Análisis descriptivo de los incidentes con múltiples víctimas intencionados en entorno civil en Europa durante el periodo 2000-2018 / Intentional mass-casualty incidents with civil society targets in Europe a descriptive analysis for 2000 to 2018

Objetivo: Conocer las características principales de los incidentes con múltiples víctimas intencionados (IMVi) en entorno civil en Europa entre los años 2000 y 2018. Método: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo-analítico de los IMVi acontecidos en Europa entre 2000-2018, registrados en la Global Terrorism Database. Se recogieron país, año, arma principal y secundaria, subtipo de arma principal, número de atacantes, víctimas, número de focos, autoría, objetivo y lugar. Resultados: Se identificaron 469 focos en 373 IMVi independientes (86% unifocales) que causaron 15.066 víctimas (11.410 heridos y 3.656 muertos). El año y el país con más IMVi fue 2014 (58) y Rusia (50,1%), respectivamente. España fue el tercero (8,7%) y el más afectado de Europa Occidental. Las armas más utilizadas fueron explosivos (71,4%), arma de fuego (19,6%) y vehículo a motor (2,6%). Esta última, en aumento en los últimos años, fue la de mayor poder lesivo significativamente, con una mediana (P25-75) de 19 (12-59) víctimas por IMVi (p = 0,026). Existió una correlación positiva significativa entre el número de atacantes en las armas de fuego y el número de víctimas (r = 0,357, p = 0,011). El objetivo principal mayoritario fue la población civil (53,1%) y el lugar elegido la vía pública (24,3%). Conclusiones: En el siglo XXI ya han acontecido casi 500 IMVi en Europa, la mayoría por explosivos y armas de fuego. El uso de vehículo a motor, en aumento, es sin embargo el de mayor potencial lesivo. El conocimiento de los datos aportados puede ayudar en la mejora de los planes de emergencias que den respuesta a los IMVi. (AU)

Objective: To describe the main characteristics of intentional mass-casualty incidents (MCIs) with civil society targets in Europe between 2000 and 2018. Methods: Retrospective, descriptive analysis of intentional MCIs in Europe between 2000 and 2018 recorded in the Global Terrorism Database. We collected information on country; year; main and secondary weapons used and mainweapon subtype; numbers of attackers, victims, and points of attack; targets; and type of location. Results: A total of 469 points of attack were identified in 373 independent intentional MCIs (86% with multiple points of focus) that caused 15066 victims (11410 persons injured, 3656 deaths). The year with the most MCIs was 2014 (58 MCIs), and Russia saw the largest percentage (50.1%). Spain ranked third, with 8.7% of the MCIs in Europe, the highest proportion in Western Europe. Explosive devices were the weapons used most often (in 71.4%), followed by firearms (in 19.6%), and motor vehicles (in 2.6%). Vehicles, which use has been on the rise, caused themost injuries, with a median (interquartile range) of 19 (12-59) victims per intentional MCI (P = .026). The number of attackers in MCIs involving firearms correlated positively with the number of victims (r = 0.357, P = .011). The most frequent target was the civil population (in 53.1%), and public spaces and thoroughfares were the locations most often chosen (in 24.3%). Conclusions: Nearly 500 intentional MCIs have occurred in Europe in this XXI century. Most involved explosives or firearms. However, motor vehicles are the most potentially harmful weapons, and their use is increasing. These data may help to improve MCI emergency response planning. (AU)

[3D/3D+ as a tool for rapid geriatric assessment and adequacy of the care resource at discharge from the Emergency Department]. / Las 3D/3D+ como herramienta de valoración geriátrica rápida y de adecuación del recurso asistencial al alta de los Servicios de Urgencias.

OBJECTIVE: Assess the 3D/3D+ rapid geriatric assessment tool for the early detection of frailty, its usefulness to identify the effects of the acute process on the functional, physical, cognitive and socioenvironmental dimensions, as well as the medications that may have triggered the patient's reason for visit. Finally, assess the usefulness of 3D/3D+ together with the clinical diagnosis to adequate care resource at discharge from the emergency department (ED). METHOD: Retrospective observational cohort study. Patients ≥75 years old, with clinical complexity visited at the ED were included. Basal frailty status was assessed using 3D (basal component), and the multidimensional impact of the acute process using 3D+ (current component). The main dependent variable was adequacy of the care resource at ED discharge. RESULTS: 278 patients were included, mean age 86 years (interquartile range: 83-90), 59.7% were women. According to the basal component (3D), 83.1% (95%CI: 78.2-87.3) presented some degree of frailty. The current component (3D+) was altered in 60.1% (95%CI: 54.1-65.9). The adequacy of ED discharge was correct in 96.4% (95%CI: 93.0-98.0). One out of 4patients was admitted to a medicine ward. CONCLUSIONS: 3D/3D+ facilitates an optimal model of emergency care adapted to patients ≥ 75 years old treated in EDs. It stratifies the level of frailty (3D), detects the severity of patients' acute problems (3D+) and contributes to decision-making regarding the most appropriate care resource at ED discharge.

