Low-Cost Control and Measurement Circuit for the Implementation of Single Element Heat Dissipation Soil Water Matric Potential Sensor Based on a SnSe2 Thermosensitive Resistor.

A low-cost signal processing circuit developed to measure and drive a heat dissipation soil matric potential sensor based on a single thermosensitive resistor is demonstrated. The SnSe2 has a high thermal coefficient, from -2.4Ω/°C in the 20 to 25 °C to -1.07Ω/°C in the 20 to 25 °C. The SnSe2 thermosensitive resistor is encapsulated with a porous gypsum block and is used as both the heating and temperature sensing element. To control the power dissipated on the thermosensitive resistor and keep it constant during the heat pulse, a mixed analogue/digital circuit is used. The developed control circuit is able to maintain the dissipated power at 327.98±0.3% mW when the resistor changes from 94.96Ω to 86.23Ω. When the gravimetric water content of the porous block changes from dry to saturated (θw=36.7%), we measured a variation of 4.77Ω in the thermosensitive resistor, which results in an end-point sensitivity of 130 mΩ/%. The developed system can easily meet the standard requirement of measuring the gravimetric soil water content with a resolution of approximately Δθw=1%, since the resistance is measured with a resolution of approximately µ31µΩ, three orders of magnitude smaller than the sensitivity.

Influence of soil texture on nutrients and potentially hazardous elements in Eremanthus erythropappus.

Understanding the factors that control uptake rates and allocation of chemical elements among plant organs is a fundamental prerequisite to improve phytostabilization techniques of hazardous elements in contaminated areas. The present study shows evidence that different substrate textures (coarse and fine laterite) do not significantly change the partitioning of root and shoot dry biomass and with few exceptions, do not significantly affect the final average concentration of elements in Eremanthus erythropappus, but change the root:shoot allocation of both essential nutrients and elements potentially toxic to biota. Growth on coarse laterite resulted in significant higher K (30%), Mg (34%), P (25%), S (32%), Cu (58%), and Na (43%) concentrations in roots and lower Cd concentration (29%). In shoots, coarse laterite led to reduction in K, Fe, Al, and Cr and increase in Na and Sr concentrations. Changes in element allocation could be, in part, a result of differences in the water availability of substrates. Matric potential in coarse laterite was significantly lower in at least 47% of the days analyzed throughout the year. Changes in element phytoextraction or phytostabilization potential could influence the efficiency of rehabilitation projects in areas degraded by mining activities.

Impact of water potential on growth and germination of Fusarium solani soilborne pathogen of peanut.

Studies were conducted to determine the effect of osmotic and matric stress on germination and growth of two Fusarium solani strains, the etiological agent responsible of peanut brown root rot. Both strains had similar osmotic and matric potential ranges that allowed growth, being the latter one narrower. F. solani showed the ability to grow down to -14 MPa at 25 °C in non-ionic modified osmotic medium, while under matric stress this was limited to -8.4 MPa at 25 °C. However, both strains were seen to respond differently to decreasing osmotic and matric potentials, during early stages of germination. One strain (RC 338) showed to be more sensitive to matric than osmotic (non ionic) and the other one (RC 386) showed to be more sensitive to osmotic than matric imposed water stress. After 24 h of incubation, both isolates behaved similarly. The minimum water potential for germination was -8.4 MPa on glycerol amended media and -5.6 MPa for NaCl and PEG amended media, respectively. The knowledge of the water potential range which allow mycelia growth and spore germination of F. solani provides an inside to the likely behaviour of this devastating soilborne plant pathogen in nature and has important practical implications.

