Doing More with Less: A Comparison of 16S Hypervariable Regions in Search of Defining the Shrimp Microbiota.

The shrimp has become the most valuable traded marine product in the world, and its microbiota plays an essential role in its development and overall health status. Massive high-throughput sequencing techniques using several hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene are broadly applied in shrimp microbiota studies. However, it is essential to consider that the use of different hypervariable regions can influence the obtained data and the interpretation of the results. The present study compares the shrimp microbiota structure and composition obtained by three types of amplicons: one spanning both the V3 and V4 hypervariable regions (V3V4), one for the V3 region only (V3), and one for the V4 region only (V4) using the same experimental and bioinformatics protocols. Twenty-four samples from hepatopancreas and intestine were sequenced and evaluated using the GreenGenes and silva reference databases for clustering and taxonomic classification. In general, the V3V4 regions resulted in higher richness and diversity, followed by V3 and V4. All three regions establish an apparent clustering effect that discriminates between the two analyzed organs and describe a higher richness for the intestine and a higher diversity for the hepatopancreas samples. Proteobacteria was the most abundant phyla overall, and Cyanobacteria was more common in the intestine, whereas Firmicutes and Actinobacteria were more prevalent in hepatopancreas samples. Also, the genus Vibrio was significantly abundant in the intestine, as well as Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas in the hepatopancreas suggesting these taxa as markers for their respective organs independently of the sequenced region. The use of a single hypervariable region such as V3 may be a low-cost alternative that enables an adequate description of the shrimp microbiota, allowing for the development of strategies to continually monitor the microbial communities and detect changes that could indicate susceptibility to pathogens under real aquaculture conditions while the use of the full V3V4 regions can contribute to a more in-depth characterization of the microbial composition.

Effect of alkalinity on food consumption of juvenile pacific white shrimp reared in clear water and biofloc system / Efeito da alcalinidade no consumo alimentar de juvenis de camarão branco do pacífico cultivados em sistema de água clara e bioflocos

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of alkalinity on food consumption and other performance parameters of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei reared in water containing biofloc and clear water. For this purpose, shrimp of 4.06 ± 0.34 g were kept in containers of 3 L of biofloc and clear water during 3 days, with the concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 mg L-1 of alkalinity, plus a Control group, with 5 replicates each group. Food consumption was verified once a day and other performance parameters were evaluated at the end of the experiment. The food consumption and survival rates of the shrimp was not affected by the different levels of alkalinity and clear water and biofloc systems. The best results of weight gain and specific growth rate were observed in the highest concentrations of alkalinity in the biofloc system. Survival, as well as food consumption, was not affected between levels of alkalinity and in clear water and biofloc. The exposure to inappropriate alkalinity concentrations over long periods of time can adversely affect the animals, thus emphasizing the importance of maintaining adequate levels of alkalinity to the cultivated species.

Esse estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito da alcalinidade no consumo alimentar e demais parâmetros de desempenho de juvenis de Litopenaeus vannamei cultivados em água contendo bioflocos e água clara. Para tanto, durante 3 dias, camarões de 4,06 ± 0,34 g foram mantidos em recipientes de 3 L, sob as concentrações Controle, 50, 100 e 200 mg L-1 de alcalinidade, com 5 repetições cada, em bioflocos e água clara. O consumo alimentar foi verificado uma vez ao dia e os demais parâmetros de desempenho foram avaliados ao final do experimento. Nesse estudo, verifica-se que o consumo alimentar dos camarões não é afetado entre os níveis de alcalinidade e nos sistemas de água clara e bioflocos. Já o ganho em peso e a taxa de crescimento específico são afetados positivamente nas maiores concentrações de alcalinidade, no sistema de bioflocos, onde demonstram os melhores resultados. E a sobrevivência, assim como o consumo alimentar, não é afetada entre os níveis de alcalinidade e nos sistemas de água clara e bioflocos. Contudo, a possibilidade de exposição à concentrações de alcalinidade inapropriadas, durante longos períodos de tempo, pode afetar negativamente os animais, assim, ressaltando a importância da manutenção da alcalinidade em níveis adequados à espécie cultivada.

Effect of alkalinity on food consumption of juvenile pacific white shrimp reared in clear water and biofloc system / Efeito da alcalinidade no consumo alimentar de juvenis de camarão branco do pacífico cultivados em sistema de água clara e bioflocos

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of alkalinity on food consumption and other performance parameters of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei reared in water containing biofloc and clear water. For this purpose, shrimp of 4.06 ± 0.34 g were kept in containers of 3 L of biofloc and clear water during 3 days, with the concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 mg L-1 of alkalinity, plus a Control group, with 5 replicates each group. Food consumption was verified once a day and other performance parameters were evaluated at the end of the experiment. The food consumption and survival rates of the shrimp was not affected by the different levels of alkalinity and clear water and biofloc systems. The best results of weight gain and specific growth rate were observed in the highest concentrations of alkalinity in the biofloc system. Survival, as well as food consumption, was not affected between levels of alkalinity and in clear water and biofloc. The exposure to inappropriate alkalinity concentrations over long periods of time can adversely affect the animals, thus emphasizing the importance of maintaining adequate levels of alkalinity to the cultivated species.(AU)

