Automated multicolumn screening workflow in ultra-high pressure hydrophilic interaction chromatography for streamlined method development of polar analytes.

The pharmaceutical industry is rapidly advancing toward new drug modalities, necessitating the development of advanced analytical strategies for effective, meaningful, and reliable assays. Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography (HILIC) is a powerful technique for the analysis of polar analytes. Despite being a well-established technique, HILIC method development can be laborious owing to the multiple factors that affect the separation mechanism, such as the selection of stationary phase chemistry, mobile phase eluents, and optimization of column equilibration time. Herein, we introduce a new automated multicolumn and multi-eluent screening workflow that streamlines the development of new HILIC assays, circumventing the existing tedious 'hit-or-miss' approach. A total of 12 complementary columns packed with sub-2 µm fully porous and 2.7 µm superficially porous particles operated on readily available ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) instrumentation across a diverse set of commercially available polar stationary phases were investigated. Different mobile phases with pH ranging from pH 3 to 9 were evaluated using different organic modifiers. The gradient and column re-equilibration were judiciously set to ensure a reliable assay screening framework that indicates promising conditions for subsequent method optimization to achieve resolution of challenging mixtures. This UHPLC screening system is coupled with a diode array and charged aerosol detectors (DAD, CAD and mass spectrometry) to ensure versatile detection for a variety of compounds. This fast-screening platform lays the foundation for a convenient generic workflow, accelerating the pace of HILIC method development and transfer across both academic and industrial sectors.

An adhesive hydrogel functionalized silica sphere for polar analytes separation and analysis.

In response to the challenges associated with the chromatographic separation of polar compounds, this study aims to devise a solution by introducing a novel stationary phase. Hydrogels, characterized by a three-dimensional network structure, have aroused wide attention owing to its functional designability, multiple interaction sites and good adhesion, etc. In this work, an adhesive hydrogel functionalized silica stationary phase (Sil@PVA/TA) was synthesized using physical coating technique. Due to the co-existence of hydroxyl and benzene ring in the hydrogel structure, the obtained composites materials exhibited excellent separation performance for various of compounds and excellent column efficiency up to 71385.6 plates/m for thymidine. Furthermore, the hydrogel functionalized silica demonstrated superior selectivity to bare silica, diol-column and NH2-column for the separation of various of polar molecules, including, nucleosides/bases, alkaloids, organic acids, antibiotics and amino acids. Notably, for alkaloids, which frequently encounter peak tailing issues, Sil@PVA/TA demonstrated superior peak shape compared with C18 column. In short, this study successfully synthesized a hydrogel functionalized silica stationary phase, offering a novel method for the separation and analysis of polar compounds.

Chromatographic evaluation and application of nitrogenous heterocyclic ring-bonded stationary phase in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography.

Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) based on polar stationary phases has vital research significance in the separation of polar compounds. Numerous HILIC stationary phases with different structures have been developed, which do not have universal properties and broad selectivity, making it a challenge to select the suitable column based on the properties of the samples. Consequently, it is particularly important to develop a bonded phase capable of separating a wide variety of samples, while having enhanced retention, improved selectivity, symmetric peak shape and good stability. Herein, a novel nitrogen-containing heterocyclic bonded phase with multiple functionalities, such as thioether, amino and hydroxyl groups (named AMTA) was employed as HILIC stationary phase. Detailed chromatographic evaluations were carried out, and the results showed that it was superior to other hydrophilic chromatographic columns in terms of selectivity, peak shapes and practical sample separation. Lastly, it has been verified that AMTA exhibited high orthogonality with the XBridge C18 column of reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) mode. In summary, we anticipate our assay to be instructive to other researchers in developing the HILIC stationary phase.

Lipid Quality Changes in French Fries, Chicken Croquettes, and Chicken Nuggets Fried with High-Linoleic and High-Oleic Sunflower Oils in Domestic Deep Fryers.

