ABSTRACT
Healthcare workers are people who work in health activities, whether or not they have direct contact with citizens. Currently, around 1.3 million people (70% women) work in healthcare activities in Spain. This represents around 10% of the active population, having increased by 33% since 2008, especially the number of women, which has doubled. Healthcare organizations, especially hospitals, are extremely complex workplaces, with precarious working and employment conditions, especially in more hierarchical occupations, exposing healthcare workers to numerous occupational hazards, mainly from ergonomic and psychosocial conditions. These causes frequent musculoskeletal and mental disorders, highlighting burnout, which is estimated at 40% in some services such as intensive care units. This high morbidity is reflected in a high frequency of absences due to illness, around 9% after the pandemic. The pandemic, and its consequences in the last three years, has put extreme pressure on the health system and has clearly shown its deficiencies in relation to working and employment conditions. The hundreds of occupational health professionals, technicians and healthcare workers, who are part of the structures of health organizations, constitute very valuable resources to increase the resilience of the NHS. We recommend the strengthening in resources and institutionally of the occupational health services of health centers and the creation of an Observatory of working, employment and health conditions in the National Health Service, as an instrument for monitoring changes and proposing solutions.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Health Personnel , Occupational Health , Humans , Health Personnel/psychology , Spain , COVID-19/epidemiology , Employment , Female , Occupational Diseases/epidemiology , Occupational Diseases/psychology , Burnout, Professional/epidemiology , Pandemics , Male , Workplace/psychology , Working ConditionsABSTRACT
In an organization with highly specialized and changing services over the course of a working life, such as health services managed directly by public administrations (DM-NHS) are, the issues related to the recruitment, selection and retention of professionals should receive special attention. much larger than what is provided. For too long, the DM-NHS has mainly been working to resolve the problems that affect the organization, with enormous disregard for those suffer by the recipients of its services, the real population to which it provides assistance. In the DM-NHS, its administration (rather than management) of human resources is circumscribed by the contours of the Framework Statute and its implementing regulations and rulings. This is an inadequate instrument, both empirically in view of the results obtained (50% temporary employment among professionals working in the NHS), and conceptually, since it fails to comply with the reasons that normatively justify its existence: "that its legal regime is adapts to the specific characteristics of the practice of health professions, as well as the organizational peculiarities of the National Health System". The text describes the characteristics of statutory regulation and reviews how regulatory restrictions affect recruitment, selection and retention policies. Finally, possible alternatives are proposed to have coherent and rational permanent staffing policies that cover the real needs of the health services.
Subject(s)
Personnel Selection , Personnel Staffing and Scheduling , Personnel Selection/legislation & jurisprudence , Spain , Humans , Personnel Staffing and Scheduling/organization & administration , Personnel Staffing and Scheduling/legislation & jurisprudence , Health Workforce/organization & administrationABSTRACT
Las funciones de la Enfermera de Práctica Avanzada se están definiendo poco a poco en muchos países, aunque con diferencias notables en sus funciones. Para facilitar su compresión, el Consejo Internacional de Enfermería la define como: Una enfermera registrada que ha adquirido la base de conocimientos de experto, las capacidades de adopción de decisiones complejas y las competencias clínicas necesarias para el ejercicio profesional ampliado, cuyas características vienen dadas por el contexto o el país en el que la enfermera está acreditada para ejercer. Como nivel de entrada se recomienda un título de nivel medio universitario. La Enfermera de Práctica Avanzada es, por tanto, una enfermera experta capaz de aplicar el aprendizaje científico en un marco humanístico, servir de referencia para los pacientes y otros profesionales, y asumir nuevas responsabilidades. Las diversas funciones que se han realizado y se siguen realizando en la profesión enfermera, así como la creciente demanda de calidad asistencial en nuestra sociedad y los avances tecnológicos que se producen, hace sensibilizar al profesional de enfermería sobre las necesidades específicas de formación. Progresivamente, esta figura se ha ido extendiendo a países como Reino Unido, Irlanda, Australia, Bélgica, Holanda y otros países europeos. En España, el recorrido es pequeño, aunque se han ido desarrollando algunos roles de práctica avanzada en Andalucía, Cataluña o País Vasco. Varias Comunidades Autónomas, han ido afinando el perfil de esta figura, pero, la falta de apoyo institucional y reconocimiento legal lleva a una confusión sobre su papel, desarrollo competencial y marco legal. (AU)
Subject(s)
Nursing/trends , Advanced Practice Nursing , National Health SystemsABSTRACT
El Sistema Nacional de Salud de Cuba se fundó en el año 1961 y es una entidad dependiente del Ministerio de Salud Pública de Cuba. Este constituye una prioridad nacional, tiene carácter universal, gratuito y se basa en el modelo del médico de familia, con un enfoque clínico, epidemiológico y social de los problemas sanitarios. Se sustenta en siete principios que expresan el derecho del pueblo a la salud, con responsabilidad del Estado, y las prácticas de salud se sostienen sobre una base científica sólida con acciones preventivas. En el año 2019, una epidemia azotó a la mayoría de los países del mundo (la COVID-19), entre ellos, Cuba. Ello conllevó a que los profesionales de la salud asumieran retos importantes ante una situación de salud sin precedentes. Este trabajo se refiere a los retos asumidos, principalmente, después de la COVID-19.
