ABSTRACT
Efficient meat production is crucial in addressing global market demands and sustainability goals. Modeling production systems has gained worldwide attention, offering valuable insights for predicting outcomes and optimizing economic returns. In the poultry industry, researchers have developed mathematical models to predict animal performance and maximize profits. These models incorporate theories to explain real-world processes and enable future event predictions. One such model is the Broiler Growth Model (BGM), which serves as a predictive tool for estimating feed intake, growth, and body composition of broilers. The BGM takes into account the genetic potential of the broilers, the feed they are provided, and several constraining factors that may prevent the animal from achieving their genetic potential. To evaluate the BGM, a series of simulations were performed: (i) model behavior was evaluated by simulating the response of males and females from 22 to 35 d to feeds differing in dietary protein content and nutrient density; (ii) model prediction was evaluated using the results of a protein response trial conducted at UNESP in which six dietary protein levels were fed to male and female broilers over a 56 d period; and (iii) model optimization was used to maximize economic returns in the above trial. The model behaved as expected when feeds differing in protein content were fed, with feed intake per kg of BW increasing as protein level was decreased, resulting in lower gains and higher body lipid contents. Increasing nutrient density resulted in higher feed intake in the second level, followed by a reduction in feed intake in the highest nutrient feed. The simulated response to nutrient density resulted in increasing body lipid deposition as the nutrient density increased. In comparing the simulated and actual results of the protein response trial, the overall error of prediction was up to 15% for feed intake, BW, and body protein. The optimization routine allows the simulation of different economic scenarios, helping in decision-making. The Broiler Growth Model emerges as a valuable tool for the poultry industry, offering predictive capabilities and economic optimization potential. While minor discrepancies between simulated and actual results exist, the BGM holds significant promise for enhancing efficiency and profitability in broiler production, contributing to the broader goals of sustainable broiler meat production.
Subject(s)
Chickens , Diet , Animals , Male , Female , Chickens/physiology , Diet/veterinary , Animal Feed/analysis , Poultry/metabolism , Dietary Proteins/metabolism , Eating , Nutrients , Body Composition , Lipids , Animal Nutritional Physiological PhenomenaABSTRACT
Tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) is a species of great cultural and economic importance in aquaculture in the Amazon region. Methionine is considered the first limiting sulfur amino acid in practical fish diets, which encourages investigating its use in diets for tambaqui. This study aimed to verify the digestible methionine plus cystine (Met + Cys) requirement in diets for tambaqui (89.52 ± 0.53 g) for 60 days. The treatments investigated were: 6.50, 7.80, 9.10, 10.40, 11.70, and 13.00 g Met + Cys kg diet-1. The estimated requirement based on final weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and specific growth rate was 9.04, 8.92, 8.91, and 8.58 g Met + Cys kg diet-1, respectively, while on body protein deposition, body fat deposition, body ash deposition, and nitrogen retention efficiency was 9.29, 9.20, 9.19, and 8.72 g Met + Cys kg diet-1, respectively. Linear regression demonstrated that increased digestible Met + Cys in the diet decreased plasma total protein, globulin, and liver total protein levels. Quadratic regression showed that the highest value for liver glycogen was found with a 10.40 g Met + Cys kg diet-1. Another quadratic regression demonstrated a lower hepatic aspartate aminotransferase (AST) enzymatic activity in fish fed between 7.80 and 11.70 g Met + Cys kg diet-1. The different treatments did not influence the erythrogram. In conclusion, when considering an integrative view of the results for growth performance, whole-body deposition, and liver parameters without harming the physiological and metabolic status, we recommended choosing a diet with digestible Met + Cys between 8.58 and 9.29 g kg- 1 for tambaqui.
Subject(s)
Amino Acids, Sulfur , Methionine , Animals , Methionine/metabolism , Cystine/metabolism , Amino Acids, Sulfur/metabolism , Racemethionine/metabolism , Diet/veterinary , Body Composition , Liver/metabolism , Animal Feed/analysisABSTRACT
Here we evaluate the technical viability of including purified glycerin in balanced diets for broilers from 8 to 42 days old. For this, we used 160 8-day-old broiler chickens from the Cobb 500® lineage, distributed in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments (0, 2, 4, and 6% of purified glycerin inclusion) and four replicates of ten birds. We evaluated feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion, final weight, organs biometry (heart, liver, gizzard and small intestine), carcass yield, special cuts yields (thigh, drumstick, and breast), meat color, and protein and fat deposition in the breast muscle. The purified glycerin inclusion levels in diets influenced (p < 0.05) weight gain, feed conversion, and broiler weight at 42 days, with no effect (p > 0.05) on feed intake (FI). Similarly, there was no effect (p > 0.05) on carcass and special cuts yields. The purified glycerin inclusion levels did not influence (p > 0.05) the relative gizzard weight, nor the relative small intestine weight and length. However, the purified glycerin inclusion levels did affect the relative heart and liver weights (p < 0.05). The purified glycerine inclusion levels in diets did not affect (p > 0.05) lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*) values, pH, or protein deposition, but did increases (p < 0.05) fat deposition in breast muscle. Based on our findings, we propose that the inclusion of 6% purified glycerin in diets is technically feasible for broilers of 8 to 42 days old.(AU)
Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a viabilidade técnica da inclusão de glicerina purificada em dietas balanceadas para frangos de corte, dos 8 aos 42 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 160 pintos de corte, com 8 dias, da linhagem Cobb 500®, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado (DIC), com quatro tratamentos (0, 2, 4 e 6% de inclusão de glicerina purificada) e quatro repetições de dez aves. Foram avaliados o consumo de ração, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, peso final, biometria dos órgãos (coração, fígado, moela e intestino delgado), rendimento de carcaça, rendimentos de cortes nobres (coxa, sobrecoxa e peito), coloração e a deposição de proteína e deposição de gordura da carne do peito. Os níveis de inclusão de glicerina purificada nas dietas influenciaram (p < 0,05) o ganho de peso, a conversão alimentar e o peso das aves aos 42 dias, não havendo efeito (p > 0,05) sobre o consumo de ração. Da mesma forma, não houve efeito (p > 0,05) sobre os rendimentos de carcaça e cortes nobres. Os níveis de inclusão de glicerina purificada não influenciaram (p > 0,05) os pesos relativos da moela, nem o peso relativo e/ou comprimento do intestino delgado. Entretanto, observou-se efeito (p < 0,05) sobre o peso relativo do coração e fígado. Os níveis de inclusão de glicerina purificada nas dietas não afetaram (p > 0,05) os valores de luminosidade (L*), vermelho (a*), amarelo (b*), pH e a deposição de proteína, mas, aumentou de maneira linear (p < 0,05) a deposição de gordura da carne de peito. A inclusão de até 6% de glicerina purificada nas dietas mostrou-se tecnicamente viável para frangos de corte dos 8 aos 42 dias de idade.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Glycerol/analysis , Diet/veterinary , Animal Feed/analysis , Chickens , PoultryABSTRACT
Here we evaluate the technical viability of including purified glycerin in balanced diets for broilers from 8 to 42 days old. For this, we used 160 8-day-old broiler chickens from the Cobb 500® lineage, distributed in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments (0, 2, 4, and 6% of purified glycerin inclusion) and four replicates of ten birds. We evaluated feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion, final weight, organs biometry (heart, liver, gizzard and small intestine), carcass yield, special cuts yields (thigh, drumstick, and breast), meat color, and protein and fat deposition in the breast muscle. The purified glycerin inclusion levels in diets influenced (p 0.05) on feed intake (FI). Similarly, there was no effect (p > 0.05) on carcass and special cuts yields. The purified glycerin inclusion levels did not influence (p > 0.05) the relative gizzard weight, nor the relative small intestine weight and length. However, the purified glycerin inclusion levels did affect the relative heart and liver weights (p 0.05) lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*) values, pH, or protein deposition, but did increases (p < 0.05) fat deposition in breast muscle. Based on our findings, we propose that the inclusion of 6% purified glycerin in diets is technically feasible for broilers of 8 to 42 days old.
Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a viabilidade técnica da inclusão de glicerina purificada em dietas balanceadas para frangos de corte, dos 8 aos 42 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 160 pintos de corte, com 8 dias, da linhagem Cobb 500®, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado (DIC), com quatro tratamentos (0, 2, 4 e 6% de inclusão de glicerina purificada) e quatro repetições de dez aves. Foram avaliados o consumo de ração, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, peso final, biometria dos órgãos (coração, fígado, moela e intestino delgado), rendimento de carcaça, rendimentos de cortes nobres (coxa, sobrecoxa e peito), coloração e a deposição de proteína e deposição de gordura da carne do peito. Os níveis de inclusão de glicerina purificada nas dietas influenciaram (p 0,05) sobre o consumo de ração. Da mesma forma, não houve efeito (p > 0,05) sobre os rendimentos de carcaça e cortes nobres. Os níveis de inclusão de glicerina purificada não influenciaram (p > 0,05) os pesos relativos da moela, nem o peso relativo e/ou comprimento do intestino delgado. Entretanto, observou-se efeito (p 0,05) os valores de luminosidade (L*), vermelho (a*), amarelo (b*), pH e a deposição de proteína, mas, aumentou de maneira linear (p < 0,05) a deposição de gordura da carne de peito. A inclusão de até 6% de glicerina purificada nas dietas mostrou-se tecnicamente viável para frangos de corte dos 8 aos 42 dias de idade.
Subject(s)
Animals , Diet/veterinary , Chickens , Glycerol/analysis , Animal Feed/analysis , PoultryABSTRACT
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of crude glycerin at differing inclusion levels on performance and carcass characteristics of broilers and litter moisture. 960 broilers of 21-42 days of age were used in a completely randomized design with six crude glycerin inclusion levels (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15%), with eight replicates containing 20 broiler chickens per experimental unit. There was a quadratic effect (p<0.05) for weight gain, feed intake and feed:gain ratio from 21 to 42 days of age. Higher levels of crude glycerin in diets increased (40.24%, p<0.05) the litter moisture and reduced (6.04%, p<0.05) the viability of of the birds. There were no effects (p>0.05) on carcass yield, breast, or liver percentages. However, there was an increase (6.17%, p<0.05) in leg yield and a decrease in (p<0,05, 7.05%) the drumstick yield. For the wing yield and abdominal fat, a quadratic effect (p<0.05) was observed. The protein and fat deposition rates, as well as the dry matter content of the carcass, showed a quadratic effect (p<0.05) due to the inclusion levels of crude glycerin. Crude glycerin may be used in broiler diets from 21 to 42 days, at up to 6% without harming the performance of the broilers, the yield and carcass quality, litter moisture, and the viability of broilers. It is recommended that crude glycerin can be fed at 5.63% from 21 to 42 days, while for lower feed conversion it is recommended that the level of 3.72% is used.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Infant, Newborn , Glycerol/administration & dosage , Glycerol/adverse effects , Body Weight , Nutrients/analysis , Chickens/metabolism , Animal Feed , Proteins , LipidsABSTRACT
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of crude glycerin at differing inclusion levels on performance and carcass characteristics of broilers and litter moisture. 960 broilers of 21-42 days of age were used in a completely randomized design with six crude glycerin inclusion levels (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15%), with eight replicates containing 20 broiler chickens per experimental unit. There was a quadratic effect (p0.05) on carcass yield, breast, or liver percentages. However, there was an increase (6.17%, p<0.05) in leg yield and a decrease in (p<0,05, 7.05%) the drumstick yield. For the wing yield and abdominal fat, a quadratic effect (p<0.05) was observed. The protein and fat deposition rates, as well as the dry matter content of the carcass, showed a quadratic effect (p<0.05) due to the inclusion levels of crude glycerin. Crude glycerin may be used in broiler diets from 21 to 42 days, at up to 6% without harming the performance of the broilers, the yield and carcass quality, litter moisture, and the viability of broilers. It is recommended that crude glycerin can be fed at 5.63% from 21 to 42 days, while for lower feed conversion it is recommended that the level of 3.72% is used.