Impact of water potential on growth and germination of Fusarium solani soilborne pathogen of peanut

Studies were conducted to determine the effect of osmotic and matric stress on germination and growth of two Fusarium solani strains, the etiological agent responsible of peanut brown root rot. Both strains had similar osmotic and matric potential ranges that allowed growth, being the latter one narrower. F. solani showed the ability to grow down to -14 MPa at 25 °C in non-ionic modified osmotic medium, while under matric stress this was limited to -8.4 MPa at 25 °C. However, both strains were seen to respond differently to decreasing osmotic and matric potentials, during early stages of germination. One strain (RC 338) showed to be more sensitive to matric than osmotic (non ionic) and the other one (RC 386) showed to be more sensitive to osmotic than matric imposed water stress. After 24 h of incubation, both isolates behaved similarly. The minimum water potential for germination was -8.4 MPa on glycerol amended media and -5.6 MPa for NaCl and PEG amended media, respectively. The knowledge of the water potential range which allow mycelia growth and spore germination of F. solani provides an inside to the likely behaviour of this devastating soilborne plant pathogen in nature and has important practical implications.

Impact of water potential on growth and germination of Fusarium solani soilborne pathogen of peanut

Studies were conducted to determine the effect of osmotic and matric stress on germination and growth of two Fusarium solani strains, the etiological agent responsible of peanut brown root rot. Both strains had similar osmotic and matric potential ranges that allowed growth, being the latter one narrower. F. solani showed the ability to grow down to -14 MPa at 25 °C in non-ionic modified osmotic medium, while under matric stress this was limited to -8.4 MPa at 25 °C. However, both strains were seen to respond differently to decreasing osmotic and matric potentials, during early stages of germination. One strain (RC 338) showed to be more sensitive to matric than osmotic (non ionic) and the other one (RC 386) showed to be more sensitive to osmotic than matric imposed water stress. After 24 h of incubation, both isolates behaved similarly. The minimum water potential for germination was -8.4 MPa on glycerol amended media and -5.6 MPa for NaCl and PEG amended media, respectively. The knowledge of the water potential range which allow mycelia growth and spore germination of F. solani provides an inside to the likely behaviour of this devastating soilborne plant pathogen in nature and has important practical implications.

Redes neurais artificiais na estimativa da retenção de água do solo / Artificial neural networks to estimate soil water retention

O trabalho teve como objetivo apresentar uma proposta de metodologia para estimativa da curva de retenção de água, para solos do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, a partir do uso de redes neurais artificiais. Para o desenvolvimento do trabalho, foi montado um banco de dados com informações disponíveis na literatura, de textura e estrutura dos solos do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Para o desenvolvimento das redes, utilizou-se o software Matlab, no qual foram treinadas diferentes arquiteturas, variando os números de neurônios na camada de entrada e camada intermediária. A eficiência das redes foi analisada graficamente pela relação 1:1, entre os dados estimados versus os observados, por meio de indicadores estatísticos. Observou-se, a partir dos resultados, que a arquitetura com melhor capacidade preditiva foi: 4-24-7, com classificação do índice de desempenho "ótimo". Assim, pode-se inferir que o uso de redes neurais, para estimativa da curva de retenção de água no solo, é uma ferramenta com alta capacidade preditiva e que trará grande contribuição ao setor agrícola.(AU)

The study aims to propose a methodology for estimating the water retention curve for soils of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, by using artificial neural networks. For the development of the research it was assembled a database with information available in the literature, texture and structure of soils of Rio Grande do Sul. The modeling was developed using the software Matlab, where the networks were trained with different architectures, varying the numbers of neurons in the input layer and the hidden layer. The efficiency of the network was analyzed graphically by the ratio 1:1 between the estimated versus the observed data by means of statistical indicators. It was observed from the results that the architecture with best predictive performance was the 4-24-7, with index classification of "great" performance. Thus it can be inferred that the use of neural networks to estimate the water retention curve of the soil is a tool with high predictive ability which will bring great contribution to the agricultural sector.(AU)

Redes neurais artificiais na estimativa da retenção de água do solo / Artificial neural networks to estimate soil water retention

