhados por pediatras a um serviço ortopédico terciário. Métodos: recém-nascidos de uma maternidade pública universitária, com suspeita de instabilidade ou fatores de risco para displasia do quadril, eram encaminhados ao Departamento de Ortopedia e Anestesiologia, Ribeirão Preto/SP, onde eram avaliados clinicamente e através de exames ultrassonográficos dos quadris. Constatada a displasia, iniciava-se o tratamento, e em casos em que havia apenas imaturidade do quadril e exame clínico normal, procedia-se à observação e re-exame clinico e ultrassonográfico com dois ou três meses de vida. Resultados: foram examinados 448 recém-nascidos, com predominância feminina e média de idade na primeira avaliação de 27 dias. A principal causa do encaminhamento foi apresentação pélvica. Em 8% havia sinal de Ortolani positivo e em 12,5% estalido no quadril. No exame ortopédico, 405 (90,5%) pacientes eram normais, 8,5% apresentavam estalido no quadril e 1,1% apresentavam teste de Ortolani positivo. À ultrassonografia, 368 (89,5%) apresentavam imaturidade, 26 (6,3%) tinham displasia moderada e em 17 (4,1%) pacientes os quadris eram francamente displásicos. Todos os casos com sinal de Ortolani positivo apresentavam quadro ultrassonográfico de displasia. Conclusão: houve excesso de diagnóstico de instabilidade do quadril na avaliação do pediatra, o que, no entanto, permitiu ao paciente uma segunda avaliação, em ambiente mais especializado e com mais recursos tecnológicos.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate newborns with suspected hip instability, referred by pediatricians to a tertiary orthopedic service. Methods: newborns from a public university maternity hospital, with suspected instability or risk factors for hip dysplasia, were referred to the Department of Orthopedics and Anesthesiology, Ribeirão Preto/SP, where we evaluated them clinically and through ultrasound examinations of the hips. Once we found dysplasia, we initiated treatment, and in cases in which there was only hip immaturity and normal clinical examination, we performed clinical and ultrasound observation and review at two or three months of age. Results: we examined 448 newborns, with female predominance and average age at first evaluation of 27 days. The main cause of referral was pelvic presentation at delivery. In 8% there was a positive Ortolani sign and in 12.5%,. At orthopedic examination, 405 (90.5%) patients were normal, 8.5% had hip click and 1.1% had positive Ortolani test. At ultrasound, 368 (89.5%) had immaturity, 26 (6.3%) had moderate dysplasia and in 17 (4.1%) patients the hips were frankly dysplastic. All cases with positive Ortolani sign showed dysplasia at ultrasound. Conclusion: there was an excess diagnosis of hip instability in the pediatrician evaluation, which, however, allowed the patient a second assessment, in a more specialized environment and with more technological resources.

MODIFIED DEGA OSTEOTOMY IN TREATING DEVELOPMENTAL DYSPLASIA OF THE HIP.

OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively evaluate the preliminary postoperative results of modified Dega-type acetabular osteotomy to treat developmental dysplasia of the hip, confirming the efficacy and reproducibility of this technique. METHODS: This retrospective study included patients older than 18 months. A total of 19 hips underwent modified Dega osteotomy. RESULTS: Satisfactory results were obtained, with an average decrease of the acetabular index from 39.2 to 20.6 degrees. The final average center edge angle was 29.6 degrees. Hip joint congruence was reestablished in all cases, and as of this writing, only one case developed necrosis in the femoral head during follow-up. CONCLUSION: Modified Dega osteotomy demonstrated good initial results, as well as the potential for use in treating developmental dysplasia of the hip. Level of Evidence IV; Case series.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar, retrospectivamente, os resultados preliminares do pós-operatório de pacientes com displasia do desenvolvimento do quadril, tratados com osteotomia acetabular do tipo Dega modificada e, dessa forma, confirmar a eficácia da técnica. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo retrospectivo foram incluídos pacientes com idades acima de 18 meses. No total, 19 quadris foram submetidos à osteotomia de Dega modificada. RESULTADOS: Os resultados foram satisfatórios, com diminuição média do índice acetabular de 39,2 para 20,6 graus. A média final do ângulo centro-borda foi de 29,6 graus. Em todos os casos houve restabelecimento da congruência articular dos quadris e, até o momento, um caso apresentou necrose da cabeça do fêmur no mesmo período do seguimento. CONCLUSÃO: A osteotomia de Dega modificada demonstrou bons resultados iniciais e potencial para ser empregada no tratamento da displasia do desenvolvimento do quadril. Nível de Evidência IV; Série de casos.

Modified dega osteotomy in treating developmental dysplasia of the hip / Osteotomia de dega modificada no tratamento da displasia do desenvolvimento do quadril

ABSTRACT Objective: To retrospectively evaluate the preliminary postoperative results of modified Dega-type acetabular osteotomy to treat developmental dysplasia of the hip, confirming the efficacy and reproducibility of this technique. Methods: This retrospective study included patients older than 18 months. A total of 19 hips underwent modified Dega osteotomy. Results: Satisfactory results were obtained, with an average decrease of the acetabular index from 39.2 to 20.6 degrees. The final average center edge angle was 29.6 degrees. Hip joint congruence was reestablished in all cases, and as of this writing, only one case developed necrosis in the femoral head during follow-up. Conclusion: Modified Dega osteotomy demonstrated good initial results, as well as the potential for use in treating developmental dysplasia of the hip. Level of Evidence IV; Case series.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar, retrospectivamente, os resultados preliminares do pós-operatório de pacientes com displasia do desenvolvimento do quadril, tratados com osteotomia acetabular do tipo Dega modificada e, dessa forma, confirmar a eficácia da técnica. Métodos: Neste estudo retrospectivo foram incluídos pacientes com idades acima de 18 meses. No total, 19 quadris foram submetidos à osteotomia de Dega modificada. Resultados: Os resultados foram satisfatórios, com diminuição média do índice acetabular de 39,2 para 20,6 graus. A média final do ângulo centro-borda foi de 29,6 graus. Em todos os casos houve restabelecimento da congruência articular dos quadris e, até o momento, um caso apresentou necrose da cabeça do fêmur no mesmo período do seguimento. Conclusão: A osteotomia de Dega modificada demonstrou bons resultados iniciais e potencial para ser empregada no tratamento da displasia do desenvolvimento do quadril. Nível de Evidência IV; Série de casos.

