Biotechnological Potential of Araucaria angustifolia Pine Nuts Extract and the Cysteine Protease Inhibitor AaCI-2S.

Protease inhibitors are involved in the regulation of endogenous cysteine proteases during seed development and play a defensive role because of their ability to inhibit exogenous proteases such as those present in the digestive tracts of insects. Araucaria angustifolia seeds, which can be used in human and animal feed, were investigated for their potential for the development of agricultural biotechnology and in the field of human health. In the pine nuts extract, which blocked the activities of cysteine proteases, it was detected potent insecticidal activity against termites (Nasutitermes corniger) belonging to the most abundant termite genus in tropical regions. The cysteine inhibitor (AaCI-2S) was purified by ion-exchange, size exclusion, and reversed-phase chromatography. Its functional and structural stability was confirmed by spectroscopic and circular dichroism studies, and by detection of inhibitory activity at different temperatures and pH values. Besides having activity on cysteine proteases from C. maculatus digestive tract, AaCI-2S inhibited papain, bromelain, ficin, and cathepsin L and impaired cell proliferation in gastric and prostate cancer cell lines. These properties qualify A. angustifolia seeds as a protein source with value properties of natural insecticide and to contain a protease inhibitor with the potential to be a bioactive molecule on different cancer cells.

Effects of two protease inhibitors from Bauhinia bauhinoides with different specificity towards gut enzymes of Nasutitermes corniger and its survival.

Two recombinant protease inhibitors from Bauhinia bauhinioides, rBbKI (kallikrein inhibitor) and rBbCI (cruzipain inhibitor) were evaluated for insecticidal activity against workers and soldiers of Nasutitermes corniger (order: Isoptera; family: Termitidae) through the inhibitors' effect on the insect's gut enzymes. The inhibitor rBbKI was more effective than rBbCI in inhibiting the termite's gut enzymes. The kallikrein inhibitor showed termiticidal activity in workers with an LC50 of 0.9 mg mL-1 after 4 days. Conversely, rBbKI did not affect the survival of soldiers and rBbCI did not show termiticidal activity against N. corniger. The two inhibitors showed different specificity towards the termite's gut enzymes, representing interesting tools to characterize N. corniger enzymes. The different effects of rBbKI and rBbCI on the termite's enzymes and survival may be linked to slight structural differences between these inhibitors.

Essential oils from Varronia curassavica (Cordiaceae) accessions and their compounds (E)-caryophyllene and α-humulene as an alternative to control Dorymyrmex thoracius (Formicidae: Dolichoderinae).

The process of urbanization of natural environments has dramatically increased the incidence of pest insects. To control these organisms in urban environments, the last decades have been marked by an increase in the use of synthetic insecticides. However, the intensive and indiscriminate use of synthetic insecticides has provoked a series of environmental problems and human health. In this way, the concern and the searching for environmentally safer alternatives for the control of urban pests is increasing. In the present study we evaluated the lethal and sublethal effects of essential oils (EOs) of six accessions of Varronia curassavica (Jacq.) (Cordiaceae) and their constituents (E)-caryophyllene and α-humulene on the ant Dorymyrmex thoracicus Gallardo, 1916 (Formicidae: Dolichoderinae), a species commonly found in urban environments and which can cause damage to human health. Bioassays of fumigation toxicity and locomotor activity in partially treated arenas were performed. The lethal concentrations to kill 50% of the D. thoracicus population ranged from 0.69 to 2.48 µL/L for EOs and from 3.75 to 1.49 µL/L for the (E)-caryophyllene and α-humulene compounds. The survival of the ants exposed to LC95 of the treatments was reduced over time, ranging from 4.2 to 35.6 h to kill 50% of the D. thoracicus population. In general, EOs of V. curassavica caused repellency and affected the locomotor activity of the ants. Our results indicate that EOs of V. curassavica are a promising source for the control of the urban ant D. thoracicus.

Description of a new soft scale insect of the genus Pulvinaria Targioni Tozzetti (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Coccidae) from Bogota, Colombia.

A new soft scale (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) species, Pulvinariacaballeroramosae Tanaka & Kondo, sp. n., is described from specimens collected on twigs of Ficussoatensis Dugand (Moraceae) in Bogota, Colombia. The new species resembles Pulvinariadrymiswinteri Kondo & Gullan, described from Chile on Drimyswinteri J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Winteraceae), but differs in the distribution of preopercular pores on the dorsum, the presence of dorsal tubular ducts, dorsal microducts, and reticulation on the anal plates; and in its feeding habits, i.e., Pulvinariacaballeroramosae feeds on the twigs whereas Pulvinariadrymiswinteri feeds on the leaves of its host. A key to the Colombian species of Pulvinaria Targioni Tozzetti is provided.

Evaluation of growth and foraging in laboratory colonies of Coptotermes gestroi (Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae).