O trabalho teve como objetivo apresentar uma proposta de metodologia para estimativa da curva de retenção de água, para solos do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, a partir do uso de redes neurais artificiais. Para o desenvolvimento do trabalho, foi montado um banco de dados com informações disponíveis na literatura, de textura e estrutura dos solos do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Para o desenvolvimento das redes, utilizou-se o software Matlab, no qual foram treinadas diferentes arquiteturas, variando os números de neurônios na camada de entrada e camada intermediária. A eficiência das redes foi analisada graficamente pela relação 1:1, entre os dados estimados versus os observados, por meio de indicadores estatísticos. Observou-se, a partir dos resultados, que a arquitetura com melhor capacidade preditiva foi: 4-24-7, com classificação do índice de desempenho "ótimo". Assim, pode-se inferir que o uso de redes neurais, para estimativa da curva de retenção de água no solo, é uma ferramenta com alta capacidade preditiva e que trará grande contribuição ao setor agrícola.

The study aims to propose a methodology for estimating the water retention curve for soils of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, by using artificial neural networks. For the development of the research it was assembled a database with information available in the literature, texture and structure of soils of Rio Grande do Sul. The modeling was developed using the software Matlab, where the networks were trained with different architectures, varying the numbers of neurons in the input layer and the hidden layer. The efficiency of the network was analyzed graphically by the ratio 1:1 between the estimated versus the observed data by means of statistical indicators. It was observed from the results that the architecture with best predictive performance was the 4-24-7, with index classification of "great" performance. Thus it can be inferred that the use of neural networks to estimate the water retention curve of the soil is a tool with high predictive ability which will bring great contribution to the agricultural sector.

Efeito da escarificação na condutividade hidráulica saturada de um Latossolo Vermelho sob plantio direto

Intensive soil cultivation in tropical and subtropical regions is only viable within the context of the sustainable agriculture that ensures appropriated technologies that assures productive efficiency without soil degradation. The present in situ study was carried out to determine the effect of the soil scarification in the saturated hydraulic conductivity in a dystrophic Red Latosol (Oxisol) under no-tillage systems for 20 years. The results showed that the study of hydraulic conductivity in the soil under no-tillage system was significantly affected in 1.45 10-5m s-1 after soil scarification, but a year later this gain was greatly reduced for 0.48 10-5m s-1.

O cultivo intensivo dos solos das regiões tropicais e subtropicais somente torna se viável dentro do contexto de uma agricultura sustentável através do uso de tecnologias apropriadas que assegurem uma eficiência produtiva, sem degradação do solo. O presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar in situ os efeitos da escarificação na condutividade hidráulica saturada de um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico sob plantio direto por mais de vinte anos. A condutividade hidráulica saturada do solo escarificado aumentou de forma significativa em 1,45 10-5m s-1, porém um ano após essa escarificação, esse ganho foi reduzido para 0,48 10-5m s-1 e não mais diferiu do solo sob plantio direto contínuo.

Efeito da escarificação na condutividade hidráulica saturada de um Latossolo Vermelho sob plantio direto

Intensive soil cultivation in tropical and subtropical regions is only viable within the context of the sustainable agriculture that ensures appropriated technologies that assures productive efficiency without soil degradation. The present in situ study was carried out to determine the effect of the soil scarification in the saturated hydraulic conductivity in a dystrophic Red Latosol (Oxisol) under no-tillage systems for 20 years. The results showed that the study of hydraulic conductivity in the soil under no-tillage system was significantly affected in 1.45 10-5m s-1 after soil scarification, but a year later this gain was greatly reduced for 0.48 10-5m s-1.

O cultivo intensivo dos solos das regiões tropicais e subtropicais somente torna se viável dentro do contexto de uma agricultura sustentável através do uso de tecnologias apropriadas que assegurem uma eficiência produtiva, sem degradação do solo. O presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar in situ os efeitos da escarificação na condutividade hidráulica saturada de um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico sob plantio direto por mais de vinte anos. A condutividade hidráulica saturada do solo escarificado aumentou de forma significativa em 1,45 10-5m s-1, porém um ano após essa escarificação, esse ganho foi reduzido para 0,48 10-5m s-1 e não mais diferiu do solo sob plantio direto contínuo.