The Cuban National Health System was founded in 1961 and is an entity dependent on the Cuban Ministry of Public Health. This constitutes a national priority, is universal, free and is based on the family doctor model, with a clinical, epidemiological and social approach to health problems. It is supported in seven principles that express the right of the people to health, with responsibility of the State and the health practices are sustained on a solid scientific basis with preventive actions. In 2019, an epidemic hit most of the countries in the world (COVID-19), including Cuba. This led health professionals to assume important challenges in order to face an unprecedented health situation. This work refers to the challenges assumed, mainly, after COVID-19.
Subject(s)
National Health Systems , Disease Prevention , Epidemiological Monitoring , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19ABSTRACT
Se hace un análisis de la Evolución Histórica del Sistema Nacional de Salud en Venezuela desde 1909 hasta el año 2023. Se realizó un desglose de seis etapas: etapa "A" o Gomecista (1905 1935), etapa "B" o de la Segunda Guerra Mundial (1936- 1945), etapa "C" o de la División de Hospitales(1946-1949), etapa "D" o Perezjimenista (1950 1958), etapa "E" o de inicio de la Democracia (1959 1963), etapa "F" de Modelo Curativo y de Expansión Hospitalaria (1963 1998),etapa "G" de la Revolución Bolivariana (1999 2023). Se analizó también el Plan Nacional de Salud 2019 2025(AU)
An analysis of the Historical Evolution of the National Health System in Venezuela is made from 1909 to the year 2023. A breakdown of six stages is made: stage "A" or Gomez (1905 - 1935), stage "B" or Second World War (1936-1945),stage "C" or the Hospital Division (1946-1949), stage "D" or Perezjimenista (1950-1958), stage "E" or the beginning of Democracy (1959-1963), stage "F" of the Curative Model and Hospital Expansion (1963-1998), stage "G" of the Bolivarian Revolution (1999 - 2023). The National Health Plan 2019 -2025 is also analyzed(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , History of Medicine , Venezuela , Access to Primary Care , Health PolicyABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to analyze, which individual characteristics (sociodemographic, attitudinal and political factors) mediates in the choice in Spain in 2022, of a private versus public health care alternative for family doctor, doctor specialist, hospital admissions and emergencies. METHODS: Using the health barometers of the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (CIS), we carried out four logistic regressions (then, average marginal effects [AMEs]) whose dependent variables are the preference for a private choice of family doctor versus a public one, the preference for a private choice of doctor specialist versus a public one; the preference for a private choice of hospital admission versus a public one and the preference for a private choice of emergency admission versus a public one. The dependent variables are binary (1=private; 0=public). The sample consisted of more than 4,500 individuals older than 18years old distributed representatively throughout Spain. RESULTS: The probability of choosing private rather than public is correlated with the age of the individual: those over 50years are less likely to opt for a private alternative (P<.01), as well as by ideology and satisfaction with the way that the national health system (NHS) works. Patients with a conservative ideology are more likely to choose private options (P<.01) and individuals with greater satisfaction with the NHS are less likely to choose private ones (P<.01). CONCLUSIONS: Satisfaction with the NHS and patient ideology are the most relevant factors for private versus public choice.
Subject(s)
Delivery of Health Care , Health Facilities , Humans , Middle Aged , SpainABSTRACT
La infranotificación de enfermedades profesionales (EEPP) es un problema social y económico, pues repercute en el bienestar del trabajador afectado, y en las estimaciones presupuestarias que se planifican anualmente para la gestión de los servicios sanitarios. Los costes asistenciales fueron evaluados en una muestra de 13 casos de EEPP con resolución positiva por el Instituto Nacional de la Seguridad Social atendidos en el Parc de Salut Mar (Barcelona) entre 2014 y 2021. El coste de la asistencia generada del total de casos fue de 474.859 , con un coste medio de 36.528 por paciente. Por grupo diagnóstico, el coste más alto lo originaron los casos de cánceres que supusieron el 79% del gasto total (375.068 ). Los hallazgos del estudio reflejan el impacto económico que supone la asistencia sanitaria prestada por un hospital público a pacientes con una EEPP reconocida en el INSS (AU)
Underreporting of occupational diseases (OD) is a social and economic problem, because it has negative consequences for both the welfare of the affected workers and its impact on budgetary planning for the management of health services. We evaluated the healthcare costs of a sample of 13 cases of OD treated at a public hospital in Barcelona between 2014 and 2021, and officially accepted by the National Institute of Social Security (INSS). The total cost of care was 474,859, with an average cost of 36,528 per patient. By diagnostic group, the highest costs were associated with cancer cases, accounting for 79% of the total (375,068). The findings of this study reflect the economic impact of health care provided by a public hospital to patients with an OD recognized by the INSS (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Health Care Costs , Occupational Diseases/economics , Social Security , SpainABSTRACT
Introducción: El Sistema de Salud del Ecuador cuenta con el Plan Nacional para la Prevención y Control de la Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos, que persigue la mejora en la calidad de la atención en médica y, desde ahí, llamar la atención en el aumento de la resistencia microbiana, que se ha convertido en un problema de suma relevancia para la salud pública mundial. Objetivo: Sistematizar conocimientos sobre el manejo del sistema de salud del Ecuador frente a la resistencia antimicrobiana. Método: Se llevó a cabo una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva en buscadores bibliográficos como Scopus, Google Académico y PubMed, con la búsqueda de palabras clave. La indagación se realizó el 20 de mayo de 2022, de los 39 artículos fueron seleccionados según criterios solo 20 artículos. Resultados: Ecuador cuenta con un sistema de salud mixto, constituido por el sector público del Ministerio de Salud Pública (MSP), el Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social (IESS), el Instituto de Seguridad de las Fuerzas Armadas (ISSFA) y el Instituto Nacional de Seguridad Policial (ISSPOL); por otro lado, está el sector privado, integrado por la Asociación Nacional de Clínicas y Hospitales Privados del Ecuador. Ambos se encuentran integrados a fin de garantizar el desarrollo integral en salud de toda la población ecuatoriana, regular y controlar las actividades que realizan las entidades tanto públicas como privadas, sin distinción, para combatir la amenaza que representa el incremento en el uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos, con repercusiones en la salud humana y animal. Consideraciones finales: La forma ineficiente de combatir el riesgo sanitario por resistencia antimicrobiana afecta a la población ecuatoriana como consecuencia del uso indiscriminado e inadecuado de antibióticos, y el insuficiente uso de los tratamientos convencionales.