Las 3D/3D+ como herramienta de valoración geriátrica rápida y de adecuación del recurso asistencial al alta de los Servicios de Urgencias / 3D/3D+ as a tool for rapid geriatric assessment and adequacy of the care resource at discharge from the Emergency Department

Objetivo: Evaluar la herramienta de valoración geriátrica rápida 3D/3D+como cribado precoz de fragilidad; su utilidad para identificar la repercusión del proceso agudo en las dimensiones funcional, cognitiva, social y los posibles fármacos desencadenantes del motivo de consulta. Por último, la utilidad de las 3D/3D+junto al diagnóstico clínico para adecuar el recurso asistencial al alta del servicio de Urgencias hospitalario (SUH).Método: Estudio observacional de cohortes retrospectivo. Se incluyó a los pacientes de 75 o más años con complejidad clínica que fueron atendidos en el área médica del SUH. Se valoró el grado de fragilidad basal mediante las 3D (componente basal) y la repercusión multidimensional debida al proceso agudo mediante las 3D+(componente actual). La variable dependiente principal fue la adecuación del recurso asistencial al alta del SUH.Resultados: Se incluyó a 278 pacientes de edad media 86 años (rango intercuartil: 83-90) y 59,7% de mujeres. Según el componente basal (3D), el 83,1% (IC del 95%: 78,2-87,3) presentaba algún grado de fragilidad. El componente actual (3D+) estaba alterado en el 60,1% (IC del 95%: 54,1-65,9). La adecuación al alta del SUH fue correcta en un 96,4% (IC del 95%: 93,0-98,0). Uno de cada 4pacientes ingresó en hospitalización convencional.Conclusiones: Las 3D/3D+facilita un modelo óptimo de atención urgente adaptada a los pacientes de 75 o más años atendidos en los SUH. Estratifica el grado fragilidad (3D), detecta la gravedad debido al problema agudo por el que paciente consulta (3D+) y contribuye a la toma de decisiones sobre el recurso asistencial más apropiado al alta del SUH. (AU)

Objective: Assess the 3D/3D+ rapid geriatric assessment tool for the early detection of frailty, its usefulness to identify the effects of the acute process on the functional, physical, cognitive and socioenvironmental dimensions, as well as the medications that may have triggered the patient's reason for visit. Finally, assess the usefulness of 3D/3D+ together with the clinical diagnosis to adequate care resource at discharge from the emergency department (ED).Method: Retrospective observational cohort study. Patients ≥75 years old, with clinical complexity visited at the ED were included. Basal frailty status was assessed using 3D (basal component), and the multidimensional impact of the acute process using 3D+ (current component). The main dependent variable was adequacy of the care resource at ED discharge.Results: 278 patients were included, mean age 86 years (interquartile range: 83–90), 59.7% were women. According to the basal component (3D), 83.1% (95%CI: 78.2–87.3) presented some degree of frailty. The current component (3D+) was altered in 60.1% (95%CI: 54.1–65.9). The adequacy of ED discharge was correct in 96.4% (95%CI: 93.0–98.0). One out of 4patients was admitted to a medicine ward.Conclusions: 3D/3D+ facilitates an optimal model of emergency care adapted to patients ≥ 75 years old treated in EDs. It stratifies the level of frailty (3D), detects the severity of patients’ acute problems (3D+) and contributes to decision-making regarding the most appropriate care resource at ED discharge. (AU)

