ABSTRACT
Introducción: Actualmente la conmoción cerebral se considera un problema de gran magnitud, siendo los adolescentes y jóvenes la población de riesgo, ya que se encuentran en proceso de maduración. Nuestro objetivo ha sido comparar la eficacia de diferentes intervenciones (ejercicio físico terapéutico, terapia vestibular y descanso) en adolescentes y jóvenes con conmoción cerebral.Desarrollo: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las principales bases de datos. Una vez aplicados los criterios de inclusión/exclusión y la escala metodológica Physiotherapy Evidence Database PEDro, fueron revisados seis artículos. Los resultados apoyan la utilización del ejercicio y la terapia vestibular en las etapas iniciales para disminuir los síntomas posconmoción. Según la mayoría de los autores, el ejercicio físico terapéutico y la terapia vestibular reportan mayores beneficios, aunque se necesitaría un protocolo que unificara escalas de valoración, variables de estudio y parámetros de análisis para poder realizar la inferencia en la población diana.Conclusión: Desde el momento del alta hospitalaria del paciente, la aplicación combinada de ejercicio físico y terapia vestibular, podría considerarse como la mejor opción para disminuir los síntomas posconmoción.(AU)
Introduction: Currently, concussion considers a problem of great magnitude, adolescents and young people being the population at risk, since it is in the process of maturation. Our goal has been to compare the effectiveness of different interventions (exercise therapy, vestibular rehabilitation and rest) in adolescents and young people with concussion. Development: A bibliographic search was carried out in the main databases. Once the inclusion / exclusion criteria and the PEDro methodological scale were applied, 6 articles were reviewed. The results support the use of exercise and vestibular rehabilitation in the initial stages to reduce post-concussion symptoms. According to most authors, therapeutic physical exercise and vestibular rehabilitation report greater benefits, although a protocol that unifies assessment scales, study variables and analysis parameters would be needed to be able to make the inference in the target population. Conclusión: From the moment of hospital discharge, the combined application of exercise and vestibular rehabilitation could be the best option to reduce post-concussion symptoms.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Young Adult , Post-Concussion Syndrome , Exercise , Brain Concussion , Brain Injuries, Traumatic , Neurology , Nervous System DiseasesABSTRACT
Introducción: La hiponatremia se encuentra asociada aproximadamente con el 10% de los pacientes con traumatismo craneoencefálico, su baja frecuencia y la intuición clínica de esta relación la hace importante en el presente informe de caso. Objetivo: Describir la asociación de la hiponatremia con el traumatismo craneoen-cefálico con la finalidad de mejorar la comprensión de esta relación en el personal de salud y promover la implementación de estrategias de diagnóstico y manejo más efectivas basadas en predicciones bioquímicas y anatómicas actualizadas. Presentación del caso: Paciente masculino, adulto joven, con antecedentes de dos traumatismos craneoencefálicos, con hiponatremia sérica severa y síntomas persistentes de mareo y cefalea, tratado con diuréticos de asa y cloruro de sodio vía oral, con mejoría posterior al vigésimo día de hospitalización. Discusión: Ciertas alteraciones neurológicas con manifestación clínica evidente, se presentan por bajos niveles de sodio sérico, o por causas anatómicas y fisioló-gicas diferentes. Se ha demostrado una relación causal con mecanismo fisiopato-lógico no bien descrito sobre la hiponatremia y el traumatismo craneoencefálico. Conclusión: Es crucial tener una vigilancia meticulosa en pacientes con hipona-tremia severa, aunque presenten pocos síntomas clínicos (considerando antece-dentes como el traumatismo craneoencefálico en la anamnesis inicial y de segui-miento) como en este caso. Además, se destaca la necesidad de investigar las vías metabólicas que podrían verse afectadas por traumatismos craneoencefálicos, y que podrían tener un impacto directo en los niveles de sodio en sangre.
Introduction: Hyponatremia is found to be associated with approximately 10% of patients with traumatic brain injury. Despite its low frequency, the clinical intuition regarding this relationship underscores its significance in this case report. Objective: Describe the association between hyponatremia and traumatic brain in-jury, aiming to enhance healthcare professionals' understanding of this correlation and to advocate for the implementation of more effective diagnostic and manage-ment strategies based on updated biochemical and anatomical predictions. Case Presentation: A young adult male patient with a history of two traumatic brain injuries, severe serum hyponatremia, and persistent symptoms of dizziness and headache, treated with loop diuretics and oral sodium chloride, exhibited improvement after twenty days of hospitalization. Discussion: Certain neurological alterations with evident clinical manifestation are characterized by low levels of serum sodium, possibly stemming from distinct ana-tomical and physiological causes. A causal relationship with a poorly described pathophysiological mechanism between hyponatremia and traumatic brain injury has been suggested. Conclusion: Meticulous monitoring is imperative for patients with severe hypona-tremia, even when clinical symptoms are minimal, as observed in this case. Fur-thermore, emphasis is placed on the need to investigate metabolic pathways that may be affected by traumatic brain injuries, potentially exerting a direct impact on blood sodium levels.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Young Adult , Hyponatremia/etiologyABSTRACT
Introducción: El trauma craneoencefálico (TCE) se define como una patología caracterizada por la alteración cerebral secundaria a una lesión traumática en la región de la cabeza, con la presencia de alteración de la consciencia y/o amnesia debido al trauma, cambios neurológicos, neurofisiológicos, con posibles fracturas de cráneo o lesiones intra craneanas atribuibles al trauma. Metodología: Es un estudio observacional, descriptivo, prospectivo en pacientes que sufrieron TCE internados en el servicio de neurocirugía en el Complejo Hospitalario Dr. Arnulfo Arias Madrid durante el periodo de marzo de 2022 a febrero de 2023. Resultados: Los resultados de este estudio mostraron que predomina el sexo masculino (78%) sobre el femenino (22%) en pacientes con TCE. Las causas de lesión más comunes fueron caídas de sus pies (27%), caídas de altura (25%) y colisión de moto/automóvil (20%). Las presentaciones clínicas más comunes fueron pérdida de consciencia (49%), amnesia/desorientación (19%) y cefalea (10%). Conclusión: El seguimiento promedio de los pacientes con TCE fue de 16 días. El género masculino fue el más frecuente, con mayor proporción en la edad media y adulta mayor. La etiología principalmente fue por caídas, manifestándose comúnmente por perdida del estado de alerta, y teniendo hallazgos múltiples en la tomografía cerebral. La mayoría de los pacientes se les dio manejo conservador. (provisto por Infomedic International)