Esse estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito da alcalinidade no consumo alimentar e demais parâmetros de desempenho de juvenis de Litopenaeus vannamei cultivados em água contendo bioflocos e água clara. Para tanto, durante 3 dias, camarões de 4,06 ± 0,34 g foram mantidos em recipientes de 3 L, sob as concentrações Controle, 50, 100 e 200 mg L-1 de alcalinidade, com 5 repetições cada, em bioflocos e água clara. O consumo alimentar foi verificado uma vez ao dia e os demais parâmetros de desempenho foram avaliados ao final do experimento. Nesse estudo, verifica-se que o consumo alimentar dos camarões não é afetado entre os níveis de alcalinidade e nos sistemas de água clara e bioflocos. Já o ganho em peso e a taxa de crescimento específico são afetados positivamente nas maiores concentrações de alcalinidade, no sistema de bioflocos, onde demonstram os melhores resultados. E a sobrevivência, assim como o consumo alimentar, não é afetada entre os níveis de alcalinidade e nos sistemas de água clara e bioflocos. Contudo, a possibilidade de exposição à concentrações de alcalinidade inapropriadas, durante longos períodos de tempo, pode afetar negativamente os animais, assim, ressaltando a importância da manutenção da alcalinidade em níveis adequados à espécie cultivada.(AU)

Antiviral Activity of Ctn[15-34], A Cathelicidin-Derived Eicosapeptide, Against Infectious Myonecrosis Virus in Litopenaeus vannamei Primary Hemocyte Cultures.

The shrimp farming has been converted into a mature aquaculture industry dealing with over millions of metric tonnes of processed commodities. Nevertheless, the global shrimp productions are constantly threatened by disease outbreaks, mainly triggered by rapidly disseminating viruses. Infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV) is one of these epizootic agents affecting shrimp production in Brazil, of which no treatment exists. Herein, the antiviral activity against IMNV of an eicosapeptide, named Ctn[15-34], derived from a member of the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial peptides, was demonstrated. Cultures of hemocytes from Litopenaeus vannamei were established that support IMNV replication and infectivity titration. The cytotoxic effect of IMNV in culture and the in vitro anti-IMNV activity of Ctn[15-34] were assessed using a high-sensitive fluorescent-based method in combination with quantitative PCR. The Ctn[15-34] (<12.5 µM) neutralized the toxic effects of IMNV at loads sufficient to kill 50% of shrimp hemocytes. This study reported for the first time the replication of IMNV in vitro and the employment of a straightforward methodology to assess cell viability and viral/antiviral activities. In addition, it provided the basis for the development of the anti-infective multi-effector Ctn[15-34] eicosapeptide and analogs as components of antiviral formulations against shrimp viral diseases.

Evaluation of different sources of carbohydrates for the biofloc system and the growth of white shrimp / Avaliação de diferentes fontes de carboidratos para o sistema de bioflocos e crescimento do camarão branco

This study was aimed to evaluate the brewery wastes and other sources of carbohydrates for the biofloc system and different densities for the growth of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (initial weight of 0.35 ± 0.05g). The experiment was performed during 55 days, using 6 treatments, each one with 3 repetitions, using two stocking densities (300 and 500 shrimp m-2) and three substrates (residue brewery, sugar cane molasses and manioc flour). The abiotic parameters were monitored daily and biometrics occurred weekly for performance evaluation. The physicochemical parameters of water were found suitable for the species, however the nitrogen compounds reached low levels, but the indexes were satisfactory, with average survival, weight gain and final body weight between 74-82; 3.5- 5.0 and 4.2-5.7, respectively. It was found that treatment with the brewery residue presented superior zootechnical parameters and also further microbial flakes formation. Treatments with lower densities have had better indexes. The results demonstrate that the productivity of flakes in the different treatments is effective as a food supplement for growing L. vannamei and for water quality, and that between the substrates, the residue brewery proves to be excellent organic compound for the biofloc formation.(AU)

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o resíduo de cervejaria e outras diferentes fontes de carboidratos para o sistema de bioflocos e diferentes densidades para o crescimento do camarão branco, Litopenaeus vannamei (peso inicial de 0,35 ± 0,05g). O experimento foi realizado durante o período de 55 dias, utilizando 6 tratamentos com 3 repetições cada, com duas densidades de estocagem (300 e 500 camarões m-2) e três substratos (resíduo de cervejaria, melaço de cana e farinha de mandioca). Os parâmetros abióticos foram monitorados diariamente e as biometrias ocorreram semanalmente, para a avaliação do desempenho. Os parâmetros físico-químicos da água encontraram-se adequados para a espécie, entretanto os compostos nitrogenados alcançaram níveis pouco elevados, porém os índices zootécnicos foram satisfatórios, apresentando médias de sobrevivência, ganho de peso e peso final entre 74-82%; 3,5-5,0g e 4,2-5,7g, respectivamente. Verificou-se que tratamentos com o resíduo de cervejaria apresentaram parâmetros zootécnicos superiores e também, maior formação de flocos microbianos. Os tratamentos com menores densidades apresentaram melhores índices zootécnicos. Os resultados demonstraram que a produtividade dos flocos nos diferentes tratamentos é eficiente como complemento alimentar para o crescimento de L. vannamei e para a qualidade da água, e que entre os substratos, o resíduo de cervejaria revela-se como excelente composto orgânico para a formação do bioflocos.(AU)

