Analysis of self-perceived use of spectrum of teaching styles in Italian physical education teachers.

Introduction: The present study aims to assess PE teachers' perception about the use of teaching styles during curricular lessons. Methods: The sample involved a total of 83 PE teachers (M = 41, F = 42, main age = 43,74 ± 10,76) divided according to years of service (0-4 = 36%, 5-10 = 34%, and over 10 = 30%) and academic training (Higher Institutes of Physical Education = 44% and master's degree = 56%). Teachers complete a digitalized version of a self-produced questionnaire to assess how many times they use each teaching styles during the last month. Results: Results show that (a) reproduction rather than production teaching styles were often used, while reproduction teachings styles were most frequently used regardless of years of service. Discussion: Future research should investigate PE teacher's behavior to enhance the quality of physical education in school.

Exploring formal and informal learning opportunities during morning report: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Morning reports are an essential component of physicians' daily work. Attending morning reports is prioritized by junior doctors as it provides them with an opportunity to learn diagnostic reasoning through discussion of cases. While teaching formats during morning reports have previously been reported, an in-depth analysis of what learning opportunities exist, e.g., how teaching is enacted during morning reports, is lacking. This qualitative study explores learning opportunities during morning reports. METHODS: We used an explorative design based on video-recordings of 23 morning reports from two surgical departments, an internal medicine department and an emergency department. We used thematic analysis combined with and inspired by Eraut's theoretical framework of workplace learning. RESULTS: Both formal and informal learning opportunities were identified. Formal learning opportunities had the character of planned teaching activities, and we identified four themes: (1) modes of teaching, (2) structure, (3) presenter role, and (4) participant involvement. Informal learning, on the other hand, was often implicit and reactive, while deliberate learning opportunities were rare. The data showed many missed opportunities for learning. CONCLUSION: Both formal and informal learning opportunities are present during morning reports. However, a prevalent focus on medical topics exists, leaving other important aspects of the medical role under-discussed. Pedagogical methods could be employed more optimally, and harnessing the potential of missed opportunities should be encouraged.

Description of Medical Students' Behavioral, Cognitive, and Psychological Engagement with Faculty Online Teaching Styles.

Purpose: The teacher-student dyad is the heart of an institute. A teacher's instructional role significantly influences the student engagement that indirectly measures the institutional outcome. The online transition of medical education changed the milieu of medical education where a virtual link between teacher and student is the only hope for the learner to continue the learning. There were no studies on the relationship between student engagement and teaching styles during online medical education. Patients and Methods: The present study was an online survey-based descriptive study on medical undergraduates from two universities in the United Arab Emirates. Google forms containing consent statements, teaching styles inventory in higher education (TSIHE), and online student engagement questionnaires were emailed to all medical students requesting to participate in the study. Completed survey questionnaires were analyzed descriptively for the degree of student online engagement, and a chi-square test was used to correlate the relation between faculty online instructional methods and students' engagement. Results: A total of 423 of 927 students from two universities participated in the survey. There was no significant perception difference among the students from the two universities regarding their faculty online teaching styles. Thirty-three percent of students at first university and 41% of second university students showed engagement during online classes, which is statistically significant. However, the degree of students' disengagement from both universities was high compared to their engagement for online classes. Both university students' cognitive and behavioral engagement was moderate to strongly correlated with four domains of teaching style. Interestingly, there was no correlation between online faculty instructional methods and students' psychological engagement from both the universities. Conclusion: The present study establishes the relationship between students' cognitive and behavioral engagement and teaching instructional practices. However, there is a need to develop robust evidence on students' psychological engagement and the influencing factors during online and blended contexts.