Introduction: Cranioencephalic trauma (TBI) is defined as a pathology characterized by cerebral alteration secondary to traumatic injury in the head region, with the presence of altered consciousness and/or amnesia due to trauma, neurological, neurophysiological changes, with possible skull fractures or intracranial lesions attributable to trauma. Methodology: This is an observational, descriptive, prospective study in patients who suffered TBI hospitalized in the neurosurgery service at the Complejo Hospitalario Dr. Arnulfo Arias Madrid during the period from March 2022 to February 2023. Results: The results of this study showed a predominance of male (78%) over female (22%) patients with TBI. The most common causes of injury were falls from their feet (27%), falls from height (25%) and motorcycle/automobile collision (20%). The most common clinical presentations were loss of consciousness (49%), amnesia/disorientation (19%) and headache (10%). Conclusion: The average follow-up of patients with TBI was 16 days. The male gender was the most frequent, with a higher proportion in middle age and older adults. The etiology was mainly due to falls, commonly manifested by loss of alertness, and multiple findings in brain tomography. Most patients were managed conservatively. (provided by Infomedic International)
ABSTRACT
Temperature management has been used in patients with acute brain injury resulting from different conditions, such as post-cardiac arrest hypoxic-ischaemic insult, acute ischaemic stroke, and severe traumatic brain injury. However, current evidence offers inconsistent and often contradictory results regarding the clinical benefit of this therapeutic strategy on mortality and functional outcomes. Current guidelines have focused mainly on active prevention and treatment of fever, while therapeutic hypothermia (TH) has fallen into disuse, although doubts persist as to its effectiveness according to the method of application and appropriate patient selection. This narrative review presents the most relevant clinical evidence on the effects of TH in patients with acute neurological damage, and the pathophysiological concepts supporting its use.
Subject(s)
Brain Injuries , Hypothermia, Induced , Humans , Hypothermia, Induced/methods , Brain Injuries/therapy , Brain Injuries/complications , Fever/etiology , Fever/therapy , Brain Injuries, Traumatic/therapy , Brain Injuries, Traumatic/complications , Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/therapyABSTRACT
Fatigue is a complex, multidimensional syndrome that is prevalent in patients with acquired brain damage and has a negative impact on the neurorehabilitation process. It presents from early stages after the injury, and may persist over time, regardless of whether sequelae have resolved. Fatigue is conditioned by upper neuronal circuits, and is defined as an abnormal perception of overexertion. Its prevalence ranges from 29% to 77% after stroke, from 18% to 75% after traumatic brain injury, and from 47% to 97% after brain tumours. Fatigue is associated with factors including female sex, advanced age, dysfunctional families, history of specific health conditions, functional status (eg, fatigue prior to injury), comorbidities, mood, secondary disability, and the use of certain drugs. Assessment of fatigue is fundamentally based on such scales as the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). Advances have recently been made in imaging techniques for its diagnosis, such as in functional MRI. Regarding treatment, no specific pharmacological treatment currently exists; however, positive results have been reported for some conventional neurorehabilitation therapies, such as bright light therapy, neurofeedback, electrical stimulation, and transcranial magnetic stimulation. This review aims to assist neurorehabilitation professionals to recognise modifiable factors associated with fatigue and to describe the treatments available to reduce its negative effect on patients.
Subject(s)
Brain Injuries , Stroke , Humans , Female , Fatigue/etiology , Stroke/complications , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , BrainABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Currently, concussion considers a problem of great magnitude, adolescents and young people being the population at risk, since it is in the process of maturation. Our goal has been to compare the effectiveness of different interventions (exercise therapy, vestibular rehabilitation and rest) in adolescents and young people with concussion. DEVELOPMENT: A bibliographic search was carried out in the main databases. Once the inclusion/exclusion criteria and the PEDro methodological scale were applied, 6 articles were reviewed. The results support the use of exercise and vestibular rehabilitation in the initial stages to reduce post-concussion symptoms. According to most authors, therapeutic physical exercise and vestibular rehabilitation report greater benefits, although a protocol that unifies assessment scales, study variables and analysis parameters would be needed to be able to make the inference in the target population. CONCLUSIóN: From the moment of hospital discharge, the combined application of exercise and vestibular rehabilitation could be the best option to reduce post-concussion symptoms.
Subject(s)
Athletic Injuries , Brain Concussion , Post-Concussion Syndrome , Humans , Adolescent , Athletic Injuries/diagnosis , Athletic Injuries/rehabilitation , Exercise Therapy/methods , ExerciseABSTRACT
Introduction: The prehospital phase of the management of pediatric severe traumatic brain injury may have a direct influence on the results. Objective: To evaluate the influence of prehospital variables on intracranial pressure and the results in pediatric patients with severe TBI. Method: A descriptive study of 41 pediatric patients who were admitted to the medical emergency department and later admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit due to severe head trauma was carried out between January 2003 and December 2018. Results: children aged 5-17 years predominate, and the highest number of cases were received between 0-3h at the neurotrauma center. Of the 41 cases, 27 arrived with a non-expedited airway and hypoxia was verified upon arrival by pulse oximetry. A correlation was observed between arterial hypotension on admission and elevated intracranial pressure in 9 of 15 children (60%) and in the deceased (40%). Discussion: Clinical conditions, oxygenation, arterial hypotension, and treatment in the prehospital phase may influence the state of intracranial pressure and other intracranial variables in pediatric patients with severe head injury.