Coptotermes gestroi is an exotic species in Brazil that forages on several food items at the same time. Different laboratory tests were performed with 6-year-old colonies of this termite in order to follow the development and displacement of these colonies, considering which castes and instars were transferred or moved from their original chamber. Two bioassays were carried out, one with similar alternative foods (Pinus sp. sawdust), and the other with different alternative foods (large block of Pinus taeda and small block of Pinus elliottii). The colonies of C. gestroi did not show preferences in the allocation of foragers when they had alternative similar foods. However, they were found in the chamber that contained the small block of P. elliottii, when termites had the alternative of different blocks of Pinus, indicating an environment most favorable for the nucleus of the colony (royal cup and brood). Many factors may have influenced this choice as more nutritive alimentary resource for brood or the presentation of the food, which allowed better colony accommodation. C. gestroi did not have difficulties of migration from one chamber to another and this characteristic may be a risk factor in urban infestations of this severe pest.

Mortalidade de Blattella germanica (l. ) (Blattodea: Blattellidae) em função da porcentagem de exposição aos inseticidas e do tipo de superfície, antes e após a lavagem / Mortality of Blattella germanica (l. ) (Blattodea: Blattellidae) in relation to the percentage of exposure to pesticides and type of surface, before and after washing

Entre as espécies sinantrópicas de baratas, a barata alemã, Blattella germanica (L., 1767), é a mais importante por desenvolver altas populações em habitações. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a mortalidade de B. germanica exposta a diferentes áreas tratadas, com quantidade equivalente de inseticidas e verificar a mortalidade provocada por inseticidas em superfícies lisa e rugosa, antes e após lavagem. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no Departamento de Fitossanidade da UNESP/FCAV de Jaboticabal, SP. No primeiro experimento, a aplicação dos inseticidas foi realizada sobre placas de Petri, com áreas de exposição ao inseticida de 25, 50, 75 e 100%. No segundo, a aplicação foi realizada com pulverizador costal pressurizado, sobre superfícies lisa (de azulejo) e rugosa (de cimento), que posteriormente foram lavadas com detergente e água corrente. Foram utilizados os inseticidas cypermethrin (Cynoff 400 PM) 2,5 g p.c./L; deltamethrin (Deltagard WG 250) 1,0 g p.c./L; lambda-cyhalothrin (Icon 5 CE) 5,0 mL p.c./L e uma testemunha sem aplicação. Foram confinadas, por quinze minutos, cinco baratas adultas no primeiro experimento e dez no segundo. As avaliações de mortalidade foram realizadas 0, 1, 2, 4, 24, 48 e 72 horas após o confinamento. Assim, conclui-se que os inseticidas aplicados em 50%, 75% e 100% das áreas resultaram em alta mortalidade de B. germanica. Os inseticidas cypermethrin , deltamethrin e lambda-cyhalothrin foram eficientes no controle de B. germanica, antes da lavagem, na superfície lisa. A eficiência de controle dos inseticidas foi maior na superfície lisa que na superfície rugosa. Após a lavagem, a eficiência diminuiu em ambas as superfícies.

Among the species of synanthropic cockroaches, the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L., 1767) is the most important in terms of developing high populations in habitations. This study evaluated the mortality of B. germanica exposed to different areas treated with an equivalent amount of insecticides to verify the mortality caused by pesticides on smooth and rough surfaces, before and after washing. The experiments were carried out at the Departamento de Fitossanidade, UNESP/FCAV, Campus Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. In the first experiment, the insecticide was applied to Petri dishes, with areas of exposure to the insecticide of 25, 50, 75 and 100%. The second application was performed by pressurized spraying on smooth and rough surfaces, which were then washed with detergent and water after treatment. The insecticides used were cypermethrin (Cynoff 400 AM) 2.5 c.p. g/L, deltamethrin (250 Deltagard WG) 1.0 c.p. g/L; lambda-cyhalothrin (Icon 5 EC) c.p. 5.0 mL/L and an untreated plot (control). In the first experiment, 5 adult insects were enclosed for fifteen minutes, while 10 were enclosed in the second experiment. Mortality evaluations were performed at 0, 1, 2, 4, 24, 48 and 72 hours after confinement. It was found that the insecticides used in 50%, 75% and 100% of the area resulted in a high mortality of B. germanica. The insecticides cypermethrin, deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin proved efficient for the control of B. germanica, before the washing of the smooth surface. The effectiveness of these insecticides was greater on a smooth surface than a rough one. After washing, the effectiveness was lower for both surfaces.