Introduction: The Health Care System in Ecuador has a National Plan for the Prevention and Control of antimicrobial resistance, which aims to improve the quality of medical care and based from this goal focus attention on the increase in microbial resistance, which has become a highly relevant problem for global public health. Objective: To systematize knowledge on how the Ecuatorian health care system confront the antimicrobial resistance. Method: An exhaustive bibliographic review was carried out in bibliographic search engines such as Scopus, Google Scholar and PubMed, with the use in the search process of expecifics keywords. The research was carried out on May 20, 2022, and of the 39 articles only 20 were selected according to the criteria needed. Results: Ecuador has a mixed health care system, made up by the Ministry of Public Health (MSP), the Ecuadorian Social Security Institute (IESS), the Social Security of the Armed Forces (ISSFA) and the Institute Security National Police (ISSPOL), all representing the public sector; on the other hand, representing the private sector, it´s included the National Association of Private Clinics and Hospitals of Ecuador (Asociación Nacional de Clínicas y Hospitales Privados del Ecuador). Both are integrated to guarantee the integral health development in the entire Ecuadorian population, regulate and control the activities conducted by both public and private entities, without distinction, and to face the threat posed by the increase in the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials and its consequent repercussions on human and animal health. Conclusions: The inefficient way of combating the health risk related to antimicrobial resistance affects the Ecuadorian population due to indiscriminate and inadequate use of antibiotics and the insufficient use of conventional treatments.
Introdução: O Sistema de Saúde equatoriano conta com o Plano Nacional de Prevenção e Controle da Resistência Antimicrobiana, que busca melhorar a qualidade da assistência médica e, a partir daí, chamar a atenção para o aumento da resistência microbiana, que se tornou um problema de grande relevância para a saúde pública global. Objetivo: Sistematizar o conhecimento sobre a gestão do sistema de saúde equatoriano diante da resistência antimicrobiana. Método: Foi realizada revisão bibliográfica exaustiva em buscadores bibliográficos como Scopus, Google Acadêmico e PubMed, com a busca por palavras-chave. A consulta foi realizada no dia 20 de maio de 2022, dos 39 artigos, apenas 20 artigos foram selecionados conforme critérios. Resultados: O Equador possui um sistema de saúde misto, formado pelo setor público do Ministério da Saúde Pública (MSP), Instituto Equatoriano de Previdência Social (IESS), Instituto de Segurança das Forças Armadas (ISSFA) e Instituto Nacional de Segurança Policial (ISSPOL); Por outro lado, existe o setor privado, formado pela Associação Nacional de Clínicas e Hospitais Privados do Equador. Ambos estão integrados para garantir o desenvolvimento integral da saúde de toda a população equatoriana, regular e controlar as atividades realizadas por entidades públicas e privadas, sem distinção, para combater a ameaça representada pelo aumento do uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos, com repercussões na saúde humana e animal. Considerações finais: A forma ineficiente de combater o risco à saúde devido à resistência antimicrobiana afeta a população equatoriana como consequência do uso indiscriminado e inadequado de antibióticos e do uso insuficiente de tratamentos convencionais.