Introducción: La fase prehospitalaria del manejo del traumatismo craneoencefálico grave pediátrico puede tener una influencia directa en los resultados. Objetivo: Evaluar la influencia de variables prehospitalarias sobre la presión intracraneal y los resultados en pacientes pediátricos con TCE grave. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de 41 pacientes pediátricos que ingresaron al servicio de urgencias médicas y posteriormente ingresaron a la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos por traumatismo craneoencefálico severo entre enero de 2003 y diciembre de 2018. Resultados: predominan los niños de 5 a 17 años, y el mayor número de casos se recibieron entre las 0-3h en el centro de neurotrauma. De los 41 casos, 27 llegaron con vía aérea no acelerada y se verificó hipoxia al llegar mediante oximetría de pulso. Se observó correlación entre hipotensión arterial al ingreso y presión intracraneal elevada en 9 de 15 niños (60%) y en los fallecidos (40%). Discusión: Las condiciones clínicas, la oxigenación, la hipotensión arterial y el tratamiento en la fase prehospitalaria pueden influir en el estado de la presión intracraneal y otras variables intracraneales en pacientes pediátricos con traumatismo craneoencefálico grave.
ABSTRACT
Objetivo El tiempo de observación en el traumatismo craneoencefálico leve (TCEL) es controvertido. Nuestro objetivo se basó en evaluar el riesgo de complicaciones neurológicas en el TCEL con y sin tratamiento antitrombótico. Método Evaluamos retrospectivamente los pacientes con TCEL atendidos en urgencias durante 3 años. Consideramos TCEL aquellos con Glasgow ≥13 al ingreso. Se realizó una TC craneal en todos los casos con >1 factor de riesgo al ingreso y a las 24h en aquellos con deterioro neurológico o TC craneal inicial patológica. Se revisó retrospectivamente las complicaciones en los siguientes 3 meses. Resultados Evaluamos 907 pacientes con una edad media de 73±19 años. El 91% presentaron factores de riesgo, con un 60% en tratamiento antitrombótico. Detectamos un 11% de hemorragia cerebral inicial, 0,4% a las 24h y ningún caso a los 3 meses. El tratamiento antitrombótico no se asoció con incremento de riesgo de hemorragia cerebral (9,9 con vs. 11,9% sin tratamiento; p=0,3). El 39% de las hemorragias presentaron síntomas neurológicos (18% amnesia postraumática, 12% cefalea, 8% vómitos, 1% convulsiones), siendo en un 78,4% síntomas leves. De las 4 hemorragias detectadas a las 24h, 3 fueron asintomáticas y un caso emporó la cefalea inicial. Ningún paciente asintomático sin lesión en la TC craneal inicial presentó clínica a las 24h. Conclusiones Nuestro estudio sugiere que los pacientes con TCEL asintomáticos, sin lesión en la TC craneal inicial no precisarían periodo de observación ni TC craneal de control, independientemente del tratamiento antitrombótico o nivel de INR (AU)
Introduction The observation time in mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is controversial. Our aim was to assess the risk of neurological complications in mTBI with and without antithrombotic treatment. Method We retrospectively evaluated patients with mTBI seen in the emergency room for 3 years. We considered MTBI those with Glasgow ≥13 at admission. A cranial CT was performed in all cases with >1 risk factor at admission and at 24h in those with neurological impairment or initial pathological cranial CT. Complications in the following 3 months were retrospectively reviewed. Results We evaluated 907 patients with a mean age of 73±19 years. Ninety-one percent presented risk factors, with 60% on antithrombotic treatment. We detected 11% of initial brain hemorrhage, 0.4% at 24h, and no cases at 3 months. Antithrombotic treatment was not associated with an increased risk of brain hemorrhage (9.9% with vs. 11.9% without treatment, P=.3). 39% of the hemorrhages presented neurological symptoms (18% post-traumatic amnesia, 12% headache, 8% vomiting, 1% seizures), with 78.4% having mild symptoms. Of the 4 hemorrhages detected at 24h, 3 were asymptomatic and one case that worsened the initial headache. No asymptomatic patient without lesion on initial clinical cranial CT presented at 24h. Conclusions Our study suggests that patients with asymptomatic mTBI, without a lesion on the initial cranial CT, would not require the observation period or CT control regardless of antithrombotic treatment or INR level (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cerebral Hemorrhage/etiology , Cerebral Hemorrhage/prevention & control , Craniocerebral Trauma/complications , Craniocerebral Trauma/drug therapy , Thrombolytic Therapy , Fibrinolytic Agents/administration & dosage , Cerebral Hemorrhage, Traumatic/prevention & control , Trauma Severity Indices , Retrospective Studies , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Introducción: El traumatismo craneoencefálico (TCE) puede generar vértigo, mareo e inestabilidad. Posibles causas otorrinolaringológicas son el vértigo postural paroxístico benigno (VPPB) que constituye el diagnóstico más frecuente, y la hipofunción vestibular. Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia de hipofunción vestibular en un grupo de pacientes con VPPB asociado a TCE. Material y Método: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes con VPPB asociado a TCE que requirieron maniobra de reposición (MRP) entre los años 2017 y 2021. La información clínica, características clínico-demográficas, hallazgos en pruebas de función vestibular y número de MRP fueron evaluados. Resultados: Se incluyeron 48 pacientes con una edad promedio de 60,8 ± 16,5 años, siendo un 52% mujeres. La prevalencia de pacientes con paresia vestibular concomitante correspondió al 35,4%. Al comparar al grupo con y sin paresia se observó: (1) en el grupo con paresia fue, significativamente, más frecuente presentar contusión cerebral asociada, 47,1% vs 12,9%; (2) el sexo masculino fue, significativamente, más frecuente en el grupo con paresia, 70,59% vs 35,5%; (3) en ambos grupos, la mediana de MRP fue 1. Conclusión: La presencia de paresia vestibular en pacientes con VPPB secundario a TCE, no es un hallazgo infrecuente, en nuestro estudio, correspondió a un 35,4%, siendo este más frecuente en hombres. Adicionalmente, la contusión cerebral asociada es más frecuente en el grupo con paresia.