Evaluation of different sources of carbohydrates for the biofloc system and the growth of white shrimp / Avaliação de diferentes fontes de carboidratos para o sistema de bioflocos e crescimento do camarão branco

This study was aimed to evaluate the brewery wastes and other sources of carbohydrates for the biofloc system and different densities for the growth of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (initial weight of 0.35 ± 0.05g). The experiment was performed during 55 days, using 6 treatments, each one with 3 repetitions, using two stocking densities (300 and 500 shrimp m-2) and three substrates (residue brewery, sugar cane molasses and manioc flour). The abiotic parameters were monitored daily and biometrics occurred weekly for performance evaluation. The physicochemical parameters of water were found suitable for the species, however the nitrogen compounds reached low levels, but the indexes were satisfactory, with average survival, weight gain and final body weight between 74-82; 3.5- 5.0 and 4.2-5.7, respectively. It was found that treatment with the brewery residue presented superior zootechnical parameters and also further microbial flakes formation. Treatments with lower densities have had better indexes. The results demonstrate that the productivity of flakes in the different treatments is effective as a food supplement for growing L. vannamei and for water quality, and that between the substrates, the residue brewery proves to be excellent organic compound for the biofloc formation.

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o resíduo de cervejaria e outras diferentes fontes de carboidratos para o sistema de bioflocos e diferentes densidades para o crescimento do camarão branco, Litopenaeus vannamei (peso inicial de 0,35 ± 0,05g). O experimento foi realizado durante o período de 55 dias, utilizando 6 tratamentos com 3 repetições cada, com duas densidades de estocagem (300 e 500 camarões m-2) e três substratos (resíduo de cervejaria, melaço de cana e farinha de mandioca). Os parâmetros abióticos foram monitorados diariamente e as biometrias ocorreram semanalmente, para a avaliação do desempenho. Os parâmetros físico-químicos da água encontraram-se adequados para a espécie, entretanto os compostos nitrogenados alcançaram níveis pouco elevados, porém os índices zootécnicos foram satisfatórios, apresentando médias de sobrevivência, ganho de peso e peso final entre 74-82%; 3,5-5,0g e 4,2-5,7g, respectivamente. Verificou-se que tratamentos com o resíduo de cervejaria apresentaram parâmetros zootécnicos superiores e também, maior formação de flocos microbianos. Os tratamentos com menores densidades apresentaram melhores índices zootécnicos. Os resultados demonstraram que a produtividade dos flocos nos diferentes tratamentos é eficiente como complemento alimentar para o crescimento de L. vannamei e para a qualidade da água, e que entre os substratos, o resíduo de cervejaria revela-se como excelente composto orgânico para a formação do bioflocos.

Uso de efluentes da carcinicultura de águas interiores na irrigação do arroz / Use of inland shrimp farm effluent for rice irrigation

O trabalho objetivou avaliar a produção de arroz e as alterações químicas do solo, em resposta à irrigação com o efluente da carcinicultura de águas interiores e comparar os resultados com aqueles obtidos com a irrigação convencional, utilizando água do Rio Jaguaribe. A produção de grãos obtida com o uso do efluente da carcinicultura foi semelhante àquela obtida com o uso da água de rio, quando foi utilizada na adubação uma dose de N-P-K equivalente a 100% da dose recomendada para a cultura. O uso do efluente na irrigação proporcionou maior produção de grãos em relação à irrigação com a água de rio, quando foi utilizada uma dose de N-P-K equivalente a 75% daquela recomendada para a cultura do arroz. Após o cultivo, o solo irrigado com o efluente apresentou maiores níveis de Na+, CEes e PST em relação ao solo irrigado com a água do Rio Jaguaribe.

This study aimed to evaluate rice yield and soil chemical alterations in response to inland shrimp farm effluent use for irrigation, comparing the results to conventional irrigation, using the Jaguaribe River water. Rice yield obtained with the effluent was similar to that obtained with river water irrigation, when the N-P-K dose applied was equivalent to 100% of the crop recommended dose. Effluent irrigation produced higher grain yield as compared to river water irrigation when the N-P-K dose applied was equivalent to 75% of the rice recommended dose. After the crop was harvested the soil irrigated with the effluent presented higher levels of Na+, EC and ESR, as compared to the soil irrigated with the Jaguaribe River water.