ABSTRACT
El derecho a la salud se hace efectivo, entre otros, a través de la garantía de acceso a los medicamentos, ya que estos contribuyen a prevenir, curar, o aliviar enfermedades, así como a corregir o reparar las secuelas provocadas por éstas. Así pues, en España, se reconoce el derecho de todos los ciudadanos a obtener medicamentos mediante las prestaciones farmacéuticas garantizadas por el Sistema Nacional de Salud, que es el modelo sanitario implantado para la garantía de la protección de la salud. Con el fin de garantizar la sostenibilidad del mismo, el Estado tiene la capacidad de regular las condiciones económicas de las prestaciones farmacéuticas, así como de normativizar el precio de los medicamentos.En el presente trabajo, se analiza la intervención administrativa sobre todas las cuestiones de índole económica y política que rodean al medicamento en su relación con la protección de la salud como son: la decisión de la financiación pública, es decir, inclusión del medicamento en la prestación farmacéutica de la Seguridad Social; y, la fijación del precio de financiación del medicamento con cargo a fondos estatales afectos a sanidad o de la Seguridad Social, que son realizadas en cada uno de los Estados miembros, y en España esta capacidad corresponde al Ministerio con competencias en sanidad. (AU)
The right to health is made effective, among others, through the guarantee of access to medicines, since these contribute to prevent, cure, or alleviate diseases and to correct or repair the aftermath caused by them. Thus, in Spain, the right of all citizens to obtain medicines through the pharmaceutical benefits guaranteed by the National Health System, which is the health model implemented to guarantee health protection, is recognized. To guarantee its sustainability, the State has the capacity to regulate the economic conditions of pharmaceutical services, as well as to standardize the price of medicines.In this paper, the administrative intervention on all the economic and political issues surrounding the medicine in its relationship with health protection is analyzed, such as: the decision of public financing, that is, inclusion of medicine in the pharmaceutical provision of Social Security, and the fixing of the price of financing the medicine from state funds related to health or Social Security, which are carried out in each of the Member States, and in Spain correspond to the Ministry with competences in health. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Commerce , National Health SystemsABSTRACT
FUNDAMENTOS: El análisis de la eficiencia representa un área de creciente interés en el ámbito de la gestión pública, siendoademás el gasto sanitario la segunda partida más importante del gasto público. La eficiencia hospitalaria depende principalmentedel uso que la institución haga de sus recursos y del coste de los mismos. El objetivo del presente trabajo se centró en el análisis delgrado de eficiencia con el que se gestionaban los hospitales públicos de Castilla y León. MÉTODOS: El ámbito de la investigación se circunscribió a los catorce hospitales del Servicio Público de Salud de Castilla y León (Sacyl) durante el quinquenio 2014-2018. Se empleó la técnica no paramétrica del Análisis Envolvente de Datos (DEA), utilizándose tanto rendimientos constantes a escala (CRS) como rendimientos variables a escala (VRS), calculando la eficiencia técnica global, la eficiencia técnica pura y la eficiencia de escala para cada institución sanitaria. RESULTADOS: Los resultados agrupados mostraron que la eficiencia técnica global (ETG) alcanzó un promedio de un 92,02%, la eficiencia técnica pura (ETP) un 94,10% y la eficiencia de escala (EE) un 97,74%. CONCLUSIONES: El DEA se presenta como una técnica válida para el análisis de la eficiencia de los hospitales siendo, en términos de ETP, muy semejante la eficiencia de todos los grupos de hospitales (grupos I, III y IV), en torno al 97%, a excepción de los hospitales del grupo II que resultan los menos eficientes.(AU)
BACKGROUND: The analysis of efficiency represents an area of growing interest in the field of public management. Hospital efficiency depends mainly on the use that the institution makes of its resources and their cost. The importance of hospital efficiency studies is justified by the fact that health spending is the second most important item of public spending. The objective of the present study focused on the analysis of the degree of efficiency with which the public hospitals of Castilla y León were managed. METHODS: The scope of the research was limited to the 14 hospitals of the Public Health Service of Castilla y León (Sacyl), taking the five-year period 2014-2018 as the study period. For the analysis, the non-parametric technique of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was used. Both constant returns to scale (CRS) and variable returns to scale (VRS) have been used, calculating the global technical efficiency,pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency for each health institution. RESULTS: The grouped results showed that the global technical efficiency (GTE) had reached an average of 92.02%, the pure technical efficiency (PTE) 94.10% and the scale efficiency (EE) 97.74%. CONCLUSIONS: The DEA is presented as a valid technique for analyzing the efficiency of hospitals, with the efficiency of all groups of hospitals (groups I, III and IV) being very similar in terms of PTE, around 97%, with the exception of group II hospitals that are the least efficient.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Hospitals , Efficiency, Organizational , Public Administration , Data Analysis , Multilevel Analysis , National Health Systems , Public Health , Spain , Delivery of Health CareABSTRACT
El derecho a la salud se hace efectivo, entre otros, a través de la garantía de acceso a los medicamentos, ya que estos contribuyen a prevenir, curar, o aliviar enfermedades, así como a corregir o reparar las secuelas provocadas por éstas. Así pues, en España, se reconoce el derecho de todos los ciudadanos a obtener medicamentos mediante las prestaciones farmacéuticas garantizadas por el Sistema Nacional de Salud, que es el modelo sanitario implantado para la garantía de la protección de la salud. Con el fin de garantizar la sostenibilidad del mismo, el Estado tiene la capacidad de regular las condiciones económicas de las prestaciones farmacéuticas, así como de normativizar el precio de los medicamentos. En el presente trabajo, se analiza la intervención administrativa sobre todas las cuestiones de índole económica y política que rodean al medicamento en su relación con la protección de la salud como son: la decisión de la financiación pública, es decir, inclusión del medicamento en la prestación farmacéutica de la Seguridad Social; y, la fijación del precio de financiación del medicamento con cargo a fondos estatales afectos a sanidad o de la Seguridad Social, que son realizadas en cada uno de los Estados miembros, y en España esta capacidad corresponde al Ministerio con competencias en sanidad.(AU)