Introduction: Head trauma can generate vertigo, dizziness and instability. Possible otorhinolaryngologic causes are benign paroxysmal postural vertigo (BPPV), which is the most frequent diagnosis, and vestibular hypofunction. Aim: To describe the prevalence of vestibular hypofunction in a group of patients with BPPV associated with head trauma. We studied the clinical characteristics, vestibular function test findings and the number of (PRM). Material and Method: Retrospective study of patients with BPPV associated with head trauma who underwent particle repositioning maneuvers (PRM) during the years 2017 to 2021. Clinical characteristics, vestibular function test findings and the number of PRM were evaluated. Results: 48 patents were included. The mean age was 60.8 ± 16.5 years old, 52% were women. The prevalence of patients with concomitant vestibular paresis was 35.4%. When comparing the groups with and without paresis the following was observed: (1) associated brain contusions were significatively more frequent in the paresis group, 47.1% vs 12.9%; (2) male sex was significatively more frequent in the paresis group, 70.59% vs 35.5%; (3) in both groups, the median of needed PRM was 1. Conclusion: The presence of vestibular paresis in patients with BPPV secondary to head trauma is not an infrequent finding. In our study, its prevalence was 35.4%, being significatively more frequent in men. Also, associated brain contusions were significatively more frequent in the paresis group.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Vestibular Diseases/complications , Vestibular Diseases/epidemiology , Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo/diagnosis , Brain Injuries, Traumatic , Chi-Square Distribution , Prevalence , Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with hypopituitarism with a variable incidence, depending on the time and methods used to diagnosis, and on factors related to the trauma, such as its severity, its anatomical location and the drugs used in the acute phase. The pituitary gland can be damaged directly by the impact or secondary to factors such as ischemia, inflammation, excitotoxicity or immunity. In acute phases ACTH deficiency is the most relevant, since failure to detect and treat it can compromise the patient's life. Clinical manifestations are typical of each hormone deficient axes, although the combination hypopituitarism-trauma has been associated with cognitive deterioration, worse metabolic profile and greater impairment of quality of life. One of the clinical challenges is to determine which patients benefit from a systematic hormonal evaluation, and therefore from hormone replacement, and what is the appropriate time to do so and the most suitable diagnostic methods.
Subject(s)
Brain Injuries, Traumatic , Brain Injuries , Hypopituitarism , Humans , Adult , Neuroendocrinology , Quality of Life , Brain Injuries/complications , Brain Injuries/epidemiology , Hypopituitarism/diagnosis , Hypopituitarism/etiology , Hypopituitarism/therapy , Brain Injuries, Traumatic/complications , Brain Injuries, Traumatic/therapy , Brain Injuries, Traumatic/metabolism , Hormones/therapeutic useABSTRACT
The widespread use of decompressive craniectomy and subsequent cranioplasty has led to a better understanding of its complications. However, cases of a sunken bone flap have hardly ever been described. We present the eighth case reported up to date and perform a review of the literature of this sporadic complication. A 40-year-old Caucasian male suffered a traumatic brain injury that required a decompressive craniectomy. One month after initial trauma autologous cranioplasty was performed. A ventriculoperitoneal shunt was also placed. Neurological status progressively improved but his therapist noted cognitive status decline 8 months later. Follow-up computed tomography showed a progressive sinking bone flap. The patient underwent bone flap removal and a custom-made calcium phosphate-based implant was inserted, leading to symptoms resolution. Bone resorption has been described as the main cause of sinking bone flap following cranioplasty. This entity may manifest with symptoms of overdrainage in patients with cerebrospinal fluid shunt devices (AU)
El uso extendido de la craniectomía descompresiva y la consiguiente craneoplastia ha propiciado un mejor conocimiento de sus complicaciones. Sin embargo, esporádicamente se han descrito casos de hundimiento del colgajo óseo. Describimos el octavo caso descrito hasta la fecha y realizamos una revisión de la literatura de esta infrecuente complicación. Un varón de 40 años sufrió un traumatismo craneoencefálico que requirió craniectomía descompresiva. Un mes después se sometió a la reposición de su colgajo óseo, junto con la implantación de una derivación ventriculoperitoneal. Presentó mejoría neurológica progresiva que se frenó y empeoró ocho meses después. La tomografía computarizada de control mostró hundimiento progresivo del colgajo óseo. El paciente se sometió a la retirada del colgajo óseo y cranioplastia con implante a medida, con resolución de los síntomas. La resorción ósea se ha descrito como la principal causa del hundimiento del colgajo óseo tras cranioplastia. Sin embargo, esta entidad puede manifestarse como síntomas de sobredrenaje en pacientes con derivación de líquido cefalorraquídeo (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Brain Injuries, Traumatic/complications , Brain Injuries, Traumatic/surgery , Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts , Postoperative Care , Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important health and social problem. The mechanism of damage of this entity could be divided into two phases: (1) a primary acute injury because of the traumatic event; and (2) a secondary injury due to the hypotension and hypoxia generated by the previous lesion, which leads to ischemia and necrosis of neural cells. Cerebral edema is one of the most important prognosis markers observed in TBI. In the early stages of TBI, the cerebrospinal fluid compensates the cerebral edema. However, if edema increases, this mechanism fails, increasing intracranial pressure. To avoid this chain effect, several treatments are applied in the clinical practice, including elevation of the head of the bed, maintenance of normothermia, pain and sedation drugs, mechanical ventilation, neuromuscular blockade, controlled hyperventilation, and fluid therapy (FT). The goal of FT is to improve the circulatory system to avoid the lack of oxygen to organs. Therefore, rapid and early infusion of large volumes of crystalloids is performed in clinical practice to restore blood volume and blood pressure. Despite the relevance of FT in the early management of TBI, there are few clinical trials regarding which solution is better to apply. The aim of this study is to provide a narrative review about the role of the different types of FT used in the daily clinical practice on the management of TBI. To achieve this objective, a physiopathological approach to this entity will be also performed, summarizing why the different types of FT are used (AU)