The quality of fried products greatly depends on the changes occurring during frying. The purpose of this work was to study the lipid quality changes taking place in selected frozen foods after domestic deep-frying. Conventional, high-linoleic sunflower oil (HLSO) and high-oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) were used, and the frozen foods selected were French fries, croquettes, and nuggets. The foods were fried in domestic fryers under discontinuous conditions. Analyses included fatty acid composition, sterols, tocopherols, squalene, and lipid alteration levels. In all fried foods, the content of lipids increased after frying, which is consistent with previous findings. However, the lipid exchange between the food and the oil greatly depended on the food characteristics. Specifically, the levels of frying oil in the food lipids were about 90, 40, and 58% for French fries, croquettes, and nuggets, respectively. The main results obtained showed that lipid alteration levels considerably decreased and amounts of sterols and tocopherols significantly increased in French fries' lipids after frying. In both chicken products, croquettes and nuggets, the best quality improvement observed was a significant decrease in cholesterol in food lipids due to the lipid exchange. Overall, frying with HLSO and HOSO improved the quality and nutritional properties of all products tested.

Influence of the Mozzarella Type on Chemical and Sensory Properties of "Pizza Margherita".

BACKGROUND: According to Neapolitan Pizza Traditional Specialty Guaranteed (TSG) regulation, Mozzarella di Bufala Campana and Fiordilatte mozzarella are the exclusive cheeses to be used, together with tomato and extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), to season pizza in the "Margherita" variant. However, the so-called "Pizza mozzarella", that is a diary product having lower moisture content and a longer shelf life than Mozzarella di Bufala Campana and Fiordilatte mozzarella, is widely used in many pizzerias, both in Italy and abroad. Therefore, we investigated its quality, in comparison with Mozzarella di Bufala and Fiordilatte mozzarella, as well as its effect on the quality of the Margherita pizza. METHODS: Chemical and sensory analyses were conducted on mozzarella samples and on baked pizza topping samples. RESULTS: The results revealed a better quality of pizza with Mozzarella di Bufala and Fiordilatte mozzarella for their higher antioxidant activity, oxidative stability and lower amount of undesired volatile compounds. CONCLUSIONS: The use of Mozzarella di Bufala and Fiordilatte mozzarella in the preparation of Margherita pizza improves its quality, especially if these mozzarella types are combined with other high-quality ingredients, namely tomato sauce and EVOO, characterized by the presence of antioxidant compounds (e.g., α-tocopherol not affected by the heat treatment of pizza baking.

Novel high-oleic oil consumption for cardiometabolic health: a narrative review.

Several cardiometabolic disorders are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and prevention is imperative in reducing the burden of these diseases on the healthcare system. Although novel high-oleic acid oils (HOOs) are now commonly used for high-temperature frying in both foodservice and the manufacture of processed foods, there are still limited data regarding their effects on CVD risk. This narrative review aims to clarify these effects by comparing HOOs with saturated fatty acid (SFA)-rich and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-rich oils, first regarding their physicochemical properties and then concerning their effects on CVD risk factors using recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Overall, although HOOs are more stable than PUFA-rich oils, they do not have the same high-temperature stability as SFA-rich oils. RCTs demonstrate that HOO consumption improves the plasma lipid profile compared with SFA-rich oils while showing similar effects to those of PUFA-rich oils on CVD risk factors. Finally, the current literature lacks information on the actual consumption of HOOs, their long-term effects on cardiometabolic health, and the impact of prolonged heating of these oils on CVD risk factors. In sum, the short-term intake of HOOs may be beneficial for cardiometabolic health; however, more research is needed.

Olive Oil Benefits from Sesame Oil Blending While Extra Virgin Olive Oil Resists Oxidation during Deep Frying.