Correlación entre ecografía y radiografía en función del diagnóstico del desarrollo displásico de la cadera / Correlation between ultrasound and radiography for the diagnosis of Dysplastic Hip development

Algunos autores sugieren utilizar la ecografía en los primeros tres meses de vida, dejando la radiografía para etapas posteriores a los tres o seis meses, cuando la cabeza del fémur se muestra osificada. Desde el punto de vista de los autores, esta distinción no es válida, si se considera como sustento teórico práctico el conocimiento de la anatomía radiográfica y ecográfica de la cadera, así como una adecuada interpretación de las imágenes. Para ilustrar la correspondencia entre ambos tipos de estudios, se identifican los puntos de referencia anatómicos comunes para las respectivas imágenes. El objetivo es mostrar evidencias de la efectividad de la aplicación de los dos métodos como complemento del diagnóstico clínico del desarrollo displásico de la cadera. Se concluye que existe una estrecha relación entre ellos, la cual puede ponerse en función del diagnóstico de la enfermedad, e incluso de su seguimiento evolutivo, independientemente de la edad del niño, durante el primer año de vida.

Some authors suggest using ultrasound in the first three months of life, leaving radiography for stages after three or six months, when the femoral head is ossified. From our the authors´ of view, this distinction is not valid if the knowledge of the hip radiographic and ultrasound anatomy is considered as practical theoretical support, as well as an adequate interpretation of the images. To illustrate the correspondence between both types of studies, the common anatomical reference points for the respective images are identified. The aim is to show evidence of the effectiveness of the application of both methods as a complement for the clinical diagnosis of dysplastic hip development. It is concluded that there is a close relationship between them, which can be based on the diagnosis of the disease, and even its evolutionary follow-up, regardless the child's age, during the first year of life.

Retardo en la osificación del núcleo de la cabeza del fémur. ¿Observación u ortesis? / Delay in ossification of the femoral head nucleus. Observation or orthoses?

El desarrollo displásico de cadera es una afección ortopédica de la infancia, que puede tener diferentes grados de severidad. En los casos más severos, como la displasia subluxación y luxación, se requiere del uso de ortesis ortopédicas. El hecho de que el núcleo de osificación de la cabeza del fémur no aparezca osificado en la radiografía a los seis meses de edad, es uno de los criterios a considerar para el diagnóstico de displasia. Para iniciar el tratamiento ortésico, deben analizarse las características cualitativas de acetábulo, y se tendrá en cuenta que los tratamientos no están exentos de complicaciones. En este trabajo, se ilustra a través de imágenes radiográficas, el punto de vista de los autores acerca de la toma de decisiones terapéuticas, en un paciente con retardo en la osificación del núcleo de la cabeza del fémur.

Dysplastic hip development is an orthopedic condition of childhood, which may have different degrees of severity. In more severe cases, such as dysplasia, subluxation and dislocation, the use of orthopedic orthoses is required. The fact that the ossification nucleus of the femoral head does not appear ossified on the radiograph at six months of age is one of the criteria to be considered for the diagnosis of dysplasia. To begin the orthotic treatment, the qualitative characteristics of acetabulum must be analyzed, and it will be taken into account that the treatments are not exempt of complications. In this work, the authors' point of view on therapeutic decision making is illustrated by radiographic images in a patient with a delayed ossification of the femoral head nucleus.

Metodología para medir la cadera en etapa cartilaginosa desde el punto de vista radiográfico / Methodology to measure cartilaginous stage from the radiographic point of view

Algunos autores plantean que la medición radiográfica de la cadera en etapa cartilaginosa, se dificulta por la no visualización en las radiografías del núcleo osificado de la cabeza del fémur, lo que compromete la determinación exacta de la relación entre cabeza femoral y acetábulo. En este artículo se expone la metodología para la evaluación radiológica de la cadera con desarrollo displásico desde la etapa cartilaginosa. Para ello, se utilizó una radiografía simple anteroposterior de la pelvis en etapa cartilaginosa, donde la cabeza del fémur no es visible. La metodología propuesta tiene como elemento inicial la determinación de puntos de referencia, presentes desde la etapa de recién nacido y sobre los cuales se realizan mediciones y ángulos, lo que permite establecer grupos diagnósticos y dar seguimiento en el tiempo hasta la curación de la afección.

Some authors suggest that hip radiographic measurement in the cartilaginous stage is difficult by the non-visualization in the x-rays of the femoral head ossified nucleus, which compromises the exact determination of the relation between the femoral head and the acetabulum. This article describes the methodology for radiological evaluation of the hip with dysplastic development from the cartilaginous stage. For this, a simple anteroposterior pelvis radiograph was used in the cartilaginous stage, where the femoral head is not visible. The proposed methodology has as initial element the determination of reference points that are present from the newborn stage and on which measurements and angles are made. It allows to establish diagnostic groups and to provide follow up in time until curing the condition.