El traumatismo craneoencefálico (TCE) es un importante problema sanitario y social. El mecanismo de daño de esta entidad se podría dividir en dos fases: 1) una lesión aguda primaria a causa del evento traumático, y 2) una lesión secundaria por la hipotensión e hipoxia generada por la lesión anterior, que conduce a la isquemia y necrosis de las células neurales. El edema cerebral es uno de los marcadores pronósticos más importantes observados en el TCE. En las primeras etapas de TCE, el líquido cefalorraquídeo compensa el edema cerebral. Sin embargo, si aumenta el edema, este mecanismo falla, aumentando la presión intracraneal. Para evitar este efecto en cadena, en la práctica clínica se aplican varios tratamientos, entre ellos la elevación de la cabecera de la cama, el mantenimiento de la normotermia, los fármacos para el dolor y la sedación, la ventilación mecánica, el bloqueo neuromuscular, la hiperventilación controlada y la fluidoterapia (FT). El objetivo de la FT es mejorar el sistema circulatorio para evitar la falta de oxígeno a los órganos. Por lo tanto, en la práctica clínica se realiza una infusión rápida y temprana de grandes volúmenes de cristaloides para restablecer el volumen sanguíneo y la presión arterial. A pesar de la relevancia de la FT en el manejo temprano del TCE, existen pocos ensayos clínicos sobre qué solución es mejor aplicar. El objetivo de este estudio es proporcionar una revisión narrativa sobre el papel de los diferentes tipos de FT utilizados en la práctica clínica diaria en el manejo del TCE. Para lograr este objetivo, también se realizará un abordaje fisiopatológico de esta entidad, resumiendo por qué se utilizan los diferentes tipos de FT (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Brain Injuries, Traumatic/therapy , Edema/therapy , Fluid Therapy , Brain Injuries, Traumatic/complications , Blood Pressure , Edema/etiologyABSTRACT
Introducción: El daño cerebral adquirido (DCA) se define como una lesión neurológica, acaecida de forma aguda, en algún momento de la vida provocando deficiencia o pérdida de capacidad funcional. En el año 2019 se crea un documento específico por parte del defensor del pueblo señalando la relevancia de la atención a esta entidad en la edad pediátrica. Pacientes y método: Se presenta el proceso de creación y la casuística de atención de una de las primeras unidades de atención integral al DCA en fase subaguda en edad pediátrica dentro del sistema público de salud.Resultados: Se han elaborado diferentes guías clínicas sobre el proceso de admisión y atención dentro de la unidad, tanto al paciente como a sus familiares. Se han atendido 24 pacientes ≤18 años, ingresados en la unidad de DCA en fase subaguda desde noviembre de 2019 hasta julio de 2021, 12 provenientes de la Comunidad de Madrid. La mediana de edad fue de 6,97 años. El mecanismo traumático fue el más frecuente predominando las causas iatrogénicas, seguido de la precipitación y los accidentes relacionados con vehículos. A su ingreso en la unidad, 8 mantenían un estado de mínima conciencia/vegetativo. Se requirió la colaboración de hasta 14 especialistas diferentes dada la complejidad de los pacientes. La evolución fue globalmente favorable en 23 casos, con secuelas en todos ellos. Conclusión: Es de vital importancia la creación de unidades especializadas en la atención al DCA en edad pediátrica con protocolos de actuación específicos y un trabajo coordinado trans- y multidisciplinar.(AU)
Introduction: Acquired brain injury (ABI) is defined as a neurological injury, acutely occurred, at some point in life causing impairment or loss of functional capacity. In 2019, a specific document was created by the Ombudsman pointing out the relevance of attention to this entity in the pediatric age. Patients and method: The process of creation and the casuistry of care of one of the first comprehensive care units for subacute ACD in pediatric age within the public health system is presented. Results: Different clinical guidelines have been prepared on the admission and care process within the unit, both for patients and their relatives. Twenty-four patients ≤18 years old, admitted to the subacute phase ACD unit from November 2019 to July 2021, 12 coming from the Community of Madrid, were attended. The median age was 6.97 years. Traumatic mechanism was the most frequent, with iatrogenic causes predominating, followed by precipitation and vehicle-related accidents. On admission to the unit, 8 maintained a minimally conscious/vegetative state. The collaboration of up to 14 different specialists was required due to the complexity of the patients. The overall evolution was favorable in 23 cases, with sequelae in all of them. Conclusion: The creation of units specialized in pediatric ACD care with specific action protocols and coordinated trans- and multidisciplinary work is of vital importance.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Brain Damage, Chronic , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Brain Injuries, Traumatic , Stroke , Pediatrics , Retrospective Studies , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
Introducción: El aumento de la presión intracraneal se ha asociado a un pronóstico neurológicodesfavorable y a un incremento en la mortalidad en pacientes con traumatismo craneoencefálico grave. Tradicionalmente, las terapias para disminuir la presión intracraneal se administranutilizando un enfoque progresivo, reservando el uso de opciones más agresivas para los casossin respuesta a intervenciones de primer nivel, o de hipertensión intracraneal refractaria. Desarrollo: El valor terapéutico de las intervenciones de rescate para la hipertensión intracraneal, así como el momento adecuado para su uso ha sido debatido constantemente en laliteratura. En esta revisión, discutiremos las principales opciones de tratamiento para la hipertensión intracraneal refractaria posterior a un traumatismo craneoencefálico grave en adultos.Tenemos la intención de llevar a cabo una revisión en profundidad de los ensayos controladosaleatorios más representativos sobre las diferentes intervenciones terapéuticas de rescate,incluyendo la craniectomía descompresiva, hipotermia terapéutica y barbitúricos. Además,discutiremos las perspectivas futuras de estas opciones de tratamiento. Conclusiones: La evidencia parece mostrar que se puede reducir la mortalidad al utilizar estasintervenciones de rescate como terapia de último nivel, sin embargo, este beneficio vieneacompanado de una discapacidad severa. La decisión de realizar o no estas intervencionesdebe ser individualizada y centrada en el paciente. El desarrollo e integración de diferentesvariables fisiológicas a través de monitorización multimodal es de suma importancia para poderproporcionar información pronóstica más sólida a los pacientes que enfrentan este tipo dedecisiones.(AU)