Intentional mass-casualty incidents with civil society targets in Europe a descriptive analysis for 2000 to 2018. / Análisis descriptivo de los incidentes con múltiples víctimas intencionados en entorno civil en Europa durante el periodo 2000-2018.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the main characteristics of intentional mass-casualty incidents (MCIs) with civil society targets in Europe between 2000 and 2018. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective, descriptive analysis of intentional MCIs in Europe between 2000 and 2018 recorded in the Global Terrorism Database. We collected information on country; year; main and secondary weapons used and mainweapon subtype; numbers of attackers, victims, and points of attack; targets; and type of location. RESULTS: A total of 469 points of attack were identified in 373 independent intentional MCIs (86% with multiple points of focus) that caused 15 066 victims (11 410 persons injured, 3656 deaths). The year with the most MCIs was 2014 (58 MCIs), and Russia saw the largest percentage (50.1%). Spain ranked third, with 8.7% of the MCIs in Europe, the highest proportion in Western Europe. Explosive devices were the weapons used most often (in 71.4%), followed by firearms (in 19.6%), and motor vehicles (in 2.6%). Vehicles, which use has been on the rise, caused the most injuries, with a median (interquartile range) of 19 (12-59) victims per intentional MCI (P = .026). The number of attackers in MCIs involving firearms correlated positively with the number of victims (r = 0.357, P = .011). The most frequent target was the civil population (in 53.1%), and public spaces and thoroughfares were the locations most often chosen (in 24.3%). CONCLUSION: Nearly 500 intentional MCIs have occurred in Europe in this XXI century. Most involved explosives or firearms. However, motor vehicles are the most potentially harmful weapons, and their use is increasing. These data may help to improve MCI emergency response planning.

OBJETIVO: Conocer las características principales de los incidentes con múltiples víctimas intencionados (IMVi) en entorno civil en Europa entre los años 2000 y 2018. METODO: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo-analítico de los IMVi acontecidos en Europa entre 2000-2018, registrados en la Global Terrorism Database. Se recogieron país, año, arma principal y secundaria, subtipo de arma principal, número de atacantes, víctimas, número de focos, autoría, objetivo y lugar. RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 469 focos en 373 IMVi independientes (86% unifocales) que causaron 15.066 víctimas (11.410 heridos y 3.656 muertos). El año y el país con más IMVi fue 2014 (58) y Rusia (50,1%), respectivamente. España fue el tercero (8,7%) y el más afectado de Europa Occidental. Las armas más utilizadas fueron explosivos (71,4%), arma de fuego (19,6%) y vehículo a motor (2,6%). Esta última, en aumento en los últimos años, fue la de mayor poder lesivo significativamente, con una mediana (P25-75) de 19 (12-59) víctimas por IMVi (p = 0,026). Existió una correlación positiva significativa entre el número de atacantes en las armas de fuego y el número de víctimas (r = 0,357, p = 0,011). El objetivo principal mayoritario fue la población civil (53,1%) y el lugar elegido la vía pública (24,3%). CONCLUSIONES: En el siglo XXI ya han acontecido casi 500 IMVi en Europa, la mayoría por explosivos y armas de fuego. El uso de vehículo a motor, en aumento, es sin embargo el de mayor potencial lesivo. El conocimiento de los datos aportados puede ayudar en la mejora de los planes de emergencias que den respuesta a los IMVi.

Tuberculosis pulmonar presentada como neumotórax masivo / Pulmonary tuberculosis disguised as a massive pneumothorax

Pulmonary tuberculosis is an indolent disease that may rarely be fatal. Extensive destruction of pulmonary parenchyma is rarely seen nowadays. This image shows a large tuberculosis cavitation that mimics massive a pneumothorax (AU)

Efetividade do sistema de triagem em serviço de emergência privado: estudo coorte / Effectiveness of the triage system in a private emergency service: cohort study