Subject(s)
Animals , Infant, Newborn , Chickens/metabolism , Glycerol/administration & dosage , Glycerol/adverse effects , Nutrients/analysis , Body Weight , Lipids , Proteins , Animal FeedABSTRACT
This study aimed to estimate the utilization efficiency and optimal intake of digestible protein to maximize weight gain and feed conversion in Nile tilapia juveniles at different development stages. Four trials, each lasting 45 days, were performed using sexually inverted Nile tilapia juveniles with an initial average weight of 2.01 g (phase A), 14.26 g (phase B), 59.96 g (phase C), and 149.11 g (phase D). The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments and four replicates. The levels of digestible protein ranged from 175 to 425 g kg-1 (phase A), 163 to 390 g kg-1 (phase B), 150 to 360 g kg-1 (phase C), and 138 to 330 g kg-1 (phase D). The maximum responses in terms of weight gain were obtained with protein intakes (digestible protein) of 88, 328, 713, and 855 mg fish-1 day-1, respectively, for phases A, B, C, and D. The maximum feed conversion ratio was obtained with protein intakes of 78, 272, 697, and 793 mg fish-1 day-1, respectively, for phases A, B, C, and D. The protein utilization efficiency was 52, 51, 51, and 50% for phases A, B, C, and D, respectively.(AU)
Objetivou-se estimar a eficiência de utilização e a ingestão ótima de proteína digestível para maximizar o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar de juvenis de tilápia do Nilo em diferentes fases de crescimento. Cada um dos quatro ensaios durou 45 dias, utilizando-se juvenis revertidos sexualmente com peso médio inicial de 2,01g (fase A), 14,26 g (fase B), 59,96 g (fase C) e 149,11 g (fase D). O delineamento adotado foi o inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os níveis de proteína digestível variaram de 175 a 425 g kg-1 (fase A), de 163 a 390 g kg-1 (fase B), de 150 a 360 g kg-1 (fase C) e de 138 a 330 g kg-1 (fase D). As máximas respostas para ganho de peso foram estimadas com ingestões de proteína de 88, 328, 713 e 855 mg peixe-1 dia-1 nas fases A, B, C e D, respectivamente. Para maximizar a conversão alimentar estimaram-se ingestões de proteína de 78, 272, 697 e 793 mg peixe-1 dia-1 para as fases A, B, C e D, respectivamente. As eficiências de utilização da proteína encontradas para as fases A, B, C e D, foram 52, 51, 51 e 50%, respectivamente.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cichlids/growth & development , Dietary Proteins/administration & dosage , Weight Gain , EatingABSTRACT
This study aimed to estimate the utilization efficiency and optimal intake of digestible protein to maximize weight gain and feed conversion in Nile tilapia juveniles at different development stages. Four trials, each lasting 45 days, were performed using sexually inverted Nile tilapia juveniles with an initial average weight of 2.01 g (phase A), 14.26 g (phase B), 59.96 g (phase C), and 149.11 g (phase D). The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments and four replicates. The levels of digestible protein ranged from 175 to 425 g kg-1 (phase A), 163 to 390 g kg-1 (phase B), 150 to 360 g kg-1 (phase C), and 138 to 330 g kg-1 (phase D). The maximum responses in terms of weight gain were obtained with protein intakes (digestible protein) of 88, 328, 713, and 855 mg fish-1 day-1, respectively, for phases A, B, C, and D. The maximum feed conversion ratio was obtained with protein intakes of 78, 272, 697, and 793 mg fish-1 day-1, respectively, for phases A, B, C, and D. The protein utilization efficiency was 52, 51, 51, and 50% for phases A, B, C, and D, respectively.
Objetivou-se estimar a eficiência de utilização e a ingestão ótima de proteína digestível para maximizar o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar de juvenis de tilápia do Nilo em diferentes fases de crescimento. Cada um dos quatro ensaios durou 45 dias, utilizando-se juvenis revertidos sexualmente com peso médio inicial de 2,01g (fase A), 14,26 g (fase B), 59,96 g (fase C) e 149,11 g (fase D). O delineamento adotado foi o inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os níveis de proteína digestível variaram de 175 a 425 g kg-1 (fase A), de 163 a 390 g kg-1 (fase B), de 150 a 360 g kg-1 (fase C) e de 138 a 330 g kg-1 (fase D). As máximas respostas para ganho de peso foram estimadas com ingestões de proteína de 88, 328, 713 e 855 mg peixe-1 dia-1 nas fases A, B, C e D, respectivamente. Para maximizar a conversão alimentar estimaram-se ingestões de proteína de 78, 272, 697 e 793 mg peixe-1 dia-1 para as fases A, B, C e D, respectivamente. As eficiências de utilização da proteína encontradas para as fases A, B, C e D, foram 52, 51, 51 e 50%, respectivamente.