Introduction: Increased intracranial pressure has been associated with poor neurological out-comes and increased mortality in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Traditionally,intracranial pressure-lowering therapies are administered using an escalating approach, withmore aggressive options reserved for patients showing no response to first-tier interventions,or with refractory intracranial hypertension. Development: The therapeutic value and the appropriate timing for the use of rescue treat-ments for intracranial hypertension have been a subject of constant debate in literature. Inthis review, we discuss the main management options for refractory intracranial hypertensionafter severe traumatic brain injury in adults. We intend to conduct an in-depth revision of themost representative randomised controlled trials on the different rescue treatments, includingdecompressive craniectomy, therapeutic hypothermia, and barbiturates. We also discuss futureperspectives for these management options. Conclusions: The available evidence appears to show that mortality can be reduced whenrescue interventions are used as last-tier therapy; however, this benefit comes at the cost ofsevere disability. The decision of whether to perform these interventions should always bepatient-centred and made on an individual basis. The development and integration of differentphysiological variables through multimodality monitoring is of the utmost importance to providemore robust prognostic information to patients facing these challenging decisions.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Brain Injuries, Traumatic , Intracranial Hypertension , Barbiturates , Hypothermia , Decompressive Craniectomy , Neurology , Nervous System DiseasesABSTRACT
Introdução: Trauma cranioencefálico é causa importante de morbimortalidade e incapacidades, principalmente em indivíduos com idade inferior a 45 anos. Doenças neurológicas possuem um processo de recuperação lenta, requerem internação prolongada e, consequentemente, predispõem os pacientes a complicações. Objetivo: Descrever a evolução clínica e a sobrevida de pacientes vítimas de traumatismo crânioencefálico internados em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Método: Estudo transversal com delineamento descritivo e abordagem quantitativa. Resultados: No período do estudo, foram internadas 33 pessoas diagnosticadas com traumatismo cranioencefálico numa Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neurológica Adulta de um hospital de ensino no Noroeste Paulista. Em relação ao perfil, 75,7% dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino e a faixa etária predominante de 31 a 59 anos (51,5%). Quanto à causa do trauma, o principal motivo foi a queda, com valor equivalente a 57,58%. Quanto à classificação da lesão, 57,58% foram traumas graves e 66,67% receberam tratamento cirúrgico. O tempo médio de permanência na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva foi superior a 7 dias (42,4%). Sobre a evolução clínica, 42,42% necessitaram de cateter para monitoração da pressão intracraniana, 63,64% foram submetidos à ventilação mecânica invasiva e 78,79% fizeram uso de drogas vasoativas sendo a mais utilizada a Noradrenalina em 67,65% dos casos, seguida do Nitroprussiato de sódio (Nipride®) em 17,65% e a Vasopressina em 14,70%, associada a Noradrenalina. Complicações ocorreram em 54,5% dos pacientes, sendo mais frequente a pneumonia, com 47,83%. O desfecho clínico foi a alta hospitalar para 75,76%, enquanto 12% apresentaram sequelas neurológicas. Conclusão: A maioria dos pacientes necessitou de monitoração da pressão intracraniana, ventilação mecânica e drogas vasoativas. Por ocasião da alta hospitalar, se observou uma pequena porcentagem de pacientes com sequelas neurológicas, reforçando a importância, expertise e competência da equipe multiprofissional no trabalho assistencial em unidades de neurointensivismo.
Introduction: Cranioencephalic trauma is an important cause of morbidity, mortality and disability, especially in individuals under the age of 45. Neurological diseases have a slow recovery process, require prolonged hospitalization and, consequently, predispose patients to complications. Objective: To describe the clinical evolution and survival of patients suffering from traumatic brain injury admitted to an Intensive Care Unit. Method: Cross-sectional study with a descriptive design and quantitative approach. Results: During the study period, 33 people diagnosed with traumatic brain injury were admitted to an Adult Neurological Intensive Care Unit of a teaching hospital in the Northwest of São Paulo. Regarding the profile, 75.7% of patients were male and the predominant age range was 31 to 59 years old (51.5%). As for the cause of the trauma, the main reason was the fall, with a value equivalent to 57.58%. Regarding the classification of the injury, 57.58% were severe traumas and 66.67% received surgical treatment. The average length of stay in the Intensive Care Unit was more than 7 days (42.4%). Regarding clinical evolution, 42.42% required an catheter to monitor intracranial pressure, 63.64% underwent invasive mechanical ventilation and 78.79% used vasoactive drugs, with Noradrenaline being the most used in 67.65% of cases, followed by sodium nitroprusside (Nipride®) in 17.65% and vasopressin in 14.70%, associated with noradrenaline. Complications occurred in 54.5% of patients, with pneumonia being the most common, with 47.83%. The clinical outcome was hospital discharge for 75.76%, while 12% had neurological sequelae. Conclusion: Most patients required intracranial pressure monitoring, mechanical ventilation and vasoactive drugs. At the time of hospital discharge, a small percentage of patients with neurological sequelae were observed, reinforcing the importance, expertise and competence of the multidisciplinary team in care work in neurointensive care units
Introducción: El trauma craneoencefálico es una causa importante de morbilidad, mortalidad y discapacidad, especialmente en individuos menores de 45 años. Las enfermedades neurológicas tienen un proceso de recuperación lento, requieren hospitalización prolongada y, en consecuencia, predisponen a los pacientes a sufrir complicaciones. Objetivo: Describir la evolución clínica y supervivencia de pacientes con traumatismo craneoencefálico ingresados en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Método: Estudio transversal con diseño descriptivo y enfoque cuantitativo. Resultados: Durante el período de estudio, 33 personas diagnosticadas con lesión cerebral traumática fueron internadas en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neurológicos de Adultos de un hospital universitario del Noroeste de São Paulo. En cuanto al perfil, el 75,7% de los pacientes fueron del sexo masculino y el rango de edad predominante fue de 31 a 59 años (51,5%). En cuanto a la causa del traumatismo, el motivo principal fue la caída, con un valor equivalente al 57,58%. En cuanto a la clasificación de la lesión, el 57,58% fueron traumatismos graves y el 66,67% recibió tratamiento quirúrgico. La estancia media en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos fue superior a 7 días (42,4%). En cuanto a la evolución clínica, el 42,42% requirió catéter para monitorizar la presión intracraneal, el 63,64% recibió ventilación mecánica invasiva y el 78,79% utilizó fármacos vasoactivos, siendo la noradrenalina la más utilizada en el 67,65% de los casos, seguida del nitroprusiato de sodio (Nipride®) en 17,65% y vasopresina en 14,70%, asociada a noradrenalina. Las complicaciones ocurrieron en el 54,5% de los pacientes, siendo la neumonía la más común, con el 47,83%. El resultado clínico fue el alta hospitalaria para el 75,76%, mientras que el 12% tuvo secuelas neurológicas. Conclusión: La mayoría de los pacientes requirieron monitorización de la presión intracraneal, ventilación mecánica y fármacos vasoactivos. Al momento del alta hospitalaria se observó un pequeño porcentaje de pacientes con secuelas neurológicas, lo que refuerza la importancia, experiencia y competencia del equipo multidisciplinario en el trabajo asistencial en las unidades de cuidados neurointensivos