Fundamentos: A superlotação dos serviços de emergência é um fenômeno mundial. Isto torna imprescindível que os sistemas de triagem utilizados sejam efetivos na identificação de atendimentos prioritários. Entretanto, pouco se conhece sobre a efetividade dos sistemas de triagem em serviços de emergência, principalmente na rede suplementar de saúde no Brasil. Objetivo: identificar a efetividade do sistema de triagem em serviço de emergência privado, baseado na Escala de Triagem Canadense. Métodos: Estudo coorte retrospectivo, com 254.730 registros de atendimentos, entre 2017 e 2018, de um serviço de emergência privado, referência em medicina de alta complexidade, em São Paulo (SP), Brasil. Estatística descritiva foi utilizada para caracterizar os atendimentos, de acordo com ano, sexo, idade, classificação de prioridade e desfecho clínico pós-atendimento. Associação entre os graus de prioridades da escala e os desfechos clínicos foi verificada pelo teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson. Para analisar efetividade do sistema de triagem foi delineado um modelo de regressão logística univariada, para prever o desfecho "internações/óbitos", em comparação com "altas". Devido ao tamanho amostral robusto, o nível de significância considerado foi de 0,1%. Resultados: Cerca de 60% dos atendimentos foram classificados como não urgentes e 30,8%, como urgentes. A probabilidade de morte e internação corresponderam ao aumentou do grau de prioridade, variando entre mais de 12 vezes para os atendimentos de "semi-urgência" a mais de 100 vezes para o grau "emergência". Pacientes atendidos no ano de 2018, do sexo masculino e com idade acima de 50 anos apresentaram maior probabilidade de serem internados ou morrerem. Conclusão: O sistema de triagem analisado foi considerado efetivo para prever desfechos clínicos compatíveis com a gradação de gravidade estabelecida. Isto é relevante na medida que expressa, pela primeira vez no Brasil, a efetividade em um sistema de triagem, baseado na Escala de Triagem Canadense. Além disso, a caracterização da busca expressiva por atendimentos de baixa gravidade entre usuários do serviço analisado é semelhante aos apresentados em diversos estudos nacionais e internacionais. Reflete-se sobre as explicações socioculturais e econômicas no contexto brasileiro, expondo perspectivas a serem atingidas por políticas públicas.Palavras-chave: Triagem, Medicina de emergências, Enfermagem em emergência, Estudos de coortes. (AU)

Background: the overcrowding of emergency services is a worldwide phenomenon. This makes it essential that the triage systems used are effective in identifying priority care. However, little is known about the effectiveness of triage systems in emergency services, especially in the supplementary health network in Brazil. Objective: identify the effectiveness of the triage system in a private emergency department, based on the Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale. Methods: a retrospective cohort study, with 254,730 records of care, between 2017 and 2018, from a private emergency service, reference in high complexity medicine, in São Paulo (SP), Brazil. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the attendances, according to year, gender, age, priority rating, and post-acute clinical outcome. Association between the scale priority grades and clinical outcomes was verified by Pearson's chi-square test. To analyze the effectiveness of the screening system, a univariate logistic regression model was designed to predict the outcome "hospitalizations/hospitalizations" compared to "discharges". Due to the robust sample size, the significance level considered was 0.1%. Results: about 60% of the cases were classified as non-urgent and 30.8% as urgent. The probability of death and hospitalization corresponded to the increased degree of priority, ranging from more than 12 times for the "semi-urgent" attendances to more than 100 times for the "emergency" degree. Patients seen in 2018, male and over 50 years old, were more likely to be hospitalized or die. Conclusion: the screening system analyzed was considered effective in predicting clinical outcomes compatible with the established severity gradation. This is relevant as it expresses, for the first time in Brazil, the effectiveness of a triage system based on the Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale. Moreover, the characterization of the expressive search for low severity care among users of the analyzed service is similar to those presented in several national and international studies. Reflections on sociocultural and economic explanations in the Brazilian context are made, exposing perspectives to be achieved by public policies. (AU)

Damage control in penetrating duodenal trauma: less is better - the sequel / El control de daños en trauma penetrante de duodeno: "Menos es Mejor

Abstract The overall incidence of duodenal injuries in severely injured trauma patients is between 0.2 to 0.6% and the overall prevalence in those suffering from abdominal trauma is 3 to 5%. Approximately 80% of these cases are secondary to penetrating trauma, commonly associated with vascular and adjacent organ injuries. Therefore, defining the best surgical treatment algorithm remains controversial. Mild to moderate duodenal trauma is currently managed via primary repair and simple surgical techniques. However, severe injuries have required complex surgical techniques without significant favorable outcomes and a consequential increase in mortality rates. This article aims to delineate the experience in the surgical management of penetrating duodenal injuries via the creation of a practical and effective algorithm that includes basic principles of damage control surgery that sticks to the philosophy of "Less is Better". Surgical management of all penetrating duodenal trauma should always default when possible to primary repair. When confronted with a complex duodenal injury, hemodynamic instability, and/or significant associated injuries, the default should be damage control surgery. Definitive reconstructive surgery should be postponed until the patient has been adequately resuscitated and the diamond of death has been corrected.