Subject(s)
Animals , Weight Gain , Cichlids/growth & development , Dietary Proteins/administration & dosage , EatingABSTRACT
This study aimed to determine the SID isoleucine (Ile) requirement of starting barrows fed low crude protein. Two experiments were carried out. Experiment 1: Ten crossbred barrows were used in order to determine the SID AA of the basal diet (treatment with the lowest SID Ile level used in the growth performance experiment), averaging 15.00 ± 0.27 kg of initial weight, individually housed in metabolic cages and allotted in a complete randomized design, with two treatments, five replicates and one animal per experimental unit. Treatments consisted of a basal (14.13% CP and 0.450% of SID Ile) and a free protein diet. Experiment 2: A performance experiment was carried out to determine the SID Ile requirement when using low crude protein diets. Forty crossbred barrows were used, averaging 15.00 ± 0.87 kg of initial weight and distributed in a randomized block design with five treatments (0.450, 0.520, 0.590, 0.660 and 0.730% of SID Ile) and two animals per experimental unit. The average daily gain (ADG) (P=0.049) and protein deposition (P=0.01) were affected by the studied SID Ile levels. The daily need of SID Ile was estimated at 5.9 g when considering 0.61% as the optimum level of SID Ile in the diet for an improved ADG and protein deposition.(AU)
Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a exigência de isoleucina digestível (Ile Dig) para leitões machos castrados, em fase inicial, alimentados com dietas de baixa proteína bruta. Foram realizados dois experimentos. Experimento 1: Dez leitões mestiços foram utilizados, a fim de determinar os aminoácidos digestíveis da dieta basal (tratamento com o nível mais baixo Ile Dig utilizado no experimento de desempenho), sendo a média de peso inicial dos suínos de 15,00 ± 0,27 kg, alojados individualmente em gaiolas metabólicas e distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos, cinco repetições e um animal por unidade experimental.Os tratamentos consistiram de uma dieta basal (14,13% PB e 0,450% de Ile Dig) e uma dieta isenta de proteína. Experimento 2: Foi realizado um experimento de desempenho, para determinar a exigência de Ile Dig em dietas de baixa proteína bruta. Foram utilizados 40 suínos mestiços, machos castrados, com média de 15,00 ± 0,87 kg de peso inicial, os quais foram distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (0,450; 0,520; 0,590; 0,660 e 0,730% de Ile Dig) e dois animais por unidade experimental. O ganho de peso diário (P = 0,049) e a deposição proteica (P = 0,010) foram afetados pelos níveis de Ile Dig estudados. As necessidades diárias de Ile Dig foram estimadas em 5,9 g quando considerado 0,61% como o nível ótimo de Ile Dig na dieta para um melhor ganho de peso diário e deposição proteica.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Swine/microbiology , Swine/physiology , Isoleucine/analysis , Animal Feed/analysisABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary lysine on performance, protein deposition and respiratory chain gene expression in male broilers. A total of 252 Cobb 500 broilers were distributed, in a completely randomized design, into four treatments with seven replicates of nine birds per experimental unit. Experimental treatments consisted of diets based on corn and soybean meal, with four levels of digestible lysine: 1.016%, 1.099%, 1.182% and 1.265%. The increase in the level of digestible lysine in the diet provided higher weight gains, feed efficiency and body protein deposition. Birds fed the lowest level of dietary lysine (1.016%) showed a lower expression of genes such as NADH dehydrogenase subunit I (ND1), cytochrome b (CYTB) and cytochrome c oxidase subunits I (COX I), II (COX II) and III (COX III), displaying the worst performance and body protein deposition. This demonstrates the relationship existing between the expression of the evaluated genes and the performance responses. In conclusion, results indicate that broilers fed diets with higher levels of digestible lysine have increased messenger RNA expression of some genes coded in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ND1, CYTB, COX I, COX II and COX III). It may be stated that diets with proper levels of digestible lysine, within the 'ideal protein' concept, promote the expression of genes, which increases the mitochondrial energy, thereby fostering body protein deposition and the performance of broilers in the starter phase.
Subject(s)
Avian Proteins/genetics , Chickens/growth & development , Lysine/metabolism , Animal Feed/analysis , Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Animals , Avian Proteins/metabolism , Chickens/metabolism , Diet/veterinary , Digestion , Male , Pectoralis Muscles/metabolism , RNA, Messenger/genetics , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Random AllocationABSTRACT
This study aimed to determine the SID isoleucine (Ile) requirement of starting barrows fed low crude protein. Two experiments were carried out. Experiment 1: Ten crossbred barrows were used in order to determine the SID AA of the basal diet (treatment with the lowest SID Ile level used in the growth performance experiment), averaging 15.00 ± 0.27 kg of initial weight, individually housed in metabolic cages and allotted in a complete randomized design, with two treatments, five replicates and one animal per experimental unit. Treatments consisted of a basal (14.13% CP and 0.450% of SID Ile) and a free protein diet. Experiment 2: A performance experiment was carried out to determine the SID Ile requirement when using low crude protein diets. Forty crossbred barrows were used, averaging 15.00 ± 0.87 kg of initial weight and distributed in a randomized block design with five treatments (0.450, 0.520, 0.590, 0.660 and 0.730% of SID Ile) and two animals per experimental unit. The average daily gain (ADG) (P=0.049) and protein deposition (P=0.01) were affected by the studied SID Ile levels. The daily need of SID Ile was estimated at 5.9 g when considering 0.61% as the optimum level of SID Ile in the diet for an improved ADG and protein deposition.
Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a exigência de isoleucina digestível (Ile Dig) para leitões machos castrados, em fase inicial, alimentados com dietas de baixa proteína bruta. Foram realizados dois experimentos. Experimento 1: Dez leitões mestiços foram utilizados, a fim de determinar os aminoácidos digestíveis da dieta basal (tratamento com o nível mais baixo Ile Dig utilizado no experimento de desempenho), sendo a média de peso inicial dos suínos de 15,00 ± 0,27 kg, alojados individualmente em gaiolas metabólicas e distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos, cinco repetições e um animal por unidade experimental.Os tratamentos consistiram de uma dieta basal (14,13% PB e 0,450% de Ile Dig) e uma dieta isenta de proteína. Experimento 2: Foi realizado um experimento de desempenho, para determinar a exigência de Ile Dig em dietas de baixa proteína bruta. Foram utilizados 40 suínos mestiços, machos castrados, com média de 15,00 ± 0,87 kg de peso inicial, os quais foram distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (0,450; 0,520; 0,590; 0,660 e 0,730% de Ile Dig) e dois animais por unidade experimental. O ganho de peso diário (P = 0,049) e a deposição proteica (P = 0,010) foram afetados pelos níveis de Ile Dig estudados. As necessidades diárias de Ile Dig foram estimadas em 5,9 g quando considerado 0,61% como o nível ótimo de Ile Dig na dieta para um melhor ganho de peso diário e deposição proteica.
