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1.
Rev. habanera cienc. méd ; 18(1): 30-44, ene.-feb. 2019.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-1004120

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN Introducción: La inflamación es una respuesta homeostática del organismo. Es uno de los principales motivos de consulta en Cuba y el mundo. Existe una percepción errónea de que es una entidad aislada y siempre patológica. Es un proceso dinámico, complejo, sistémico y multifactorial. Por eso constituye un reto el dilucidar los elementos, cambios tisulares que causa y cómo proceder en la clínica ante un cuadro inflamatorio. Objetivo: Describir la inflamación, su clasificación, elementos involucrados y cambios sistémicos desde una perspectiva inmunológica. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sobre el tema empleando la bibliografía actualizada y luego se consultaron artículos de libre acceso en las bases de datos Pubmed y Scielo en el período de enero de 2013 a diciembre de 2018. Desarrollo: La inflamación puede clasificarse según el daño, tiempo o los efectores involucrados. Las principales moléculas son las citocinas como TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-6, TGF-β. Participan células como los neutrófilos, mastocitos, macrófagos, linfocitos T y las del endotelio vascular. Durante el proceso inflamatorio se modifican las funciones de casi todos los sistemas de órganos. En ciertos tipos de inflamación, es la respuesta adaptativa quien origina y perpetúa el proceso inflamatorio. Conclusiones: En la actualidad se desconocen los acontecimientos que desencadenan inflamación crónica y cómo ocurre el daño tisular. El mayor desafío consiste en dilucidar las causas y mecanismos inmunológicos que conllevan a las manifestaciones inflamatorias sistémicas que se manifiestan como enfermedades neurológicas, cardiovasculares y autoinmunes, entre otras.


ABSTRACT Introduction: Inflammation is a homeostatic response of the body. It is one of the main reasons for consultation in Cuba and throughout world. There is a misperception that it is an isolated and always pathological entity. It is a dynamic, complex, systemic, and multifactorial process. Therefore, it is a challenge to elucidate the elements and the tissue changes that it causes to establish the best way to improve the clinical practice related to an inflammatory process. Objective: To describe inflammation, its classification, elements involved, and systemic changes from an immunological perspective. Material and Methods: A review of the topic was made using the updated bibliography. Free-access articles were consulted in Pubmed and Scielo databases in the period from January 2013 to December 2018. Development: Inflammation can be classified according to the damage, time or effectors involved. The main molecules are the cytokines like TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-6, TGF-β. Some cells participate such as neutrophils, mastocytes, macrophages, T-lymphocyes, and the vascular endothelium. During the inflammatory process, the functions of almost all organ systems are modified. It produces systemic changes that are observed in physiological processes such as pregnancy or aging. Sometimes inflammation triggers diseases such as cardiovascular and neurological ones, and cancer. The pathophysiological mechanisms have not been clarified. Conclusions: Currently, the events that trigger chronic inflammation and how tissue damage occurs are unknown. The biggest challenge is to elucidate the causes and immunological mechanisms that lead to inflammatory manifestations that are expressed as systemic neurological, cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases, among others.


Subject(s)
Humans , History, 21st Century , Inflammation/immunology , Bibliography
2.
Rev. bras. crescimento desenvolv. hum ; 18(2): 135-147, ago. 2008. tab
Article in Portuguese | Index Psychology - journals | ID: psi-55345

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: avaliar a utilidade de citocinas pró-inflamatórias (TNF-±, IL-1² e IL-6) e de citocinas antinflamatórias (IL-10 e IL-1Ra) no diagnóstico da sepse neonatal, e verificar se a homeostase entre estes mediadores poderia ser determinante para a evolução clínica da doença. MÉTODO: coorte prospectiva compreendendo 31 recém-nascidos (RN) com diagnóstico de sepse neonatal, classificados em dois grupos: sepse e sepse grave, com evolução complicada (choque, falência múltipla de órgãos, óbito). Os níveis séricos de TNF-±; IL-1²; IL-6; IL-10 e IL-1Ra foram mensurados nos dias 0 (diagnóstico), 3 e 7 (evolutivos). Foram calculadas as médias, desvios-padrão, medianas, e valores mínimos e máximos para cada um dos mediadores. Foram construídos gráficos dos perfis individuais dos pacientes, e o perfil médio dos dois grupos contendo os erros-padrão. Para o tratamento estatístico dos dados oriundos da avaliação das concentrações de citocinas ao longo do tempo, foi utilizado o teste ANOVA com medidas repetidas. Para todas as análises realizadas foi adotado nível de significância de 5 por cento. RESULTADOS: no grupo de recém-nascidos com sepse e boa evolução, os níveis séricos de TNF-±; IL-1² e Il-10 se apresentaram próximos aos valores mínimos detectáveis pelo método, e nos RN com sepse grave, esses níveis foram estatisticamente superiores (p<0,01). As concentrações de IL-6 e IL-1Ra analisadas, de forma evolutiva (dias zero, 3 e 7 após o diagnóstico), revelaram níveis séricos sempre elevados e maiores na sepse grave em relação a sepse com boa evolução (p<0,01). A relação IL-6/IL-1Ra nos RN com sepse mostrou predomínio da ação pró-inflamatória no dia 0 (razão >1) e da resposta antiinflamatória nos dia 3 e 7 de evolução (razão <1), enquanto na sepse grave e evolução complicada, houve predomínio da ação pró-inflamatória no dia zero e no dia 3 (razão >1) e somente no dia 7, houve predomínio da ação antiinflamatória (razão <1). CONCLUSÕES: as concentrações ...(AU)


OBJECTIVES: to evaluate the utility of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-±, IL1-², and IL- 6) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and IL-1Ra) for the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis, and to verify if the homeostasis of these mediators might determine the clinical outcome. METHOD: prospective cohort study including 31 newborns with neonatal sepsis whose diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical signs and positive blood culture, or high C-reactive protein. Newborns were classified in two groups: sepsis and favorable outcome, and severe sepsis with unfavorable outcome (septic shock and/or DIVC and/or FMOS and/or death). On days 0 (diagnosis), 3 and 7 after diagnosis, serum levels of TNF-±, IL-1², IL-6, IL-10, and IL-1Ra were measured. Statistical analysis included mean values, standard deviation, median, and minimum and maximum values of all mediators, as well as the construction of mean profiles for each patient and then for both groups (with standard errors). The ANOVA with repetitive measures was used to compare cytokines variation according to time. The significance level for all statistical analyses was 5 percent. RESULTS: the newborns who evolved favorably presented serum levels of TNF-±, IL-1² and IL-10 very close to the minimum levels detectable by the method, whilst in the newborns with severe sepsis, these cytokine levels were significantly higher (p<0.01). IL-6 and IL-1Ra serum levels were always high irrespective of the day analyzed, and even higher in the group with unfavorable outcome (p<0.01). IL-6/IL-1Ra ratio in the group with sepsis and favorable outcome showed predominance of antiinflammatory response (r >1) on day 0, and inversion on days 3 and 7. On the contrary, IL-6/IL- 1Ra ratio was >1 on day 0 and 3, and <1 only on day 7 in the group of sepsis and unfavorable outcome. CONCLUSIONS: the analyzed mediators were effective to diagnose neonatal sepsis, and also as predictive factors of disease severity, mainly with ...(AU)

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