Preferencia de los estilos de enseñanza por parte de estudiantes de Medicina / Preference of teaching styles by Medicine students

OBJETIVO: determinar la preferencia de los estilos de enseñanza por parte de estudiantes del primer año de la Carrera de Medicina. MÉTODO: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, realizado en la Carrera de Medicina de la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, de cuya institución se tomó en cuenta a 109 estudiantes a quienes se aplicó el Cuestionario de Estilos de Enseñanza (CEE) de Martínez-Geijo. Una vez obtenidos los datos, los mismos fueron trasladados al programa estadístico SPSS v27.0, para posteriormente realizar un análisis de tipo descriptivo obteniendo las frecuencias y porcentajes de las variables en estudio. RESULTADOS: el estudio ha determinado que del total de estudiantes (n=109), 58 (53,2%) tienen una preferencia muy alta por el estilo de enseñanza funcional y 45 estudiantes (41,3%) tienen una preferencia igualmente muy alta por el estilo de enseñanza estructural. CONCLUSIÓN: en estudiantes del primer año de la Carrera de medicina predomina el estilo de enseñanza funcional seguido del estructural.

OBJETIVE: to determine the preference of the teaching styles by students of the first year of the Medical Career. METHOD: descriptive cross-sectional study, carried out in the Medicine Career of the Mayor de San Andrés University, from whose institution 109 students were taken into account to whom the Teaching Styles Questionnaire (CEE) of Martínez-Geijo was applied. Once the data was obtained, they were transferred to the statistical program SPSS v27.0, to later carry out a descriptive analysis, obtaining the frequencies and percentages of the variables under study. RESULTS: the study has determined that of the total number of students (n=109), 58 (53.2%) have a very high preference for the functional teaching style and 45 students (41.3%) have an equally high preference for the structural teaching style. CONCLUSION: in first-year medical students, the functional teaching style predominates, followed by the structural one.

Can Enjoyment and Physical Self-Perception Mediate the Relationship between BMI and Levels of Physical Activity? Preliminary Results from the Regional Observatory of Motor Development in Italy.

Physical education during adolescence, supported by evidenced-based methodologies, offers many different opportunities to practice structured physical activity and promote the development of motor skills, motor coordination, and conditioning. The present study aimed to assess differences in the levels of physical activity, enjoyment, and self-perception in a sample (n = 1029, M = 505, F = 524) of 11-12-year-old secondary schoolchildren according to gender and BMI and determine (a) the mediation effects of physical self-perception in the association between BMI and physical activity and (b) the role of enjoyment in mediating the relation between physical self-perception and physical activity. As part of the Regional Observatory of Motor Development Project (Apulia, Southern Italy), the assessment involved three questionnaires for physical activity levels (PAL), physical self-perception (PSP_C), and enjoyment (PACES). The results showed significant differences in PSP between normal-weight, overweight, and obese children (especially in girls), while there were no significant differences in enjoyment. Physical self-perception partially mediates the relationship between BMI and PAL (R2 = 7.94% for males, 95% C.I.: -0.013, -0.004; R2 = 14.70% for females, 95% C.I.: -0.25, -0.009), and the enjoyment partially mediates the relationship between physical self-perception and PAL (R2 = 6.83% for males, 95% C.I. = 0.003, 0.012; R2 = 13.45% for females, 95% C.I. = 0.002, 0.014). However, only a small percentage of variance was explained, precluding the extension and generalization of the results obtained.

Perceptions and Use of Teaching Strategies for Fundamental Movement Skills in Primary School Physical Education Programs.

Fundamental motor/movement skills (FMS) describe the basic skills necessary to complete physical tasks, and are a key aspect of primary school physical education (PE) programs. Yet, specific teaching styles for FMS development have been relatively unexplored. Through a mixed-methods design, experiences and perceptions of different PE teachers (preservice, specialist, and generalist) were explored. The Spectrum of Teaching Styles (STS) survey was used to quantify self-reported use of teaching styles that may be used by PE teachers (N = 102). Semi-structured, qualitative interviews with a subset of participants (N = 11) were employed to explore how PE teachers perceive FMS development in PE classes. Combined, the findings highlight a preference for collaborative approaches to teaching and learning in PE, with a specific preference for explicit teaching strategies. Survey results demonstrated a preference for Style B (the practice style), which promotes teacher facilitation of activities and constructive feedback, with opportunities for students to practice skills and receive feedback. Teachers described how confidence with PE content influences the ability to provide lessons that target FMS development; this was reinforced by desires for additional professional development and training. Together, the findings provide a holistic view of teaching styles used in PE for FMS development, and outline a need to explore teaching approaches used by different PE teachers.