Fresh potatoes were deep-fried in olive oil (OO), extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), and their blends with 5%, 10%, and 20% v/v sesame oil (SO). This is the first report on the use of sesame oil as a natural source of antioxidants during olive oil deep frying. The oil was evaluated for anisidine value (AV), free fatty acids (FFAs), extinction coefficient (K232 and K270), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and total phenols (TPs) until the total polar compounds (TPCs) reached 25%. Sesame lignan transformations were monitored through reversed-phase HPLC. While the TPCs in olive oils increased at a steady rate, the addition of 5%, 10%, and 20% v/v SO delayed TPCs' formation for 1, 2, and 3 h, respectively. The addition of 5%, 10%, and 20% v/v SO increased the olive oil frying time by 1.5 h, 3.5 h, and 2.5 h, respectively. The addition of SO to OO reduced the secondary oxidation products' formation rate. The AV for EVOO was lower than OO and all tested blends, even those with EVOO. EVOO was more resistant to oxidation than OO, as measured by the TPCs and TEAC, while the frying time rose from 21.5 to 25.25 h when EVOO replaced OO. The increase in frying time for OO but not for EVOO, after SO addition, points to a niche market for EVOO in deep frying.

A Comparison of the Stability of Refined Edible Vegetable Oils under Frying Conditions: Multivariate Fingerprinting Approach.

The stability of highly consumed vegetable refined oils after discontinuous frying of potatoes was compared. Both those vegetable oils containing additives and those that did not were considered. Vegetable oil samples were evaluated using refractive index, anisidine and peroxide values, UV absorbance and dielectric constant-based determination of the content of total polar compounds. Chemical changes caused over the frying time were monitored and multivariate modelling of the data was carried out. A new gas chromatographic-mass spectroscopy method was intended to record a fingerprint of both polar and non-polar compound fractions. Multivariate models of chromatographic fingerprints were also developed, and the results obtained from both approaches were verified to be statistically similar. In addition, multivariate modelling also allows to differentiate among vegetable oils according to oxidation performance. Indeed, it was initially observed that olive oils presented the highest natural thermo-oxidative stability compared to other seed oils, although it should be noted that these differences were not significant when regarding olive pomace oils and seed oils containing synthetic additives.

A New Insight into the Evaluation of Used Frying Oils Based on the Kinetics of Chemical Changes during the Process.

Kinetics of change in total polar compounds (TPC), carbonyl value (CV), and conjugated diene value (CDV) were simultaneously investigated during the frying of potato strips in eight oil samples at 170 °C. The CDV at the turning point of the sigmoidal kinetic curves (CDVT) with an average of ~19 mmol/L, which was almost equivalent to the TPC and CV of ~14% and ~24 µmol/g, respectively, was found to be as a sensory cut-off value for rejection. To discard frying oils from a toxicological standpoint, the CDV at the mean of the times required to reach the CDVT and the CDVmax with an average of ~28 mmol/L (almost equivalent to the TPC and CV of ~22% and ~41 µmol/g, respectively) was determined as the corresponding cut-off value.

Validity of total polar compound and its three components in monitoring the evolution of epoxy fatty acids in frying oil: Fast food restaurant conditions.

This study evaluated the validity of total polar compounds (TPC) and its three components in monitoring the evolution of epoxy fatty acids in frying oil under fast food restaurant conditions. The content of epoxy fatty acids can be predicted using the TPC rather than oxidized triglyceride monomer. When TPC content reached 24 g/100 g, 25 g/100 g, and 27 g/100 g, the epoxy fatty acid content in oil was found to be 1.47-3.63 mg/g, 1.58-4.06 mg/g, and 1.83-5.08 mg/g, respectively. More epoxy fatty acids were generated in high oleic sunflower oil than in canola and cottonseed oil during frying. At current discarding points of TPC 24-27 g/100 g, its epoxy fatty acid content was 3.63-5.08 mg/g, which was lower than the limit of 7 mg/g recommended by Max Rubner-Institut in Germany. Our results indicate that the risk of epoxy fatty acids can be monitored using the current TPC index.

Large-scale preparation of five polar polyphenols including three isomers from Phyllanthus emblica Linn. by preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography.