EVALUATION OF ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE SENSORS AND TENSIOMETERS EQUIPPED WITH TENSION TRANSDUCERS FOR SOIL WATER POTENTIAL DETERMINATION / AVALIAÇÃO DE SENSORES DE RESISTÊNCIA ELÉTRICA E TENSIÔMETROS COM TRANSDUTORES DE TENSÃO PARA DETERMINAÇÃO DO POTENCIAL DE ÁGUA DO SOLO

Electronic sensors have been increasingly used for soil water measurement, which is important for plant growth and for rational water use. The aim of the present study was to assess the performance of electrical resistance sensors (SRE) comparatively to tensiometers equipped with tension transducers (TT). TTs coupled to 0.3-meter-long tensiometers were assembled on porous plates and submitted to increasing tensions ranging from 1 to 14,5 kPa. Both TTs and SRE were installed in a box containing an air-dried fine earth sample of a red latosol, which was saturated with water and air-dried. The soil was then saturated with a potassium chloride solution. Finally, sensors were installed in the field for a fourmonth period. The results revealed the values showed a difference of 3 kPa and that salinity did not affect significantly the correlation between the data obtained from both sensors. Both SRE and TTs showed similar performance in the wet range where the experiment was carried out and in the field, being quite useful to monitor soil water content.

A utilização de sensores eletrônicos para determinação do potencial de água no solo tem sido cada vez maior, pela importância que esse monitoramento representa para o desenvolvimento das plantas e uso racional da água. Com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento de sensores de resistência elétrica (SRE) em comparação com tensiômetros equipados com transductores de tensão (TT) realizou-se esse trabalho. Os TT acoplados a tensiômetros com 0,3 m de comprimento foram instalados em funis de placa porosa, e submetidos a tensões crescentes de 1 a 14,5 kPa. Os TT e os SRE foram instalados em uma caixa contendo TFSA de Latossolo Vermelho, que foi saturado, posto a secar ao ambiente e novamente saturado com solução de cloreto de potássio. Em uma última etapa os sensores foram instalados no campo por um período de quatro meses. Os resultados demonstraram que ocorreu uma diferença entre a tensão aplicada nos funis de placa porosa e a medida de 3 kPa e que a salinidade não afetou de forma significativa a correlação entre os resultados dos dois sensores avaliados, na faixa de umidade em que esse experimento foi conduzido e no campo se comportaram de forma similar. Nas condições em que o trabalho foi desenvolvido, os dois sensores tiveram um bom desempenho para determinar o potencial de água no solo.

Evaluation of electrical resistance sensors and tensiometers equipped with tension transducers for soil water potential determination / Avaliação de sensores de resistência elétrica e tensiômetros com transdutores de tensão para determinação do potencial de água do solo

Electronic sensors have been increasingly used for soil water measurement, which is important for plant growth and for rational water use. The aim of the present study was to assess the performance of electrical resistance sensors (SRE) comparatively to tensiometers equipped with tension transducers (TT). TTs coupled to 0.3-meter-long tensiometers were assembled on porous plates and submitted to increasing tensions ranging from 1 to 14,5 kPa. Both TTs and SRE were installed in a box containing an air-dried fine earth sample of a red latosol, which was saturated with water and air-dried. The soil was then saturated with a potassium chloride solution. Finally, sensors were installed in the field for a fourmonth period. The results revealed the values showed a difference of 3 kPa and that salinity did not affect significantly the correlation between the data obtained from both sensors. Both SRE and TTs showed similar performance in the wet range where the experiment was carried out and in the field, being quite useful to monitor soil water content.