Towards an Open Medical School without Checkerboards during the COVID-19 Pandemic: How to Flexibly Self-Manage General Surgery Practices in Hospitals?

BACKGROUND: Can we create a technological solution to flexibly self-manage undergraduate General Surgery practices within hospitals? Before the pandemic, the management of clerkships was starting to depend less on checkerboards. This study aims to explore undergraduates' perceptions of doing rotations in teaching hospitals using different teaching styles and elicit their views regarding the options of managing practices to design a mobile app that substitutes for checkerboards. METHODS: In this sequential exploratory mixed methods study, 38 semi-structured interviews at a teaching hospital were conducted. The data was used to survey 124 students doing their rotations in four teaching hospitals during the first wave of COVID-19. RESULTS: 21 themes highlighted concerns related to the practices, the teacher involvement in the students' education, and the students' adaptation to clinical culture. The students reported positive perceptions concerning self-managing and organizing practices via a mobile application. However, problems emerged regarding transparency, the lack of feedback, and the need for new tools. Regarding the teaching styles, the facilitator and personal models were perceived as optimal, but the personal style had no effect on using or not using a tool. CONCLUSIONS: A mobile-learning application designed like an educational opportunities' manager tool can probably promote self-directed learning, flexible teaching, and bidirectional assessments. However, teachers who employ a personal teaching style may not need either checkerboards or a tool. This solution supports teaching at hospitals in pandemic times without checkerboards.

Learning Environment Quality for Medical Students at Umm Al-Qura University: A Comprehensive Study on Stressors, Sources, and Solutions After Introduction of a New Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) Curriculum.

OBJECTIVE: Due to introduction of a new curriculum and the related stressors that medical students might encounter, we aimed to assess the quality of the students' learning environment across academic years at Umm Al-Qura University (UQU), by evaluating stress levels, their sources, and impacts on students, to help improve the quality of learning environment and protect students from personal and academic burnout. METHODS: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study in August and September of 2020 on 572 students enrolled in the new Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) curriculum at UQU. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software and two-tailed tests. RESULTS: In total, 46.5% of participants encountered severe stress levels during their studies at UQU. In term of stressor sources, the highest prevalence of severe stress was found among students who lacked learning resources (68.8%), followed by those who complained of ambiguity in teaching, learning, and assessment strategies (64.1%). Self-study strategy issues (58.4%) and difficulty in reading textbooks (58.2%) also ranked high. Anxiety was often reported by the students as an impact of stress (62.9%), followed by mood swings (60%). Severe stress levels showed a statistically significant relationship to gender, being highest among females (P = 0.001). For a solution to manage the stress, 79% of the students suggested a supportive learning environment and identification of students' struggles at early stages. CONCLUSION: Almost half the medical students were severely stressed after the new curriculum was introduced. Therefore, professors and universities should look out for potential stressors and help students overcome them. Universities can also help by offering counseling services to students, improving the student tutoring system, providing appropriate learning environment and resources, and including stress management courses as a part of the overall curriculum.

Assessing Rolling Abilities in Primary School Children: Physical Education Specialists vs. Generalists.

Teaching physical education requires competencies to conduct the classes and to assess the motor skills of practitioners. Specialists (physical education professionals) and generalists (primary school teachers) differently experienced motor tasks during their academic education. This study aimed to compare the teachers' ability in assessing the children's forward and backward rolls from the analysis of the reliability of an evaluation grid of rolling abilities (Information Scale for Agility on the Soil, InfoSAS), which was investigated in a first study with teachers. A second study in young children explored the responsiveness of the InfoSAS to discriminate by skill level or by training effects. When administered by specialists, the InfoSAS resulted in being reliable (forward: p = 0.087 and p = 0.908; backward: p = 0.926 and p = 0.910; intra- and inter-rater reliability, respectively) and responsive in detecting differences due to expertise (gymnasts vs. primary school children; forward: p = 0.003, backward: p = 0.016) or improvements after specific training in rolling (pre- vs. post-children's training; forward: p = 0.005, backward: p = 0.001). The results support the conclusion that specialists exhibit higher competence than generalists, which allows proper application of the InfoSAS, possibly because of the practice of skills and reflective teaching styles in physical activity they experienced, along with their academic education in sport sciences.