Subject(s)
Animals , Isoleucine/analysis , Animal Feed/analysis , Swine/physiology , Swine/microbiologyABSTRACT
Descriptions of nutrient deposition are important to determine the nutritional requirements of animals. The objective of this study was to describe nutrient deposition in the body and legs and the dietary intake of protein and fat of bullfrogs during the fattening phase using Gompertz and logistic models, and to evaluate feed efficiency. A total of 2,375 froglets with an initial weight of 7.03 ± 0.16 g were housed in five fattening pens. The animals were fed a commercial diet containing 40% crude protein. Frogs and their legs were weighed and sampled at intervals of 14 days for the determination of nutrient composition. On the basis of the model selection criteria, the logistic model was the most adequate to describe nutrient deposition in the body and legs of bullfrogs and the dietary intake of protein and fat. With respect to nutrient deposition in the body, the estimated values for nutrient weight at maturity (Wm) and the time when the maximum rate of deposition was attained (t*) were 244.3 g and 106 days, 55.2 g and 113 days, 30.9 g and 124 days, and 8.6 g and 99 days for water, protein, fat and ashes, respectively. For nutrient deposition in the legs, these values were 77.6 g and 111 days, 14.5 g and 104 days, 1.4 g and 86 days, and 3.7 g and 119 days, respectively. The protein efficiency of the bullfrog diet was low (36.76%), whereas the efficiency offat utilization was high (140.9%), indicating the need to develop an ideal diet for bullfrogs.(AU)
As descrições da deposição dos nutrientes são importantes para auxiliar na determinação das exigências nutricionais para os animais. A partir do exposto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever a deposição dos nutrientes no corpo e nas pernas da rã-touro, bem como o consumo proteico e de gordura da dieta, através dos modelos de Gompertz e Logístico, e avaliar a eficiência da dieta para rã-touro na fase da engorda. Foram utilizados 2.375 imagos de rã-touro com peso inicial de 7,03 ± 0,16 g, alojados em cinco baias de engorda. Os animais foram alimentados com dieta comercial com 40% de proteína bruta. A cada 14 dias, foram realizadas pesagens e amostragens das rãs e de suas pernas, para obtenção da composição dos nutrientes. A partir dos critérios de avaliação, o modelo Logístico foi o mais adequado para descrever a deposição de nutrientes no corpo e pernas das rãs, bem como o consumo de proteína e gordura da dieta. Os valores estimados de peso dos nutrientes à maturidade (Pm) e o tempo onde a taxa de deposição foi máxima (t*) para água, proteína, gordura e cinzas do corpo da rã-touro foram: 244,3 g e 106 dias; 55,2 g e 113 dias; 30,9 g e 124 dias; 8,6 g e 99 dias, respectivamente. Para as pernas, os valores foram: 77,6 g e 111 dias; 14,5 g e 104 dias; 1,4 g e 86 dias; 3,7 g e 119 dias, respectivamente. A dieta comercial apresentou uma baixa eficiência proteica (36,76%) e alta eficiência da utilização da gordura(140,9%) para rã-touro, sendo necessário o desenvolvimento de uma dieta ideal para a mesma.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Rana catesbeiana/growth & development , Nutrients , Weight Gain , Logistic ModelsABSTRACT
Descriptions of nutrient deposition are important to determine the nutritional requirements of animals. The objective of this study was to describe nutrient deposition in the body and legs and the dietary intake of protein and fat of bullfrogs during the fattening phase using Gompertz and logistic models, and to evaluate feed efficiency. A total of 2,375 froglets with an initial weight of 7.03 ± 0.16 g were housed in five fattening pens. The animals were fed a commercial diet containing 40% crude protein. Frogs and their legs were weighed and sampled at intervals of 14 days for the determination of nutrient composition. On the basis of the model selection criteria, the logistic model was the most adequate to describe nutrient deposition in the body and legs of bullfrogs and the dietary intake of protein and fat. With respect to nutrient deposition in the body, the estimated values for nutrient weight at maturity (Wm) and the time when the maximum rate of deposition was attained (t*) were 244.3 g and 106 days, 55.2 g and 113 days, 30.9 g and 124 days, and 8.6 g and 99 days for water, protein, fat and ashes, respectively. For nutrient deposition in the legs, these values were 77.6 g and 111 days, 14.5 g and 104 days, 1.4 g and 86 days, and 3.7 g and 119 days, respectively. The protein efficiency of the bullfrog diet was low (36.76%), whereas the efficiency offat utilization was high (140.9%), indicating the need to develop an ideal diet for bullfrogs.