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Brain Injuries, Traumatic/mortality , Survival Analysis , Cross-Sectional Studies , Intensive Care UnitsABSTRACT
Introducción: El neurotrauma es una condición que puede dar paso a una hipertensión intracraneana, situación que es muy grave. Los métodos diagnósticos de elección son los invasivos, aun así, los no invasivos y entre ellos la ecografía del nervio óptico, ofrecen muchísimas ventajas. Objetivo: Describir elementos esenciales de la ecografía de nervio óptico como método para diagnosticar hipertensión intracraneal en pacientes adultos con neurotrauma. Métodos: Se hizo una revisión de la literatura más reciente sin restricción lingüística o geográfica en las bases de datos PubMed y SciELO, se usaron términos afines al tema del artículo y se realizó una valoración crítica sobre la bibliografía consultada. Resultados: La literatura disponible sobre la ecografía del nervio óptico en la determinación de la hipertensión intracraneal es abundante y la mayoría apunta a sus beneficios como método no invasivo. La principal debilidad del mismo es que no es capaz de dar un valor exacto y esto se debe a que el valor normal del diámetro de la vaina del nervio óptico por cada persona puede variar significativamente. La proporción directa entre el diámetro de la vaina del nervio óptico y la presión intracraneal es un hecho que ningún autor intenta invalidar. Conclusiones: La ecografía del nervio óptico es un método seguro, accesible económicamente, no invasivo, fácil de usar y con un valor predictivo confiable para determinar la hipertensión intracraneal(AU)
Introduction: Neurotrauma is a condition that can lead to intracranial hypertension, which is a very serious situation. The diagnostic methods of choice are the invasive ones, even so, the non-invasive ones offer many advantages, the ultrasound of the optic nerve is among them. Objective: To describe essential elements of optic nerve ultrasound as a method to diagnose intracranial hypertension in adult patients with neurotrauma. Methods: A review of the most recent literature was made without linguistic or geographical restrictions in databases such as PubMed and SciELO, terms related to the theme of the manuscript were used. A critical assessment of the consulted bibliography was made. Results: The available literature on optic nerve ultrasound in the determination of intracranial hypertension is abundant and most points to the benefits as a non-invasive method. However, its main weakness lies in the fact that it is not capable of giving an exact value, due to the fact that the normal value of the diameter of the optic nerve sheath for each person can vary significantly. The direct relationship between optic nerve sheath diameter and intracranial pressure is a fact that no author attempts to invalidate. Conclusions: Optic nerve ultrasound is a safe, affordable, non-invasive, easy-to-use method with a reliable predictive value to determine intracranial hypertension(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Intracranial Pressure , Ultrasonography/methods , Brain Injuries, TraumaticABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) has been associated with poor neurological outcomes and increased mortality in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Traditionally, ICP-lowering therapies are administered using an escalating approach, with more aggressive options reserved for patients showing no response to first-tier interventions, or with refractory intracranial hypertension. DEVELOPMENT: The therapeutic value and the appropriate timing for the use of rescue treatments for intracranial hypertension have been a subject of constant debate in literature. In this review, we discuss the main management options for refractory intracranial hypertension after severe TBI in adults. We intend to conduct an in-depth revision of the most representative randomised controlled trials on the different rescue treatments, including decompressive craniectomy, therapeutic hypothermia, and barbiturates. We also discuss future perspectives for these management options. CONCLUSIONS: The available evidence appears to show that mortality can be reduced when rescue interventions are used as last-tier therapy; however, this benefit comes at the cost of severe disability. The decision of whether to perform these interventions should always be patient-centred and made on an individual basis. The development and integration of different physiological variables through multimodality monitoring is of the utmost importance to provide more robust prognostic information to patients facing these challenging decisions.
Subject(s)
Brain Injuries, Traumatic , Decompressive Craniectomy , Hypothermia, Induced , Intracranial Hypertension , Adult , Humans , Intracranial Pressure/physiology , Brain Injuries, Traumatic/therapy , Brain Injuries, Traumatic/surgery , Intracranial Hypertension/therapy , Intracranial Hypertension/surgery , Barbiturates/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important health and social problem. The mechanism of damage of this entity could be divided into two phases: (1) a primary acute injury because of the traumatic event; and (2) a secondary injury due to the hypotension and hypoxia generated by the previous lesion, which leads to ischemia and necrosis of neural cells. Cerebral edema is one of the most important prognosis markers observed in TBI. In the early stages of TBI, the cerebrospinal fluid compensates the cerebral edema. However, if edema increases, this mechanism fails, increasing intracranial pressure. To avoid this chain effect, several treatments are applied in the clinical practice, including elevation of the head of the bed, maintenance of normothermia, pain and sedation drugs, mechanical ventilation, neuromuscular blockade, controlled hyperventilation, and fluid therapy (FT). The goal of FT is to improve the circulatory system to avoid the lack of oxygen to organs. Therefore, rapid and early infusion of large volumes of crystalloids is performed in clinical practice to restore blood volume and blood pressure. Despite the relevance of FT in the early management of TBI, there are few clinical trials regarding which solution is better to apply. The aim of this study is to provide a narrative review about the role of the different types of FT used in the daily clinical practice on the management of TBI. To achieve this objective, a physiopathological approach to this entity will be also performed, summarizing why the different types of FT are used.