Exploring UK medical school differences: the MedDifs study of selection, teaching, student and F1 perceptions, postgraduate outcomes and fitness to practise.

BACKGROUND: Medical schools differ, particularly in their teaching, but it is unclear whether such differences matter, although influential claims are often made. The Medical School Differences (MedDifs) study brings together a wide range of measures of UK medical schools, including postgraduate performance, fitness to practise issues, specialty choice, preparedness, satisfaction, teaching styles, entry criteria and institutional factors. METHOD: Aggregated data were collected for 50 measures across 29 UK medical schools. Data include institutional history (e.g. rate of production of hospital and GP specialists in the past), curricular influences (e.g. PBL schools, spend per student, staff-student ratio), selection measures (e.g. entry grades), teaching and assessment (e.g. traditional vs PBL, specialty teaching, self-regulated learning), student satisfaction, Foundation selection scores, Foundation satisfaction, postgraduate examination performance and fitness to practise (postgraduate progression, GMC sanctions). Six specialties (General Practice, Psychiatry, Anaesthetics, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Internal Medicine, Surgery) were examined in more detail. RESULTS: Medical school differences are stable across time (median alpha = 0.835). The 50 measures were highly correlated, 395 (32.2%) of 1225 correlations being significant with p < 0.05, and 201 (16.4%) reached a Tukey-adjusted criterion of p < 0.0025. Problem-based learning (PBL) schools differ on many measures, including lower performance on postgraduate assessments. While these are in part explained by lower entry grades, a surprising finding is that schools such as PBL schools which reported greater student satisfaction with feedback also showed lower performance at postgraduate examinations. More medical school teaching of psychiatry, surgery and anaesthetics did not result in more specialist trainees. Schools that taught more general practice did have more graduates entering GP training, but those graduates performed less well in MRCGP examinations, the negative correlation resulting from numbers of GP trainees and exam outcomes being affected both by non-traditional teaching and by greater historical production of GPs. Postgraduate exam outcomes were also higher in schools with more self-regulated learning, but lower in larger medical schools. A path model for 29 measures found a complex causal nexus, most measures causing or being caused by other measures. Postgraduate exam performance was influenced by earlier attainment, at entry to Foundation and entry to medical school (the so-called academic backbone), and by self-regulated learning. Foundation measures of satisfaction, including preparedness, had no subsequent influence on outcomes. Fitness to practise issues were more frequent in schools producing more male graduates and more GPs. CONCLUSIONS: Medical schools differ in large numbers of ways that are causally interconnected. Differences between schools in postgraduate examination performance, training problems and GMC sanctions have important implications for the quality of patient care and patient safety.

The Analysis of Teaching of Medical Schools (AToMS) survey: an analysis of 47,258 timetabled teaching events in 25 UK medical schools relating to timing, duration, teaching formats, teaching content, and problem-based learning.