A utilização de sensores eletrônicos para determinação do potencial de água no solo tem sido cada vez maior, pela importância que esse monitoramento representa para o desenvolvimento das plantas e uso racional da água. Com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento de sensores de resistência elétrica (SRE) em comparação com tensiômetros equipados com transductores de tensão (TT) realizou-se esse trabalho. Os TT acoplados a tensiômetros com 0,3 m de comprimento foram instalados em funis de placa porosa, e submetidos a tensões crescentes de 1 a 14,5 kPa. Os TT e os SRE foram instalados em uma caixa contendo TFSA de Latossolo Vermelho, que foi saturado, posto a secar ao ambiente e novamente saturado com solução de cloreto de potássio. Em uma última etapa os sensores foram instalados no campo por um período de quatro meses. Os resultados demonstraram que ocorreu uma diferença entre a tensão aplicada nos funis de placa porosa e a medida de 3 kPa e que a salinidade não afetou de forma significativa a correlação entre os resultados dos dois sensores avaliados, na faixa de umidade em que esse experimento foi conduzido e no campo se comportaram de forma similar. Nas condições em que o trabalho foi desenvolvido, os dois sensores tiveram um bom desempenho para determinar o potencial de água no solo.

Software to model soil water retention curves (SWRC, version 2.00)

A software for the adjustment of soil water retention curves (SWRC) is presented, using twelve models found in the literature.

Um programa computacional é apresentado para o ajuste de curvas de retenção de água (SWRC), utilizando doze modelos encontrados na literatura.

Software to model soil water retention curves (SWRC, version 2.00)

A software for the adjustment of soil water retention curves (SWRC) is presented, using twelve models found in the literature.

Um programa computacional é apresentado para o ajuste de curvas de retenção de água (SWRC), utilizando doze modelos encontrados na literatura.

Variabilidade espacial e temporal do potencial mátrico da água em terra roxa estruturada

Variabilities of soil water matric potential and of hydraulic gradients are analysed using geostatistical concepts and normal distribution statistics. Twenty five data pairs, collected along a 125 m transect of a dark red latosol (terra roxa estruturada) are analysed using autocorrelograms and semivariograms. No spatial dependence was found for both variables. The variability of soil water matric potential, measured by tensiometry, is less than the variability of hydraulic gradients. This last variable presented a high variability, to the point of compromising its use in soil water flux estimatives.

As variabilidades de medidas de potencial mátrico da água no solo e de gradiente de potencial hidráulico são analisadas utilizando conceitos geoestatísticos e estatística da distribuição normal. São analisados 25 pares de dados, coletados ao longo de uma transecção de terra roxa estruturada, de 125 m de comprimento. Autocorrelogramas e semivariogramas não indicaram dependência espacial nas variáveis estudadas. A variabilidade do potencial mátrico da água no solo, medida através de tensiômetros, é menor do que a variabilidade do gradiente de potencial hidráulico. Este último apresentou alta variabilidade, a ponto de comprometer seu uso em estimativas de fluxos de água no solo.

Variabilidade espacial e temporal do potencial mátrico da água em terra roxa estruturada

Variabilities of soil water matric potential and of hydraulic gradients are analysed using geostatistical concepts and normal distribution statistics. Twenty five data pairs, collected along a 125 m transect of a dark red latosol (terra roxa estruturada) are analysed using autocorrelograms and semivariograms. No spatial dependence was found for both variables. The variability of soil water matric potential, measured by tensiometry, is less than the variability of hydraulic gradients. This last variable presented a high variability, to the point of compromising its use in soil water flux estimatives.

As variabilidades de medidas de potencial mátrico da água no solo e de gradiente de potencial hidráulico são analisadas utilizando conceitos geoestatísticos e estatística da distribuição normal. São analisados 25 pares de dados, coletados ao longo de uma transecção de terra roxa estruturada, de 125 m de comprimento. Autocorrelogramas e semivariogramas não indicaram dependência espacial nas variáveis estudadas. A variabilidade do potencial mátrico da água no solo, medida através de tensiômetros, é menor do que a variabilidade do gradiente de potencial hidráulico. Este último apresentou alta variabilidade, a ponto de comprometer seu uso em estimativas de fluxos de água no solo.