Subject(s)
Brain Edema , Brain Injuries, Traumatic , Humans , Brain Edema/etiology , Brain Edema/therapy , Brain Edema/pathology , Brain Injuries, Traumatic/therapy , Brain Injuries, Traumatic/complications , Fluid Therapy/adverse effects , Blood PressureABSTRACT
El traumatismo craneoencefálico es una entidad heterogénea y dinámica cuya característica común, cualquiera que sea su etiología, es la disminución de la perfusión cerebral en las horas siguientes al impacto. Dado que las lesiones cerebrales por hipoxia,pueden producirse en momentos variables tras el traumatismo, la monitorización de la hipoxia, la disfunción metabólica, la hipertensión intracraneal y la actividad comicial deben detectarse de forma precoz para evitar secuelas. La neuromonitorización va a permitir detectar esas posibles anomalías que pueda comprometer el adecuado aporte de oxígeno y sustrato metabólico a las células cerebrales. A pesar de que, en los últimos años, se han incrementado las herramientas de medición de oximetría cerebral, en nuestro país su uso sigue siendo todavía muy limitado y la monitorización se basa, fundamentalmente, en la observación de la presión intracraneal y la presión de perfusión cerebral, insuficiente para garantizar una adecuada oxigenación cerebral. El objetivo de esta revisión pretende integrar la fisiopatología del traumatismo craneoencefálico con las distintas técnicas de neuromonitorización, proporcionando así un manejo actualizado y más individualizado que mejore el pronóstico del enfermo neurocrítico. (AU)
Trauma brain injury is a heterogeneous and dynamic entity characterized, whatever its etiology, by a decrease in cerebral perfusion the first hours after the impact. Brain injury due to hypoxia can occur after trauma, so monitoring brain hypoxia, metabolic dysfunction, intracranial hypertension and seizure activity must be detected early to prevent brain sequelae. Neuromonitoring will detect those anomalies that could compromise the adequate oxygen supply and substrates of cerebral metabolism. Despite cerebral oximetry monitoring has increased in recent years, unfortunately very limited in our country, neuromonitoring is often based on intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure, insufficient to measure cerebral oxygenation. The objective of this review is to integrate the pathophysiology of trauma brain injury with the different neuromonitoring techniques to provide an updated and more individualized management that improves the prognosis of neurocritical patients. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Brain Injuries, Traumatic/classification , Brain Injuries, Traumatic/physiopathology , Intracranial Hypertension , Cerebrovascular Circulation , Monitoring, Physiologic/methods , HematomaABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To compare the ability of the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, the GCS Pupils (GCS-P) score, and the Pupil Reactivity Score (PRS) to predict mortality in patients with severe head injury. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of all patients with severe head injury and initial GCS scores of 8 or lower on initial evaluation for whom records included pupil dilation information and clinical course after admission to intensive care units of participating hospitals. We assessed the ability of each of the 3 scores (GCS, GCS-P, and PRS) to predict mortality using discrimination analysis. Discrimination was estimated by calculating the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) and 95% CIs. RESULTS: A total of 1551 patients with severe head injury and pupil dilation records were studied. The mean age was 50 years, 1190 (76.7%) were males, and 592 (38.2%) died. No pupil dilation was observed in 905 patients (58.3%), 362 (23.3%) had unilateral mydriasis, and 284 (18.3%) had bilateral mydriasis. The GCS-P score was significantly better at predicting mortality, with an AUC of 0.77 (95% CI, 0.74-0.79), versus 0.69 (95% CI, 0.67-0.72) for the GCS, and 0.75 (95% CI, 0.72-0.77) for the PRS. As the GCS-P score decreased, mortality increased. CONCLUSION: The GCS-P was more useful than the GCS for predicting death after severe head injury.
OBJETIVO: Analizar la capacidad para predecir la mortalidad hospitalaria de la Escala de Coma de Glasgow con valoración pupilar (GCS-P) comparado con la Escala de Coma de Glasgow (GCS) y con la escala de reactividad pupilar (PRS) en pacientes con traumatismo craneoencefálico (TCE) grave. METODO: Análisis retrospectivo de cohortes de todos los pacientes con TCE, puntuación en la GCS # 8 en la atención inicial, datos de exploración pupilar inicial y del desenlace hospitalario ingresados en las unidades de cuidados intensivos participantes. Se determinó la capacidad predictiva de mortalidad de la GCS, PRS y la GCS-P mediante un análisis de discriminación. La discriminación se analizó empleando curvas operativas del receptor (COR), el área bajo la curva (ABC) y su intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC 95%). RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 1.551 pacientes con TCE grave y datos sobre exploración pupilar. La edad media fue de 50 años, 1.190 (76,7%) eran hombres, y hubo 592 (38,2%) defunciones. Hubo 905 (58,3%) pacientes sin alteraciones pupilares, 362 (23,3%) con midriasis unilateral y 284 (18,3%) pacientes con midriasis bilateral. El análisis del ABCCOR para predecir la mortalidad hospitalaria mostró de forma significativa una mejor capacidad predictiva del GCS-P con ABC = 0,77 (IC 95% 0,74-0,79) respecto al GCS con ABC = 0,69 (IC 95% 0,67-0,72). La reactividad pupilar mostró un ABC = 0,75 (IC 95% 0,72-0,77). Se observó un incremento de mortalidad con la disminución del GCS-P. CONCLUSIONES: La escala GCS-P presentó mejor rendimiento que la GCS para predecir mortalidad en el TCE grave.