BACKGROUND: What subjects UK medical schools teach, what ways they teach subjects, and how much they teach those subjects is unclear. Whether teaching differences matter is a separate, important question. This study provides a detailed picture of timetabled undergraduate teaching activity at 25 UK medical schools, particularly in relation to problem-based learning (PBL). METHOD: The Analysis of Teaching of Medical Schools (AToMS) survey used detailed timetables provided by 25 schools with standard 5-year courses. Timetabled teaching events were coded in terms of course year, duration, teaching format, and teaching content. Ten schools used PBL. Teaching times from timetables were validated against two other studies that had assessed GP teaching and lecture, seminar, and tutorial times. RESULTS: A total of 47,258 timetabled teaching events in the academic year 2014/2015 were analysed, including SSCs (student-selected components) and elective studies. A typical UK medical student receives 3960 timetabled hours of teaching during their 5-year course. There was a clear difference between the initial 2 years which mostly contained basic medical science content and the later 3 years which mostly consisted of clinical teaching, although some clinical teaching occurs in the first 2 years. Medical schools differed in duration, format, and content of teaching. Two main factors underlay most of the variation between schools, Traditional vs PBL teaching and Structured vs Unstructured teaching. A curriculum map comparing medical schools was constructed using those factors. PBL schools differed on a number of measures, having more PBL teaching time, fewer lectures, more GP teaching, less surgery, less formal teaching of basic science, and more sessions with unspecified content. DISCUSSION: UK medical schools differ in both format and content of teaching. PBL and non-PBL schools clearly differ, albeit with substantial variation within groups, and overlap in the middle. The important question of whether differences in teaching matter in terms of outcomes is analysed in a companion study (MedDifs) which examines how teaching differences relate to university infrastructure, entry requirements, student perceptions, and outcomes in Foundation Programme and postgraduate training.

Teaching strategies in physical education: a confrontation between directive and indirective styles in volleyball learning / Estratégias de ensino em educação física: um confronto entre estilos diretivo e indiretivo na aprendizagem do voleibol

ABSTRACT Although Physical Education has historically been based on teaching strategies predominantly directives, it is possible speculate that less directive methodologies might contribute more effectively to learning. The aim of this study was to compare the possible implications of using different teaching styles for learning volleyball game. Thus end, 27 teenagers divided into three groups (Directive Group; Indirective group and control group) took part for an intervention program of eight meetings aimed at teaching procedural volleyball contents. Overall, the results suggest that indirective teaching styles contribute more effectively to participation decision, which causes a reflection on the need to revisit the teaching strategies used by teachers and the need for a more systemic approach to teaching games.

RESUMO Embora a Educação Física escolar tenha historicamente se baseado em estratégias de ensino predominantemente diretivas, é possível especular que metodologias menos diretivas possam contribuir de forma mais efetiva para o aprendizado. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar as possíveis implicações da utilização de diferentes estilos de ensino na aprendizagem do jogo da modalidade esportiva voleibol. Para tanto, 27 adolescentes divididos em três grupos (Grupo Diretivo; Grupo Indiretivo e Grupo Controle) foram submetidos a um programa de intervenção de oito encontros voltados ao ensino de conteúdos procedimentais do voleibol. De modo geral, os resultados encontrados sugerem que estilos de ensino indiretivos contribuem de forma mais efetiva para a participação no jogo e para a tomada de decisão, o que provoca uma reflexão sobre a necessidade de se revisitar as estratégias de ensino utilizadas pelos professores e pela necessidade de uma abordagem mais sistêmica para o ensino de jogos.

Estilos de aprendizaje en Fonoaudiología y Terapia Ocupacional en la Universidad de Antofagasta, Chile / Learning Styles in Phonoaudiology and Occupational Therapy at University of Antofagasta, Chile

Introducción: Este artículo caracterizó los estilos de aprendizaje de 141 estudiantes de las carreras de Terapia Ocupacional y Fonoaudiología de la Universidad de Antofagasta, para generar información no disponible que aporta al modelo pedagógico de la institución y al mejoramiento del proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje. Objetivo: Generar información no disponible que aportan los estilos de aprendizaje al modelo pedagógico de la institución y al mejoramiento del proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje. Métodos: Mediante el Cuestionario de estilos de aprendizaje de Honey-Alonso y para describir los resultados obtenidos, se consideró el baremo general de preferencia en estilos de aprendizaje de Alonso y colaboradores (1994) y las puntuaciones de los estudiantes según el nivel académico o el curso. Resultados: Los Estilos de Aprendizaje de los estudiantes de ambas carreras demostraron un comportamiento variado. A saber, en la carrera de Fonoaudiología los estudiantes de 2do, 3ro y 5to años tuvieron estilos de aprendizaje preferentemente reflexivos; solo en 1er año se observó una tendencia hacia el estilo teórico, con preferencias moderadas. En la carrera de Terapia Ocupacional, los estudiantes de 1er y 3er años demostraron estilos de aprendizaje preferentemente teóricos con una inflexión en 2do año hacia el estilo pragmático, todos con preferencias altas. Conclusiones: Los estilos de aprendizaje estudiados son distintos en ambas carreras y están influenciados por factores curriculares, el nivel académico, los estilos docentes, entre otros(AU)