Resumen El trauma de duodeno comúnmente se produce por un trauma penetrante que puede asociarse a lesiones vasculares y de órganos adyacentes. En el manejo quirúrgico se recomienda realizar un reparo primario o el empleo de técnicas quirúrgicas simples. Sin embargo, el abordaje de lesiones severas del duodeno es un tema controversial. Anteriormente, se han descrito técnicas como la exclusión pilórica o la pancreatoduodenectomía con resultados no concluyentes. El presente artículo presenta una propuesta del manejo de control de daños del trauma penetrante de duodeno, a través, de un algoritmo de cinco pasos. Este algoritmo plantea una solución para el cirujano cuando no es posible realizar el reparo primario. El control de daños del duodeno y su reconstrucción depende de una toma de decisiones respecto a la porción del duodeno lesionada y el compromiso sobre el complejo pancreatoduodenal. Se recomiendan medidas rápidas para contener el daño y se proponen vías de reconstrucción duodenal diferente a las clásicamente descritas. Igualmente, la probabilidad de complicaciones como fistula duodenales es considerable, por lo que proponemos, que el manejo de este tipo de fistulas de alto gasto se aborde por medio de una laparostomía retroperitoneal (lumbotomía). El abordaje del trauma penetrante de duodeno se puede realizar a través del principio "menos es mejor".

Doctora Nurys Diéguez Andrés (1951-2016), pilar de la medicina intensiva en Las Tunas / Doctor Nurys Diéguez Andrés (1951-2016), mainstay of the Intensive Care Medicine in Las Tunas

La doctora Nurys Nirma Diéguez Andrés es una de las personalidades destacadas de las últimas cuatro décadas de medicina universal y gratuita en la provincia cubana de Las Tunas. Comenzó en 1981 su especialización en Medicina Interna en el Hospital Dr. Ernesto Guevara de la Serna, su centro de trabajo para toda la vida. Fue iniciadora de la medicina intensiva en el territorio y del programa para la extracción de órganos para el trasplante a enfermos necesitados. Su actividad docente se inició como Instructora en 1985; escalaría a Asistente en 1992 y llegó a Profesora Auxiliar en el 2001. Fue designada Profesora Consultante el 7 de diciembre de 2007. Todas las generaciones de médicos y enfermeros intensivistas de Las Tunas fueron moldeadas por su labor educativa. Falleció el 23 de marzo de 2016 en el hospital al que dedicó toda su vida profesional (AU)

Doctor Nurys Nirma Diéguez Andrés is one of the outstanding personalities in the barely four decades of universal and free medicine in the Cuban province of Las Tunas. She started her graduate studies on Internal Medicine at Dr. Ernesto Guevara de la Serna Hospital, her long-life workplace, in 1981. There she was the founder of the local intensive care services as well as the program of donor organ extraction for transplantation to those patients in need. Her teaching activities began as Instructor in 1985, ascending to Assistant in 1992 and to Auxiliary Professor in 2001. She was designated Consultant Professor on December 7 th, 2007. All the generations of intensive care physicians and nurses were molded by her educational activity. She passed away last March 23 rd , 2016, in the hospital to which she devoted her whole professional career (AU)

[Professional satisfaction for doctors of the Mobile Emergency Team and the Emergency Coordinator Office 061. Region of Murcia]. / Satisfacción laboral de los médicos de Unidades Móviles de Emergencia y del Centro Coordinador de la Gerencia de Urgencias y Emergencias 061. Región de Murcia.

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to analyze the phenomenon of work satisfaction of doctors of the Mobile Emergency Team and the Emergency Coordinator Office 061 of the Region of Murcia. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A observational, analytical and cross-sectional study of development carried out with the medical staff of the Casualty and Emergency Operations Department 061 of the Region of Murcia. Data collection was carried out in December 2013 and January 2014. NTP 394 was used. Work satisfaction: general satisfaction scale. DATA ANALYSIS: nonparametric tests for 2 samples or k samples depending on type of comparison. RESULTS: A participation rate of 88.2% was obtained, in relation to the general job satisfaction, the average of the participants was 69.55 (SD = 14.4). Of the 15 items that make up the questionnaire, « work colleagues ¼ is the factor with which doctors are more satisfied with, indicating that up to an 87%, show a positive assessment on this point. Being the second aspect most respondents valued their « job stability ¼ with a percentage of positive ratings of 76.7%. CONCLUSIONS: The main findings clearly demonstrate the importance of inter-professional relations and human potential as the cornerstone in the exercise of the activity of healthcare professionals.