The separation of polar compounds is challenging work due to poor retention and insufficient selectivity. In the present study, an efficient strategy for large-scale preparation of five polar polyphenols including three isomers from Phyllanthus emblica Linn has been established by preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography. Macroporous resin column chromatography was used for the enrichment of the polar polyphenols. However, sugar and other ultra-polar impurities were co-washed out with the targets. Liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate/water (1/1, v/v) solvent system was developed to remove the ultra-polar impurities with a clearance rate of 95%. Finally, the targets were introduced to preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography for separation using ethyl acetate/n-butanol/acetic acid/water (2/7/1/10, v/v/v/v) solvent system. As a result, 191 mg of Mucic acid 1,4-lactone 5-O-gallate, 370 mg of ß-Glucogallin, 301 mg of Gallic acid, 195 mg of Mucic acid 1,4-lactone 3-O-gallate and 176 mg of Mucic acid 1,4-lactone 2-O-gallate with purity higher than 98% were obtained from 1.5 g of sample. Mucic acid 1,4-lactone 3-O-gallate, Mucic acid 1,4-lactone 3-O-gallate, and Mucic acid 1,4-lactone 2-O-gallate are isomers. The results showed that high-speed counter-current chromatography could be well developed for the separation of polar compounds from natural products.

Hydrophilic interaction chromatography-type sorbent prepared by the modification of methacrylate-base resin with polyethyleneimine for solid-phase extraction of polar compounds.

Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC)-type sorbents were newly developed for the solid-phase extraction (SPE) of polar compounds. Two methacrylate-base resins with different cross-linking monomers and pore properties were synthesized, and three polyethyleneimines (PEIs) with different molecular weights were modified onto each base resin. In both cases, PEIs with a molecular weight of 10,000 (PEI-10,000) exhibited the highest adsorption properties for polar compounds (uracil, uridine, adenosine, cytidine, and guanosine). To control the water-enriched layer at the surface of the PEI-10,000-modified sorbents, the additive amount of PEI-10,000 in the modified reaction was also optimized. When 10 times the amount of PEI-10,000 to each base resin was added, an improvement in adsorption property was observed. Moreover, the use of a nonaqueous sample solution (100% acetonitrile) during the sample loading process drastically improved adsorption, especially for uracil (about 80%) and adenosine (100%). These results indicate that the formation of a strong water-enriched layer at the surface of sorbents with an effective expression of hydrophilic interaction was an important factor in the adsorption properties of polar compounds in HILIC mode-SPE.

Effect of heating on disposal point of main edible oils available in Iran market.

Deep frying is the most common method used for food preparation worldwide, which can lead to several chemical changes in used fat or oil in frying process including oxidation and polymerization. This study aimed to determine the effect of heating and different storage conditions on the disposal point of four types of the most common edible oils available in the Iranian market without and with the presence of food in terms of acid value (AV) and total polar compounds (TPC). AV and TPC of three types of marketed sunflower oil (especially for frying, cooking, solid vegetable) and ghee heated at 110, 150, 180, and 200°C with a portable oil meter DOM-24 (ATAGO, Japan) were determined. They were measured without the presence of food at four different temperatures and four different times in five storage conditions and with the presence of frying food (chicken and potatoes) at 110°C for 20 min in three replicates. The results showed that the AV and TPC contents in the case of ghee were above national and international standards without the presence of food. Also, in the process of frying chicken and potato, the reusability of all the studied oils was not possible for the second time and reached the disposal point. The increase in the rate of AV and TPC of oils was: ghee (Kermanshahi oil) > liquid cooking oil > frying oil ≥ solid vegetable oil.

Investigation of oxidized triglyceride monomer (oxTGM) produced in deteriorated soybean oil at frying temperatures: A kinetic study.

This work evaluated the feasibility of total polar compound (TPC) and its five components to monitor the deterioration of soybean oil at frying temperatures, and traditional indicators were used as a reference. The preliminary correlation analysis showed that polar compounds accumulated earlier than classical oxidation products like the peroxide value (PV). Equations for two types of characteristic kinetic time, the induction time (turning point of sigmoid curve) and intersection time (intersection point of two tangent lines representing the initiation and propagation reaction), were also derived. Their mathematical difference and relationship were then evaluated. Based on the kinetic analysis, the overall cumulative process of oxidation products of triglycerides (oxTGM) was found to be 2.35%-12.35% earlier than that of fatty acids (PV). Our results supported the index of oxTGM in TPC to be a better indicator to monitor the deterioration of heated edible oil.