Introduction: This article characterized the learning styles of 141 students of the Occupational Therapy and Phonoaudiology majors at University of Antofagasta, in order to generate information not available that contributes to the pedagogical model of the institution and to the improvement of the teaching-learning process. Objective: To generate information not available and which the learning styles provide to the pedagogical model of the institution and for the improvement of the teaching-learning process. Methods: Through the Honey-Alonso Learning Styles Questionnaire and, in order to describe the outcomes obtained, we considered the general scale of preference in learning styles by Alonso et al (1994) and student scores according to academic level or course. Results: The learning styles of the students of both majors showed a mixed behavior; namely, in the Phonoaudiology major, students from the second, third and fifth academic years had preferably reflective learning styles; only in the first academic year there was a tendency towards the theoretical style, with moderate preferences. In the Occupational Therapy major, students from the first and third academic years demonstrated preferably theoretical learning styles with a deviation, in the second academic year, towards the pragmatic style, all with high preferences. Conclusions: The learning styles studied are different in both majors and influenced by curricular factors, academic level, teaching styles, among others(AU)

Perceptions of Controlling Teaching Behaviors and the Effects on the Motivation and Behavior of High School Physical Education Students.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of controlling teacher behavior on high school physical education students' global intrinsic motivation, perceptions of the importance of the subject matter, intentions to be physically active, level of physical activity, and life satisfaction. The sample in this study was comprised of 416 Spanish high school students. Support for the study's expectations was provided through structural regression analysis. The analysis revealed that a controlling teaching style was negatively associated with the global intrinsic motivation of the students. In turn, global intrinsic motivation predicted the perceived importance of the subject matter, which explained physical activity intentions. Physical activity intentions were positively associated with level of physical activity, which, in turn, explained life satisfaction. The knowledge obtained in this study can be of benefit to teachers and can be beneficial to the design of more adaptive learning environments for students.

Diferencias de los estilos de enseñanza: mando directo y resolución de problemas en el resultado para la enseñanza de la cualidad física de fuerza de tren inferior / Differences in the direct command teaching style and problem resolution in the teaching result of the physical quality of lower body strength

Se debe considerar al docente como aquel profesional reflexivo, que realiza una labor de mediación entre el conocimiento y el aprendizaje de sus estudiantes. ¿Qué estilo de enseñanza es más apropiado para mejorar el rendimiento de los estudiantes?, preguntas como éstas son las que se deben dar res-puestas a la hora de realizar una planificación de la clase. El objetivo fue comparar el estilo de enseñan-za, Mando directo y Resolución de problemas, mediante clases realizadas utilizando ambas metodolo-gías y su influencia en la fuerza del tren inferior. Fue realizado en un primero medio bajo un método cuasi-experimental y cuyos resultados arrojaron que existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambas metodologías (p-valor = 0,014). En la muestra independiente de post-test de salto largo a pies juntos en comparación a ambos estilos de enseñanza, se presentan diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p-valor = 0,046), a un nivel de confianza del 95% (p<0,05). Una característica relevante de esta investigación, es la utilización de los estilos de enseñanza por parte de los docentes.

The teacher should be considered as that reflective professional, who mediates between the knowledge and learning of his students. What teaching style is most appropriate to improve student performance? Questions such as these are the ones that must be answered when planning the class. The objective was to compare the style of teaching, direct command and problem solving, through classes made using both methodologies and their influence on the strength of the lower train. It was carried out in a first medium under a quasi-experimental method and the results showed that there are statistically significant differences between both methodologies (p-value = 0,014). In the independent sample of post-test of long jump to feet together in comparison to both teaching styles, if statistically significant differences are presented (p-value = 0,046), which gives us a statistically significant difference to a level of confidence 95% (p <0,05). One of the most relevant features of this research is the use of teaching styles by teachers.