The right to health is made effective, among others, through the guarantee of access to medicines, since these contribute to prevent, cure, or alleviate diseases and to correct or repair the aftermath caused by them. Thus, in Spain, the right of all citizens to obtain medicines through the pharmaceutical benefits guaranteed by the National Health System, which is the health model implemented to guarantee health protection, is recognized. To guarantee its sustainability, the State has the capacity to regulate the economic conditions of pharmaceutical services, as well as to standardize the price of medicines. In this paper, the administrative intervention on all the economic and political issues surrounding the medicine in its relationship with health protection is analyzed, such as: the decision of public financing, that is, inclusion of medicine in the pharmaceutical provision of Social Security, and the fixing of the price of financing the medicine from state funds related to health or Social Security, which are carried out in each of the Member States, and in Spain correspond to the Ministry with competences in health.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Drug Costs , Industry , Pharmacies , Access to Essential Medicines and Health TechnologiesABSTRACT
Objetivo: La leucemia linfocítica crónica supone una carga económica considerable para el Sistema Nacional de Salud español. Este estudioestimó los costes directos de las terapias orales dirigidas para leucemia linfocítica crónica desde 2011 a 2025, inclusive, en un escenario conterapias orales de duración fija y en un escenario sin ellas.Método: Se representó el curso clínico de pacientes adultos con leucemia linfocítica crónica mediante un modelo de Markov con cuatro estados de salud: vigilancia activa, tratamiento de primera línea, recaída y muerte. Patrón de tratamiento definido por tipo de paciente: estado o situación dela enfermedad, edad, presencia o no de deleción en el brazo corto del cromosoma 17, estado mutacional de la cadena pesada de inmunoglobulinasy año de tratamiento. Algoritmo de tratamiento simulado desde 2011a 2025, incluyendo terapias financiadas por el Sistema Nacional deSalud español y su uso en práctica clínica habitual, validado por expertosde referencia. Se asumió una opción de tratamiento por tipo de pacientey periodo de tiempo (la más ampliamente utilizada en cada momento).Se incluyeron costes directos: farmacológicos, administración, pruebasrealizadas, visitas rutinarias, hospitalizaciones y acontecimientos adversos.Resultados: Se estimó una prevalencia media anual de leucemia linfocíticacrónica desde 2011 a 2025 de 16.436 pacientes en el escenariosin terapias orales de duración fija y 16.413 en el escenario con terapias orales de duración fija. Los costes totales desde 2011 a 2025 en el escenariosin terapias orales de duración fija ascendieron a 4.676,7 millonesde y a 4.111,8 millones de en el escenario con terapias orales deduración fija. Así, la introducción de las terapias orales de duración fijasupondría un ahorro de 564,9 millones de (12,1% del total del costede atención de los pacientes con leucemia linfocítica crónica durante elperiodo evaluado).
Objective: Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia places a considerable economicburden on the Spanish National Health System. This study estimatedthe direct costs of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia oral targetedtherapies from 2011 to 2025, inclusive, in a scenario with fixed treatmentoral targeted therapies and in a scenario without them.Method: The clinical course of adult chronic lymphocytic leukaemiapatients was represented by a Markov model with four health states: watchfulwaiting, first-line treatment, relapse, and death. The treatment patternwas defined according to patient type by disease status or situation, age,presence or absence of deletion in the short arm of chromosome 17,immunoglobulin heavy chain mutation status, and year of treatment. Thetreatment algorithm was simulated from 2011 to 2025, and includedtherapiesfunded by the Spanish National Health System and their use inroutine clinical practice, validated by leading experts. A single treatmentoption was assumed for each type of patient and time period (the mostwidely option used at each time point). Direct costs were included: pharmacological,administration, tests performed, routine visits, hospitalizations,and adverse events.Results: From 2011 to 2025, there would be a mean annual chronic lymphocyticleukaemia prevalence of 16,436 patients in the scenario withoutfixed treatment oral targeted therapies and 16,413 in the scenario with fixed treatment oral targeted therapies. In the same period, the total costsin the scenario without fixed treatment oral targeted therapies would be4,676.7 million and in the scenario with fixed treatment oral targetedtherapies they would be 4,111.8 million. Thus, the introduction of fixedtreatment oral targeted therapies would entail a saving of 564.9 million(12.1% of the total cost of care of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patientsduring the period assessed).
Subject(s)
Humans , Spain , Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy , Health Care Costs , National Health Systems , Pharmacy Service, Hospital , Markov ChainsABSTRACT
RESUMEN El inicio y desarrollo de la pandemia mundial de COVID-19como un nuevo evento de salud, originó una producción científica abundante, sobre todo referida al diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad dada su alta transmisibilidad y letalidad, aunque en menor cantidad en cuanto a las actividades de índole comunitaria, imprescindibles para su control y que derivan del cumplimiento de la primera etapa de la vigilancia epidemiológica más convencional. El objetivo de esta comunicación breve es exponer algunos comentarios sobre la recolección de los datos para la vigilancia durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en Cuba durante el año 2020. El texto se expone en una secuencia que resume las conocidas etapas del sistema de vigilancia, se prioriza lo ocurrido en la etapa de recolección de los datos, como aporte inicial para la evaluación rigurosa de los procedimientos utilizados en cada etapa de la vigilancia epidemiológica durante la epidemia, con el propósito de no repetir errores y perfeccionar el desempeño del sistema nacional de salud.