As descrições da deposição dos nutrientes são importantes para auxiliar na determinação das exigências nutricionais para os animais. A partir do exposto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever a deposição dos nutrientes no corpo e nas pernas da rã-touro, bem como o consumo proteico e de gordura da dieta, através dos modelos de Gompertz e Logístico, e avaliar a eficiência da dieta para rã-touro na fase da engorda. Foram utilizados 2.375 imagos de rã-touro com peso inicial de 7,03 ± 0,16 g, alojados em cinco baias de engorda. Os animais foram alimentados com dieta comercial com 40% de proteína bruta. A cada 14 dias, foram realizadas pesagens e amostragens das rãs e de suas pernas, para obtenção da composição dos nutrientes. A partir dos critérios de avaliação, o modelo Logístico foi o mais adequado para descrever a deposição de nutrientes no corpo e pernas das rãs, bem como o consumo de proteína e gordura da dieta. Os valores estimados de peso dos nutrientes à maturidade (Pm) e o tempo onde a taxa de deposição foi máxima (t*) para água, proteína, gordura e cinzas do corpo da rã-touro foram: 244,3 g e 106 dias; 55,2 g e 113 dias; 30,9 g e 124 dias; 8,6 g e 99 dias, respectivamente. Para as pernas, os valores foram: 77,6 g e 111 dias; 14,5 g e 104 dias; 1,4 g e 86 dias; 3,7 g e 119 dias, respectivamente. A dieta comercial apresentou uma baixa eficiência proteica (36,76%) e alta eficiência da utilização da gordura(140,9%) para rã-touro, sendo necessário o desenvolvimento de uma dieta ideal para a mesma.
Subject(s)
Animals , Weight Gain , Nutrients , Rana catesbeiana/growth & development , Logistic ModelsABSTRACT
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary methionine + cystine levels on performance, carcass characteristics and immune response of weanling pigs. It was used 360 piglets, 180 males and 180 females, weaned at 20.3 days of age and initial weight of 5.43 ± 1.17kg. Was used the experimental design of randomized blocks in a 5x2 factorial design, with five levels of total methionine + cystine (0.70; 0.77; 0.85; 0.93 e 1.01%) and two forms of immune system activation (vaccinated and unvaccinated), with four replications and nine animals per experimental unit. There was no interaction between the methionine + cystine levels and the degree of activation of the immune system of animals for all parameters evaluated. The immune system activation decreased by 7% feed intake and 5% in daily weight gain of the animals. Methionine and cystine levels linearly improved feed conversion and daily protein deposition on the carcass as the level of sulfur amino acids in the diets increased. Pigs from six to 16 kg, independent of immune system activation, require 0.90% of total methionine + cystine, which corresponds to a daily intake of methionine + cystine 4.44 g/day and a ratio of 58% methionine + cystine: lysine.(AU)
O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos dos níveis de metionina + cistina da dieta sobre o desempenho, características de carcaça e a resposta imunológica de leitões recém-desmamados. Foram utilizados 360 leitões, 180 machos e 180 fêmeas, desmamados com idade média de 20,3 dias e peso inicial de 5,43 ± 1,17 kg. Foi utilizado o delineamento de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 5x2, com cinco níveis de metionina + cistina total (0,70; 0,77; 0,85; 0,93 e 1,01%) e duas formas de ativação do sistema imune (vacinados e não vacinados), quatro repetições e nove animais por unidade experimental. Não houve interação entre os níveis de lisina e o grau de ativação do sistema imune dos animais para todos os parâmetros avaliados. A ativação do sistema imune reduziu em 7% o consumo de ração e em 5% no ganho de peso diário dos animais. Os níveis de metionina + cistina melhoraram de forma linear a conversão alimentar e a deposição de proteína diária na carcaça à medida que o nível dos aminoácidos sulfurados aumentou nas dietas. Suínos dos seis aos 16 kg, independente da ativação do sistema imune, exigem 0,9% de metionina + cistina total, o que corresponde a um consumo diário de metionina + cistina de 4,44 g/dia e uma relação de 58% metionina + cistina:lisina.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Methionine/administration & dosage , Methionine/adverse effects , Swine/abnormalities , Swine/immunology , Cystine/administration & dosage , Cystine/adverse effectsABSTRACT
SUMMARY This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary methionine + cystine levels on performance, carcass characteristics and immune response of weanling pigs. It was used 360 piglets, 180 males and 180 females, weaned at 20.3 days of age and initial weight of 5.43 ± 1.17kg. Was used the experimental design of randomized blocks in a 5x2 factorial design, with five levels of total methionine + cystine (0.70; 0.77; 0.85; 0.93 e 1.01%) and two forms of immune system activation (vaccinated and unvaccinated), with four replications and nine animals per experimental unit. There was no interaction between the methionine + cystine levels and the degree of activation of the immune system of animals for all parameters evaluated. The immune system activation decreased by 7% feed intake and 5% in daily weight gain of the animals. Methionine and cystine levels linearly improved feed conversion and daily protein deposition on the carcass as the level of sulfur amino acids in the diets increased. Pigs from six to 16 kg, independent of immune system activation, require 0.90% of total methionine + cystine, which corresponds to a daily intake of methionine + cystine 4.44 g/day and a ratio of 58% methionine + cystine: lysine.
RESUMO O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos dos níveis de metionina + cistina da dieta sobre o desempenho, características de carcaça e a resposta imunológica de leitões recém-desmamados. Foram utilizados 360 leitões, 180 machos e 180 fêmeas, desmamados com idade média de 18,8 dias e peso inicial de 5,43 ± 1,17kg. Foi utilizado o delineamento de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 5x2, com cinco níveis de metionina + cistina total (0,70; 0,77; 0,85; 0,93 e 1,01%) e duas formas de ativação do sistema imune (vacinados e não vacinados), quatro repetições e nove animais por unidade experimental. Não houve interação entre os níveis de metionina+cistina e o grau de ativação do sistema imune dos animais para todos os parâmetros avaliados. A ativação do sistema imune reduziu em 7% o consumo de ração e em 5% no ganho de peso diário dos animais. Os níveis de metionina + cistina melhoraram de forma linear a conversão alimentar e a deposição de proteína diária na carcaça à medida que o nível dos aminoácidos sulfurados aumentou nas dietas. Suínos dos seis aos 16kg, independente da ativação do sistema imune, exigem 0,90% de metionina + cistina total, o que corresponde a um consumo diário de metionina + cistina de 4,44 g/dia e uma relação de 58% metionina+cistina:lisina.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary methionine + cystine levels on performance, carcass characteristics and immune response of weanling pigs. It was used 360 piglets, 180 males and 180 females, weaned at 20.3 days of age and initial weight of 5.43 ± 1.17kg. Was used the experimental design of randomized blocks in a 5x2 factorial design, with five levels of total methionine + cystine (0.70; 0.77; 0.85; 0.93 e 1.01%) and two forms of immune system activation (vaccinated and unvaccinated), with four replications and nine animals per experimental unit. There was no interaction between the methionine + cystine levels and the degree of activation of the immune system of animals for all parameters evaluated. The immune system activation decreased by 7% feed intake and 5% in daily weight gain of the animals. Methionine and cystine levels linearly improved feed conversion and daily protein deposition on the carcass as the level of sulfur amino acids in the diets increased. Pigs from six to 16 kg, independent of immune system activation, require 0.90% of total methionine + cystine, which corresponds to a daily intake of methionine + cystine 4.44 g/day and a ratio of 58% methionine + cystine: lysine.