Estilo motivacional de professores de música: propriedades psicométricas de uma escala / Music teachers’ motivational style: psychometric properties of a scale

O ensino de instrumento musical é uma prática educativa que mantém vínculos com a tradição de transmissão de conhecimento entre mestre e aprendiz. Contudo, as mudanças ocorridas na sociedade nas últimas décadas trouxeram novas demandas ao ensino de música, implicando na necessidade de um contexto mais flexível de ensino. Neste cenário, o estilo motivacional do professor é um conceito teórico que possibilita uma discussão atualizada sobre o tema. O objetivo deste estudo foi levantar as propriedades psicométricas de uma escala adaptada para a aula individual de música. A escala foi inserida em um website de pesquisa survey e respondida por 358 professores de instrumento musical, após foram realizadas análises fatoriais confirmatória e exploratória. Os resultados indicam que, no contexto da aula individual de música, a escala possui dois fatores ortogonais, denominados Controle e Promoção de Autonomia. Apesar da análise fatorial apontar para uma interpretação conceitualmente diferente da proposta teórica, conclui-se que o conceito de estilo motivacional é válido para a pesquisa com o ensino de música. Este conceito, porém, deve ser amadurecido por meio de novos estudos que contemplem diferentes aspectos sobre um grupo diversificado e disperso, como são os professores de música. (AU)

Instrumental music teaching is an educational approach that refers to the master and apprentice tradition of knowledge transfer. However, the changes occurred in the societyover the last decades have brought new demands to the music instruction, involving thenecessity for a more flexible teaching context. In this scenery, the teacher’s motivational style is a theoretical concept that enables an updated discussion about the topic. The aim of this study was to report the psychometric properties from an adapted scale for individual music lessons. The scale was inserted into a research website and answered by 358 instrumental music teachers, after were performed exploratory and confirmatory factor analyzes. The results highlights that, in one-to-one music lesson context, the scale has two orthogonal factors, named Controlling and Autonomy Supportive. Although factor analysis points to a conceptually different interpretation of the theory, it is concluded that motivational style concept is valid to research music teaching. This concept, however, must be improved through new studies that contemplate different aspects about a diverse and dispersed group, such as music teachers. (AU)

Estilo motivacional de professores de música: propriedades psicométricas de uma escala / Music teachers' motivational style: psychometric properties of a scale

O ensino de instrumento musical é uma prática educativa que mantém vínculos com a tradição de transmissão de conhecimento entre mestre e aprendiz. Contudo, as mudanças ocorridas na sociedade nas últimas décadas trouxeram novas demandas ao ensino de música, implicando na necessidade de um contexto mais flexível de ensino. Neste cenário, o estilo motivacional do professor é um conceito teórico que possibilita uma discussão atualizada sobre o tema. O objetivo deste estudo foi levantar as propriedades psicométricas de uma escala adaptada para a aula individual de música. A escala foi inserida em um website de pesquisa survey e respondida por 358 professores de instrumento musical, após foram realizadas análises fatoriais confirmatória e exploratória. Os resultados indicam que, no contexto da aula individual de música, a escala possui dois fatores ortogonais, denominados Controle e Promoção de Autonomia. Apesar da análise fatorial apontar para uma interpretação conceitualmente diferente da proposta teórica, conclui-se que o conceito de estilo motivacional é válido para a pesquisa com o ensino de música. Este conceito, porém, deve ser amadurecido por meio de novos estudos que contemplem diferentes aspectos sobre um grupo diversificado e disperso, como são os professores de música