ABSTRACT The emergence and development of the COVID-19 global pandemic as a novel health event gave rise to abundant scientific production, mostly about the diagnosis and treatment of the disease, given its high transmissibility and lethality, and to a lesser degree about community activities, indispensable though they are to control the disease and derived from compliance with the first stage in epidemiological surveillance of a more conventional nature. The purpose of this brief communication is to present some comments on data collection for surveillance during the COVID-19 pandemic in Cuba in the year 2020. The text is presented in a sequence that summarizes the known stages of a surveillance system, prioritizing the events occurring in the data collection stage, as an initial contribution to the rigorous evaluation of the procedures used in each stage of epidemiological surveillance during the pandemic, with the purpose of not repeating the mistakes made, thus improving the performance of the National Health System.
ABSTRACT
Resumen: En Uruguay cada vez más se reconoce la importancia del profesional psicólogo en el Primer Nivel de Atención (PNA). En la actualidad se transita una oportunidad única ya que el Plan Nacional de Salud Mental 2020-2027 (PNSM) recientemente aprobado, plantea su incorporación en forma expresa. El presente artículo analiza el rol del psicólogo en el PNA, realiza un recorrido internacional seleccionando algunos países en los que se muestran diversos modos de incorporación de los psicólogos en este rol. Se aborda a continuación cuál es la situación del psicólogo en el PNA en Uruguay. Por último, se plantean algunos de los desafíos que implica renovar el trabajo tradicional del psicólogo clínico, e incorporar las competencias y prácticas profesionales características del PNA.
Abstract: In Uruguay, the importance of the professional psychologist in the First Level of Health Care (PNA) is increasingly recognized, and currently there is a unique opportunity since the recently approved National Mental Health Plan 2020-2027 (PNSM), raises its incorporation expressly. This article analyzes the role of the psychologist in PNA, makes an international review selecting some countries in which the various ways in which psychologists have been incorporated into this role are shown. The situation of the psychologist in the PNA in Uruguay is discussed below. Finally, some of the challenges faced are raised, which implies renewing the traditional role of the clinical psychologist, and incorporating the competencies and professional practices characteristic of the PNA.
Resumo: No Uruguai, a importância do psicólogo profissional no Primeiro Nível de Atenção de Saúde (PNA) é cada vez mais reconhecida, e atualmente existe uma oportunidade única desde o recém-aprovado Plano Nacional de Saúde Mental 2020-2027 (PNSM), levanta expressamente a sua incorporação. Este artigo faz análise do papel do psicólogo na PNA, faz uma revisão internacional selecionando alguns países nos quais são mostradas as diversas formas pelas quais os psicólogos foram incorporados a essa função. A seguir se discute a situação do psicólogo na PNA do Uruguai. Por fim, são apresentados alguns dos desafios que implica a renovação do papel tradicional do psicólogo clínico e incorporar as competências e práticas profissionais próprias da PNA.
ABSTRACT
Objetivo Analizar la asociación entre el gasto sanitario público per cápita y la tasa de mortalidad poblacional por COVID-19 en Europa y en España. Material y métodos Se utilizó el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. Asimismo, se contrastaron los promedios de TMP-COVID-19 entre países y comunidades autónomas con mayor y menor GSPpc que el promedio. Resultados No se halló correlación, en los países europeos, entre el gasto sanitario público per cápita y la tasa de mortalidad poblacional por COVID-19 (r: 0,3; p = 0,14), ni en las comunidades autónomas (r: 0,03; p = 0,91). Tampoco se encontraron diferencias significativas en el contraste de la tasa de mortalidad poblacional por COVID-19 por grupos de gasto sanitario público per capita. Conclusiones La asociación entre «bajo» gasto sanitario público y malos resultados en España en la crisis de la COVID-19 no está sustentada en la evidencia disponible. Los aumentos de financiación de la sanidad pública deberían destinarse a las reformas estructurales para aumentar su eficiencia social (AU)
Objective To analyze the association between public health expenditure per capita and the mortality rate due to COVID-19 in Europe and Spain. Material and methods Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to compare and contrast the mortality rate due to COVID-19 between countries and autonomous communities with higher and lower public health expenditure per capita than the mean. Results No correlation between the public health expenditure per capita and the mortality rate due to COVID-19 (r: 0.3; p = 0.14) was found among European countries or Spain's Autonomous Communities (r: 0.03; p = 0.91). No significant differences were found when comparing the mortality rate due to COVID-19 among the public health expenditure per capita groups. Conclusions The available evidence does not support association between «low» public healthcare expenditure and the poor outcomes observed in Spain during the COVID-19 pandemic. Increased funding for the Spanish National Health System should be earmarked for structural reforms to increase its social efficiency (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Health Expenditures/statistics & numerical data , /economics , /epidemiology , Spain/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Introducción: La especialidad en psicología clínica es hija tanto de la reforma sanitaria como del proceso de desinstitucionalización psiquiátrica. Desde la transición, dicha especialidad ha ido progresivamente creciendo y asentándose. El propósito de este artículo es realizar un análisis de la situación actual de la psicología clínica en el Sistema Nacional de Salud (SNS). Método: Se ha realizado una revisión de aquellos documentos que proporcionan datos sobre recursos humanos en el SNS. Se han descrito y presentado los resultados y calculado ratios y tendencias. Resultados: Se calcula la presencia de 2.615 profesionales de la psicología clínica (5,58 prof/100.000hab). La trayectoria de la formación Psicóloga/a Interna/o Residente (PIR) se presenta de forma ascendente y con un asentamiento similar al resto de las especialidades sanitarias. Conclusiones: El PIR genera un crecimiento estructural en el SNS. Es necesario aumentar la ratio a un mínimo de 12 prof/100.000hab. La psicología clínica es una especialidad madura que puede proponer y dar nuevos pasos en su consolidación.(AU)