O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos dos níveis de metionina + cistina da dieta sobre o desempenho, características de carcaça e a resposta imunológica de leitões recém-desmamados. Foram utilizados 360 leitões, 180 machos e 180 fêmeas, desmamados com idade média de 20,3 dias e peso inicial de 5,43 ± 1,17 kg. Foi utilizado o delineamento de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 5x2, com cinco níveis de metionina + cistina total (0,70; 0,77; 0,85; 0,93 e 1,01%) e duas formas de ativação do sistema imune (vacinados e não vacinados), quatro repetições e nove animais por unidade experimental. Não houve interação entre os níveis de lisina e o grau de ativação do sistema imune dos animais para todos os parâmetros avaliados. A ativação do sistema imune reduziu em 7% o consumo de ração e em 5% no ganho de peso diário dos animais. Os níveis de metionina + cistina melhoraram de forma linear a conversão alimentar e a deposição de proteína diária na carcaça à medida que o nível dos aminoácidos sulfurados aumentou nas dietas. Suínos dos seis aos 16 kg, independente da ativação do sistema imune, exigem 0,9% de metionina + cistina total, o que corresponde a um consumo diário de metionina + cistina de 4,44 g/dia e uma relação de 58% metionina + cistina:lisina.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cystine/administration & dosage , Cystine/adverse effects , Methionine/administration & dosage , Methionine/adverse effects , Swine/abnormalities , Swine/immunologyABSTRACT
SUMMARY This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary methionine + cystine levels on performance, carcass characteristics and immune response of weanling pigs. It was used 360 piglets, 180 males and 180 females, weaned at 20.3 days of age and initial weight of 5.43 ± 1.17kg. Was used the experimental design of randomized blocks in a 5x2 factorial design, with five levels of total methionine + cystine (0.70; 0.77; 0.85; 0.93 e 1.01%) and two forms of immune system activation (vaccinated and unvaccinated), with four replications and nine animals per experimental unit. There was no interaction between the methionine + cystine levels and the degree of activation of the immune system of animals for all parameters evaluated. The immune system activation decreased by 7% feed intake and 5% in daily weight gain of the animals. Methionine and cystine levels linearly improved feed conversion and daily protein deposition on the carcass as the level of sulfur amino acids in the diets increased. Pigs from six to 16 kg, independent of immune system activation, require 0.90% of total methionine + cystine, which corresponds to a daily intake of methionine + cystine 4.44 g/day and a ratio of 58% methionine + cystine: lysine.
RESUMO O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos dos níveis de metionina + cistina da dieta sobre o desempenho, características de carcaça e a resposta imunológica de leitões recém-desmamados. Foram utilizados 360 leitões, 180 machos e 180 fêmeas, desmamados com idade média de 18,8 dias e peso inicial de 5,43 ± 1,17kg. Foi utilizado o delineamento de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 5x2, com cinco níveis de metionina + cistina total (0,70; 0,77; 0,85; 0,93 e 1,01%) e duas formas de ativação do sistema imune (vacinados e não vacinados), quatro repetições e nove animais por unidade experimental. Não houve interação entre os níveis de metionina+cistina e o grau de ativação do sistema imune dos animais para todos os parâmetros avaliados. A ativação do sistema imune reduziu em 7% o consumo de ração e em 5% no ganho de peso diário dos animais. Os níveis de metionina + cistina melhoraram de forma linear a conversão alimentar e a deposição de proteína diária na carcaça à medida que o nível dos aminoácidos sulfurados aumentou nas dietas. Suínos dos seis aos 16kg, independente da ativação do sistema imune, exigem 0,90% de metionina + cistina total, o que corresponde a um consumo diário de metionina + cistina de 4,44 g/dia e uma relação de 58% metionina+cistina:lisina.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted out to determine the dietary digestible lysine requirements of Nile tilapia from 87 to 226 g. Fish (n = 170; average initial weight = 86.62 ± 4.89 g) were distributed 15 1000-L cages, in a completely randomized design with five treatments and three replicates, and fed extruded diets containing 0.88; 1.12; 1.36; 1.59 and 1.83% of digestible lysine, balanced to keep the arginine to lysine ratio as 1.43:1. There was no effect of the dietary lysine levels on whole body moisture and ash. By Linear Response Plateau analysis of lysine levels on daily gain, feed conversion, protein efficiency ratio and rate of protein deposition was estimated requirement of 1.31, 1.03, 1.16 and 1.31 % of lysine, respectively. A quadratic effect of lysine levels on whole body fat deposition ratio and whole body ether extract composition were observed, and the lowest values were estimated with 1.16% and 1.43% of dietary lysine, respectively. An increase of the dietary lysine levels resulted in linear increase on the fillet yield. The digestible lysine requirements of Nile tilapia (87 to 226 g) is 1.31%, in diets balanced for arginine to lysine ratio.
Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar a exigência de lisina digestível em dietas para alevinos de tilápia-do-Nilo de 87 a 226 g. Os peixes (n=300; peso inicial médio = 86,62 ± 4,89 g) foram distribuídos em 15 tanques-rede de 1000 L cada, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e três repetições e alimentados com dietas extrusadas contendo 0,88; 1,12; 1,36; 1,59 e 1,83% de lisina digestível, balanceadas para relação arginina:lisina em 1,43:1. Não foi observado efeito dos níveis de lisina na dieta sobre os teores de umidade e proteína corporal. Pela análise Linear Response Plateau dos níveis de lisina sobre o ganho de peso diário, conversão alimentar, taxa de eficiência proteica e taxa de deposição de proteína, estimou-se exigência de 1,31; 1,03; 1,16 e 1,31% de lisina digestível, respectivamente. Foi observado efeito quadrático dos níveis de lisina sobre a taxa de deposição de gordura e teor de extrato etéreo corporal, em que os menores valores dessas variáveis foram estimados com 1,16% e 1,43% de lisina, respectivamente. Com o incremento nos teores de lisina na dieta ocorreu aumento linear no rendimento de filé e nível de proteína corporal. Concluiu-se que a tilápia-do-Nilo (87 a 226 g) exige 1,31% de lisina digestível, em dietas balanceadas para a relação arginina:lisina.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted out to determine the dietary digestible lysine requirements of Nile tilapia from 87 to 226 g. Fish (n = 170; average initial weight = 86.62 ± 4.89 g) were distributed 15 1000-L cages, in a completely randomized design with five treatments and three replicates, and fed extruded diets containing 0.88; 1.12; 1.36; 1.59 and 1.83% of digestible lysine, balanced to keep the arginine to lysine ratio as 1.43:1. There was no effect of the dietary lysine levels on whole body moisture and ash. By Linear Response Plateau analysis of lysine levels on daily gain, feed conversion, protein efficiency ratio and rate of protein deposition was estimated requirement of 1.31, 1.03, 1.16 and 1.31 % of lysine, respectively. A quadratic effect of lysine levels on whole body fat deposition ratio and whole body ether extract composition were observed, and the lowest values were estimated with 1.16% and 1.43% of dietary lysine, respectively. An increase of the dietary lysine levels resulted in linear increase on the fillet yield. The digestible lysine requirements of Nile tilapia (87 to 226 g) is 1.31%, in diets balanced for arginine to lysine ratio.
Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar a exigência de lisina digestível em dietas para alevinos de tilápia-do-Nilo de 87 a 226 g. Os peixes (n=300; peso inicial médio = 86,62 ± 4,89 g) foram distribuídos em 15 tanques-rede de 1000 L cada, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e três repetições e alimentados com dietas extrusadas contendo 0,88; 1,12; 1,36; 1,59 e 1,83% de lisina digestível, balanceadas para relação arginina:lisina em 1,43:1. Não foi observado efeito dos níveis de lisina na dieta sobre os teores de umidade e proteína corporal. Pela análise Linear Response Plateau dos níveis de lisina sobre o ganho de peso diário, conversão alimentar, taxa de eficiência proteica e taxa de deposição de proteína, estimou-se exigência de 1,31; 1,03; 1,16 e 1,31% de lisina digestível, respectivamente. Foi observado efeito quadrático dos níveis de lisina sobre a taxa de deposição de gordura e teor de extrato etéreo corporal, em que os menores valores dessas variáveis foram estimados com 1,16% e 1,43% de lisina, respectivamente. Com o incremento nos teores de lisina na dieta ocorreu aumento linear no rendimento de filé e nível de proteína corporal. Concluiu-se que a tilápia-do-Nilo (87 a 226 g) exige 1,31% de lisina digestível, em dietas balanceadas para a relação arginina:lisina.
ABSTRACT
Avaliou-se nível de lisina digestível para 1050 frangos de corte dos 12 aos 22 dias de idade. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos, sete repetições e 30 aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos foram: 1,05; 1,10; 1,15; 1,20 e 1,25 por cento de lisina digestível. Avaliaram-se ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, composição e deposição de nutrientes corporais. Foram constatados efeitos quadráticos de lisina digestível no consumo de ração e resposta linear ascendente no peso da carcaça. Na composição química da carcaça, houve resposta quadrática do nível de lisina na concentração de proteína. As taxas de deposição proteica, deposição de água, da carcaça e do corpo total tiveram aumento linear em resposta ao acréscimo de lisina na dieta. O aumento da concentração de lisina, todavia, coincidiu com a redução da matéria mineral nas vísceras e sangue e no corpo total. Considerado o desempenho, o nível 1,1 por cento de lisina digestível atendeu às necessidades do frango de corte entre o 12º e o 22º dia de idade. Consideradas a composição química e as taxas de deposição dos nutrientes corporais, a demanda pelo aminoácido digestível torna-se igual ou maior que 1,25 por cento.(AU)
The lysine level was evaluated for 1,050 male broilers from 12 to 22 days of age. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments, seven replications, and 30 birds per experimental unit. The treatments were: 1.05, 1.10, 1.15, 1.20, and 1.25 percent of digestible lysine. Weight gain, feed intake, feed: gain ratio, body composition, and nutrient deposition were measured. There were quadratic effects of digestible lysine on feed intake and an ascendant linear effect on carcass weight. In the carcass chemical composition, there was a quadratic response of lysine level in protein concentration. The deposition rates in carcass protein, carcass water, and whole body had a linear increase as response to lysine addition to diet. The lysine level increase however coincided with the mineral decrease on blood, offal, and whole body. Basing on performance, the digestible lysine 1.1 percent level attended the broiler needs from 12 to 22 days of age. On the other hand, considering the chemical composition and the nutrient accretion rates, the need for digestible amino acid was equal or higher than 1.25 percent.(AU)