Instrumental music teaching is an educational approach that refers to the master and apprentice tradition of knowledge transfer. However, the changes occurred in the societyover the last decades have brought new demands to the music instruction, involving thenecessity for a more flexible teaching context. In this scenery, the teacher's motivational style is a theoretical concept that enables an updated discussion about the topic. The aim of this study was to report the psychometric properties from an adapted scale for individual music lessons. The scale was inserted into a research website and answered by 358 instrumental music teachers, after were performed exploratory and confirmatory factor analyzes. The results highlights that, in one-to-one music lesson context, the scale has two orthogonal factors, named Controlling and Autonomy Supportive. Although factor analysis points to a conceptually different interpretation of the theory, it is concluded that motivational style concept is valid to research music teaching. This concept, however, must be improved through new studies that contemplate different aspects about a diverse and dispersed group, such as music teachers

An Investigation of First-Year Students' and Lecturers' Expectations of University Education.

Transition from school to university can cause concern for many students. One issue is the gap between students' prior expectations and the realities of university life, which can cause significant distress, poor academic performance and increased drop-out rates if not managed effectively. Research has shown several similarities in the expectations of staff and students in regards to which factors determine academic success, but there is also evidence of dissonance. For example, staff consider independent study and critical evaluation as key factors, whereas students view feedback on drafts of work and support from staff as being most important. The aim of the current study was to determine what expectations students hold when starting university education, and what expectations university lecturers have of students entering university. Lecturers (n = 20) and first year students (n = 77) completed a series of questionnaires concerning their expectations of learning in HE (staff and students) and their approach to teaching (staff). Results revealed that students have largely realistic expectations of university. For example, the majority expected to be in charge of their own study. Some unrealistic expectations were also evident, e.g., most expected that teaching would be the same at university as it had been at school. The expectation that lecturers would provide detailed notes varied as a function of student age. Lecturers reported modifying their expectations of students and adapting their teaching approach according to year of study. Information-transmission/teacher-focused style was more common when teaching 1st year students; a more concept-changing/student-focused approach tended to be used when teaching 2nd year students (and above). Lecturer's expectations of student engagement did not differ according to year. Less experienced lecturers reported more negative expectations of student engagement than did experienced lecturers. In line with previous work, we observed overlap in expectations of staff and students, but some clear differences too.

Discurso educativo letrado de professoras alfabetizadoras de diferente perfil pedagógico / Literate educational discourse in the literacy classroom: different teaching styles

RESUMO: A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo qualificar o discurso educativo letrado de professoras alfabetizadoras de diferentes perfis pedagógicos durante as atividades de leitura e comentário de um livro de literatura infantil. No estudo, participaram quatro professoras: duas com perfil educativo interativo/construtivo e duas com perfil diretivo/transmissivo. A análise do discurso educativo colocou em evidência que as professoras de perfil interativo/construtivo fizeram significativamente mais referências às atividades de ensino e aprendizagem desenvolvidas em torno do texto, aos processos cognitivos e linguísticos dos alunos em torno da compreensão e da produção de linguagem a partir do texto e à forma e aos conteúdos do próprio texto. Além disso, formularam maior número de perguntas aos alunos, utilizaram com maior frequência diversos verbos de cognição e linguagem e dedicaram mais tempo à realização das atividades.

ABSTRACT: This research compares the literate discourse used by four early grade teachers with distinct instructional styles during an in-class reading activity with a children's literature book. Four teachers took part in the study, two of them with an interactive/constructive teaching style and the other two with a directive/transmissive style. The results show that the two teachers who follow an interactive/constructive approach more frequently referenced teaching and learning activities around the text, as well as the students' cognitive and linguistic processes, and the form and content of the text itself. Besides that, these two teachers formulated a greater quantity of questions for students, they have used a variety of cognitive and linguistic verbs, and have devoted more time to developing the proposed activities.

Identifying different learning styles to enhance the learning experience.

Identifying your preferred learning style can be a useful way to optimise learning opportunities, and can help learners to recognise their strengths and areas for development in the way that learning takes place. It can also help teachers (educators) to recognise where additional activities are required to ensure the learning experience is robust and effective. There are several models available that may be used to identify learning styles. This article discusses these models and considers their usefulness in healthcare education. Models of teaching styles are also considered.