Introduction: The speciality in clinical psychology is the result of both health reform and the process of psychiatric deinstitutionalization. Since the democratic transition, the speciality has been progressively growing and settling. The purpose of this article is to carry out an analysis of the current situation of clinical psychology in the Spanish National Health Service (SNHS). Method: A review of several documents providing data on human resources in the SNHS was carried out. The results have been described and ratios and trends have been estimated. Results: A presence of 2,615 clinical psychology professionals (5.58 prof / 100,000 inhab) is estimated. Resident Intern Psychologist's (PIR) trajectory is presented in an ascending way and with a settlement similar to the rest of health specialties. Conclusions: PIR's training generates structural growth in the SNS. It is necessary to increase the ratio to a minimum of 12 prof / 100,000 inhab. Clinical psychology is a mature speciality that can propose and take new steps in its consolidation.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , National Health Systems , Psychology, Clinical , Mental Health , Specialization , Employment , Spain , Epidemiology, DescriptiveABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between public health expenditure per capita and the mortality rate due to COVID-19 in Europe and Spain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to compare and contrast the mortality rate due to COVID-19 between countries and autonomous communities with higher and lower public health expenditure per capita than the mean. RESULTS: No correlation between the public health expenditure per capita and the mortality rate due to COVID-19 (r: 0.3; p = 0.14) was found among European countries or Spain's Autonomous Communities (r: 0.03; p = 0.91). No significant differences were found when comparing the mortality rate due to COVID-19 among the public health expenditure per capita groups. CONCLUSIONS: The available evidence does not support association between «low¼ public healthcare expenditure and the poor outcomes observed in Spain during the COVID-19 pandemic. Increased funding for the Spanish National Health System should be earmarked for structural reforms to increase its social efficiency.
Subject(s)
COVID-19/mortality , Health Expenditures , Public Health/economics , Europe/epidemiology , Humans , Spain/epidemiologyABSTRACT
En este artículo se revisan, analizan y discuten los datos existentes a partir de diferentes fuentes de datos desde 2003 sobre el número de profesionales especialistas en Psicología clínica que trabajan en el Sistema Nacional de Salud español. Los datos hay que tomarlos con mucha cautela por la diversidad de fuentes y metodología utilizada; pero se concluye que el número total estimado de Psicólogos Especialistas en Psicología clínica más los «PESTOS» que trabajan en el SNS puede estar en torno a 2600-2800, con una ratio por 100000 habitantes en torno al 5,58, con grandes diferencias entre Comunidades Autónomas. En los últimos 15 años, el incremento medio de la ratio de psicólogos por 100000 habitantes se sitúa en algo más de un psicólogo. Se recomienda realizar estudios detallados para saber no solo cuántos especialistas en Psicología clínica hay en cada Comunidad Autónoma, sino en qué tipo de niveles y en qué tipo de dispositivos se ubican. (AU)
This article reviews, analyzes, and discusses existing data since 2003 on the number of psychologists who are specialists in clinical psychology working in the Spanish National Health System (SNS) from different data sources. The data must be taken with great caution due to the diversity of sources and methodology used, but it is concluded that the total estimated number of Specialist Psychologists in Clinical Psychology plus «PESTOS» [specialist psychologists without an official qualification] who work in the SNS may be around 2,600-2800, with a ratio per 100,000 inhabitants around 5.58, with great differences between autonomous communities. In the last 15 years, the average increase in the ratio of psychologists per 100,000 inhabitants is slightly more than one psychologist. It is recommended to carry out detailed studies to find out not only how many specialists in clinical psychology there are in each autonomous community, but also at what levels and in what type of units they are located. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Psychology/statistics & numerical data , Psychology, Clinical/statistics & numerical data , National Health Systems , Mental Health/statistics & numerical data , Specialization , SpainABSTRACT
Resumo Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar, de forma comparativa, a cobertura jornalística sobre o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), na "Folha de São Paulo", e sobre o Sistema Nacional de Salud (SNS), no "El País". O presente estudo, de cunho qualitativo, ancorou-se nos valores-notícia de seleção e de construção e em análise de conteúdo. Foram analisadas as capas publicadas em 2013 de ambos os jornais. A Folha trouxe 88 capas, com 100 chamadas no total e, no El País, foram 37 capas e 39 chamadas. A cobertura da "Folha" centrou-se no programa Mais Médicos; e, no "El País", a maioria das notícias enfocou a privatização da saúde pública espanhola. O valor-notícia mais presente nos dois foi governo. Como segunda categoria, na Folha, prevaleceu a polêmica, enfocando o embate que se formou entre os conselhos federais de medicina e o Ministério da Saúde. No caso do diário espanhol, a segunda categoria mais presente foi o impacto. Em relação aos valores-notícia de construção, as estratégias foram diversas. A "Folha" lançou mão da simplificação em relação à abordagem adotada, e o "El País" investiu na personalização e na dramatização para sensibilizar os leitores ao trazer relatos dos usuários em que, em muitos casos, o pano de fundo era o processo de privatização da saúde.