Integration of Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Docking to Characterize and Predict Polar Active Compounds in Curcuma kwangsiensis.

Curcuma kwangsiensis, one species of Curcumae zedoaria Ros. c, is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for treating cardiovascular disease, cancer, asthma and inflammation. Polar compounds are abundant in water decoction, which would be responsible for critical pharmacological effects. However, current research on polar compounds in Curcumae zedoaria Ros. c remains scarce. In this study, the polar fraction from Curcuma kwangsiensis was firstly profiled on G protein-coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A), ß2-adrenergic receptor (ß2-AR), neurotensin receptor (NTSR), muscarinic-3 acetylcholine receptor (M3) and G protein-coupled receptor 35 (GPR35), which were involved in its clinical indications and exhibited excellent ß2-AR and GPR109A receptor activities. Then, an offline two-dimensional reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) coupled with the hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) method was developed to separate polar compounds. By the combination of a polar-copolymerized XAqua C18 column and an amide-bonded XAmide column, an orthogonality of 47.6% was achieved. As a result of coupling with the mass spectrometry (MS), a four-dimensional data plot was presented in which 373 mass peaks were detected and 22 polar compounds tentatively identified, including the GPR109A agonist niacin. Finally, molecular docking of these 22 identified compounds to ß2-AR, M3, GPR35 and GPR109A receptors was performed to predict potential active ingredients, and compound 9 was predicted to have a similar interaction to the ß2-AR partial agonist salmeterol. These results were supplementary to the material basis of Curcuma kwangsiensis and facilitated the bioactivity research of polar compounds. The integration of RPLC×HILIC-MS and molecular docking can be a powerful tool for characterizing and predicting polar active components in TCM.

Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Ligularia fischeri Turcz: A Comparison between Leaf and Root Extracts.

Ligularia fischeri Turcz leaves are widely consumed and have multiple health benefits. We aimed to evaluate the differences in the phytochemical composition and biological properties of the root and leaf extracts from L. fischeri. The root extract exhibited higher antioxidant capacity and total flavonoid levels than the leaf extract. GC/MS analysis revealed the presence of various volatiles, diterpenoids, sesquiterpenes, and other non-polar compounds. Moreover, these extracts enhanced cellular antioxidant defense by reducing the level of reactive oxygen species and upregulating the expression of catalase and heme oxygenase-1 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The root and leaf extracts also exerted anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing nitric oxide production and diminishing the levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and interleukin-1ß in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Overall, these findings suggest that L. fischeri root extract contains diverse bioactive compounds for the development of nutraceuticals or functional foods with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.

Food potential of Scenedesmus obliquus biomasses obtained from photosynthetic cultivations associated with carbon dioxide mitigation.

Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms that stand out from conventional food sources and ingredients due to their high growth rate and adaptability. In addition to being highly sustainable, significant concentrations of proteins, lipids, and pigments accumulate in their cell structures from photosynthesis. Hence, this study sought to evaluate the food potential of Scenedesmus obliquus biomasses obtained from photosynthetic cultures enriched with 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% carbon dioxide (CO2) (v/v). Cultivations with 3, 5, and 10% CO2 showed greater amino acids and proteins synthesis; the protein content reached values above 56% of the dry biomass and high protein quality, due to the presence of most essential amino acids at recommended levels for the human diet. The highest concentrations of chlorophylls were found in cultures with 15, 20, and 25% CO2 (24.2, 23.1 and 30.8 mg g-1, respectively), although the profiles showed higher percentages of degradation compounds. Carotenoid concentrations were three times higher in cultures with 3, 5, and 10% CO2 (25.3, 22.7 and 18.1 mg g-1, respectively) and all-trans-ß-carotene was the major compound. Lipid synthesis was intensified at higher CO2 enrichment; the percentages obtained were 14.8% of lipids in the culture with 15% CO2, 15.0% with 20% CO2, and 13.7% with 25% CO2. In addition, greater polyunsaturated fatty acids accumulation and a significant reduction in the n6/n3 ratio were also observed at the highest CO2 concentrations. Our findings showed that CO2 treatments significantly altered all compounds concentrations in S. obliquus biomasses, which presented satisfactory composition for application in foods and as ingredients.