Abstract This study aimed to undertake a comparative analysis of the journalistic coverage of the National Health System (SUS) by "Folha de São Paulo", and the National Health System (SNS) by "El País". This qualitative study was anchored in the news values theory focusing on selection and construction news values and content analysis. All the contents published during 2013 of both newspapers were analyzed. "Folha" brought 88 covers, with 100 cover stories in total, and "El País" had 37 covers and 39 cover stories. "Folha's" coverage focused on the "Mais Médicos" program, while most of the news in El País focused on the privatization of the Spanish public health system. The most important news value in both was related to government. As a second category, in "Folha", controversy prevailed, focusing on the clash between the Federal Councils of Medicine and the Ministry of Health. Impact was the second most popular category in the Spanish newspaper. Concerning the news values of construction, we found that the newspapers used diverse resources. "Folha" adopted simplification in its approach, whereas "El País" invested in personalization and dramatization to sensitize readers with accounts of users, where the background was often the privatization process of health care services.
Subject(s)
Humans , Public Health , Government Programs , Spain , BrazilABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Background: the legislation currently regulating the inclusion of Food for Special Medical Purposes (FSMP) among the benefits of the National Health System (SNS) was made approximately 15 years ago. The evolution of the technical characteristics of the FSMP justifies an analysis of the current regulation and the consideration of possible regulatory modifications that would allow the incorporation of the progress achieved. Material and methods: four successive focus groups of experts, mostly doctors (91%), hospital specialists in disciplines related to nutrition (73%), from 8 different hospitals and 6 autonomous communities. Previously, 4 documents summarizing different technical aspects of the regulation on FSMP in Spain were sent to the participants. The audio of the meetings was transcribed anonymously and its content was codified. Results: the contents of the focus groups were grouped into 9 codes: 1) problems and regulation; 2) clinical benefits and evidence of efficacy or effectiveness; 3) clinical indications; 4) international context and comparisons with other countries; 5) budgetary impact; 6) cost-effectiveness; 7) risks and reasons for maintaining current regulation; 8) proposals for progress, feasibility and aspects that make implementation difficult; and 9) other issues. Conclusions: based on the technological development and clinical application of the FSMP carried out in recent years, an update of the regulation of these products can be proposed for financing by the National Health System in Spain. Most of these changes do not imply an increase in expenditure if current conditions regarding indications and maximum prices are maintained.
INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: la normativa que regula la inclusión de alimentos para usos médicos especiales (ADUME) entre las prestaciones del Sistema Nacional de Salud (SNS) fue elaborada hace unos 15 años, si bien la nutrición enteral domiciliaria se comenzó a regular en 1998. La evolución de las características técnicas de los ADUME justifica un análisis de la actual normativa y la consideración de posibles modificaciones que permitan la incorporación de avances tecnológicos. Material y métodos: reuniones estructuradas siguiendo la metodología del grupo focal, con expertos en su mayoría médicos (91 %), mujeres (55 %) y especialistas hospitalarios en disciplinas relacionadas con la nutrición (73 %) de 8 hospitales y 6 comunidades autónomas. Previamente, los participantes recibieron 4 documentos resumen de diferentes aspectos técnicos de la regulación sobre ADUME en España. Se transcribió de forma anonimizada el audio de las reuniones y se codificó su contenido en 9 códigos: 1) problemática y regulación; 2) beneficios clínicos y evidencia de eficacia o efectividad; 3) indicaciones clínicas; 4) contexto internacional y comparaciones con otros países; 5) impacto presupuestario; 6) coste-efectividad; 7) riesgos y motivos para mantener la regulación actual; 8) propuestas de avance, factibilidad y aspectos que dificultan la implementación; y 9) otros temas. Resultados: los grupos señalaron la necesidad de modificar aspectos regulatorios relacionados con la exclusión de financiación de las fórmulas de densidad calórica superior a 2,1 kcal/ml, exclusión de la financiación de los ADUME obtenidos total o parcialmente a partir de alimentos ordinarios, preferencia por la alimentación por sonda y exclusividad de la financiación de fórmulas completas para los ADUME que se empleen por vía oral como complemento de una ingesta insuficiente. Conclusiones: sobre la base del desarrollo tecnológico y la aplicación clínica de los ADUME en los últimos años, el SNS debería actualizar la regulación de la financiación de estos productos. La mayor parte de estos cambios no implican incremento del gasto si se mantienen las condiciones actuales en cuanto a indicaciones y precios máximos.