Large-scale preparation of two minor polar polyphenols from Phyllanthus emblica Linn. by macroporous resin column chromatography and high-temperature preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography.

In the present study, an efficient strategy for the large-scale preparation of two minor polar polyphenols from Phyllanthus emblica L. has been established by macroporous resin column chromatography and high-temperature preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography. Macroporous resin column chromatography was used for the enrichment of the target polyphenols. The target polyphenols could be well enriched in the 10% ethanol fraction and the peak area proportion increased from 2.2% in the crude extract to 85.3% in the 10% ethanol fraction. Then, the 10% ethanol fraction was introduced to preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography for separation using an n-butanol-ethyl acetate-water (17:3:20, v/v/v) solvent system. In order to improve the retention of the stationary phase, a high-temperature preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography had been developed by using a 316 L stainless steel pipe as a column. A 50°C of column temperature was used and the retention rate of the stationary phase could reach 75%. Finally, 871 mg of compound Ⅰ and 534 mg of compound Ⅱ with purities higher than 98% were obtained from 4 g of the sample. The chemical structures were identified as corilagin and 1, 6-di-O-galloyl-ß-D-glucoside by 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR.

Utilization of Diaphragma juglandis extract as a natural antioxidant for improving the oxidative stability of soybean oil during deep frying.

Lipid oxidation significantly shortens the life of frying oils, and this challenge can be addressed by using antioxidants. This work aimed to investigate the effect of Diaphragma juglandis extract (DJE) on the oxidative stability of soybean oil during deep frying. Tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) and tea polyphenol (TP) were applied as positive controls. A total of 31 polyphenols were determined in DJE, and catechin, quercitrin, taxifolin, quercetin 3-ß-d-glucoside, epicatechin, gallic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid were the main components. The antioxidants effectively delayed the degradation of triglycerides and inhibited the increase in the contents of p-anisidine, oxidized triglyceride monomers, triglyceride dimers, and triglyceride oligomers, with DJE exhibiting better performance. Moreover, DJE showed better inhibitory effect on the formation of (E)-2-alkenals, (E,E)-2,4-alkadienals, 4-oxo-alkanals, primary alcohols, and secondary alcohols detected by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance than TBHQ and TP. Therefore, DJE has great potential as an excellent antioxidant in large-scale industrial applications.

Comprehensive screening of polar emerging organic contaminants including PFASs and evaluation of the trophic transfer behavior in a freshwater food web.

Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of persistent legacy contaminants have been intensively characterized, but little is known on the contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in freshwater food webs. Herein, we comprehensively screened CECs with a focus on polar substances and further evaluated their trophic transfer behavior in selected items from the food web of Lake Templin, Germany. Weselected one plankton, two mussel, and nine fish samples covering three trophic levels. With an effective multi-residue sample preparation method and high-resolution mass spectrometry-based target, suspect, and non-target screening, we characterized 477 targets and further screened unknown features in complex biota matrices. Of the 477 targets, 145 were detected and quantified in at least one species (0.02-3640 ng/g, dry weight). Additionally, the suspect and non-target analysis with experimental mass spectra libraries and in silico techniques (MetFrag and SIRIUS4/CSI:FingerID) enabled further identification of 27 unknown compounds with 19 confirmed by reference standards. Overall, the detected compounds belong to a diverse group of chemicals, including 71 pharmaceuticals, 27 metabolites, 26 pesticides, 16 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), 4 plasticizers, 3 flame retardants, 11 other industrial chemicals and 14 others. Moreover, we determined the trophic magnification factor (TMF) of 34 polar CECs with >80% detection frequency, among which 6 PFASs including perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrA), perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PFTeA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA), exhibited biomagnification potential (TMF =1.8 - 4.2, p < 0.05), whereas 5 pharmaceuticals (phenazone, progesterone, venlafaxine, levamisole, and lidocaine) and 1 personal care product metabolite (galaxolidone) showed biodilution potential (TMF = 0.4 - 0.6, p < 0.05).