Eficiência e efeito residual de inseticidas aplicados em diferentes superfícies para o controle de Blattella germanica (Linnaeus, 1767) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) / Efficiency and residual effect of insecticides applied on different surfaces for the control of Blattella germanica (Linnaeus, 1767) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)

Objetivou-se avaliar eficiência e efeito residual de inseticidas aplicados sobre azulejo (face lisa) e ardósia (rugosa) para o controle de Blattella germanica. Realizou-se o experimento no Departamento de Fitossanidade, UNESP-Jaboticabal, SP (de 3-5 a 2-8-2007). A população suscetível ao controle químico foi criada em sala não climatizada. Os tratamentos utilizados foram (dosagens em produtos comerciais): lambdacialotrina (Demand 2,5 CS) 10 mL/L (12,5 mg/m2); lambdacialotrina (Icon 5,0 CE) 5 mL/L (12,5 mg/m2); deltametrina (Deltagard WG) 2 saches/10 L (12,5 mg/m2); lambdacialotrina (Zeon 50CS) 5 mL/L (12,5 mg/m2); deltametrina (Deltek CS) 5 mL/L (6,25 mg/m2); Diclorvos (DDVP 1000CE) 5 mL/L (250 mg/m2) e testemunha. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os inseticidas foram aplicados com pulverizador pressurizado (350 kPa) e volume de 40 mL/m2. Uma hora após a aplicação, liberaram-se 10 baratas adultas para caminhar sobre a área tratada. Após 15 minutos foram retiradas e colocadas em potes para avaliações (0, 1, 2, 4, 24, 48 e 72 horas após a exposição). Placas tratadas foram mantidas em prateleiras para avaliar o efeito residual dos produtos 30, 60 e 90 dias após aplicação. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste Tukey. Concluiu-se que no dia da aplicação dos inseticidas não ocorre diferença entre as superfícies no controle de B. germanica. O efeito residual dos inseticidas foi maior na superfície lisa (azulejo) do que na superfície rugosa (ardósia). Os inseticidas lambdacialotrina e deltametrina (WG) proporcionaram excelente controle de B. germanica, até 90 dias após a aplicação.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency and residual effect of insecticides applied on tiles and slate for the control of Blattella germanica. The experiment was carried out in the Departamento de Fitossanidade, UNESP Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil, (May 3 to August 5, 2007). The population susceptible to chemical control was grown in a nonclimatized room. The treatments were lambda-cyhalothrin (Demand 2,5CS) 10 mL/L (12,5 mg/m2); lambda-cyhalothrin (Icon 5,0 CE) 5 mL/L (12,5 mg/m2); deltamethrin (Deltagard WG) 2 sachets/10 L (12,5 mg/m2); lambda-cyhalothrin (Zeon 50CS) 5 mL/L (12,5mg/m2); deltamethrin (Deltek CS) 5 mL/L (6,25 mg/m2); dichlorvos (DDVP 1000CE) 5 mL/L (250 mg/m2) and a control plot. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with four replicates. Insecticides were sprayed with a pressurized sprayer (350 kPa) at a volume of 40 mL/m2. After 1h, 10 adult German cockroaches were plotted over the treated area and stayed there for 15 min. They were then transferred to pots for evaluations (0, 1, 2, 4, 24, 48 and 72 h after exposition). Treated plates were kept on shelves to evaluate the residual effect of products 30, 60 and 90 days after application. Data was submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey test. The efficiency was calculated. It was concluded that on the application of insecticides there is no difference between the surfaces in the control of B. germanica. The residual effect was greater on a tiled surface in relation to slate. The insecticides lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin (WG) resulted in sufficient control up to 90 days after the spraying.

MORTALIDADE DE BLATTELLA GERMANICA (L.) (BLATTODEA: BLATTELLIDAE) EM FUNÇÃO DA PORCENTAGEM DE EXPOSIÇÃO AOS INSETICIDAS E DO TIPO DE SUPERFÍCIE, ANTES E APÓS A LAVAGEM

ABSTRACT Among the species of synanthropic cockroaches, the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L., 1767) is the most important in terms of developing high populations in habitations. This study evaluated the mortality of B. germanica exposed to different areas treated with an equivalent amount of insecticides to verify the mortality caused by pesticides on smooth and rough surfaces, before and after washing. The experiments were carried out at the Departamento de Fitossanidade, UNESP/FCAV, Campus Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. In the first experiment, the insecticide was applied to Petri dishes, with areas of exposure to the insecticide of 25, 50, 75 and 100%. The second application was performed by pressurized spraying on smooth and rough surfaces, which were then washed with detergent and water after treatment. The insecticides used were cypermethrin (Cynoff 400 AM) 2.5 c.p. g/L, deltamethrin (250 Deltagard WG) 1.0 c.p. g/L; lambda-cyhalothrin (Icon 5 EC) c.p. 5.0 mL/L and an untreated plot (control). In the first experiment, 5 adult insects were enclosed for fifteen minutes, while 10 were enclosed in the second experiment. Mortality evaluations were performed at 0, 1, 2, 4, 24, 48 and 72 hours after confinement. It was found that the insecticides used in 50%, 75% and 100% of the area resulted in a high mortality of B. germanica. The insecticides cypermethrin, deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin proved efficient for the control of B. germanica, before the washing of the smooth surface. The effectiveness of these insecticides was greater on a smooth surface than a rough one. After washing, the effectiveness was lower for both surfaces.

RESUMO Entre as espécies sinantrópicas de baratas, a barata alemã, Blattella germanica (L., 1767), é a mais importante por desenvolver altas populações em habitações. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a mortalidade de B. germanica exposta a diferentes áreas tratadas, com quantidade equivalente de inseticidas e verificar a mortalidade provocada por inseticidas em superfícies lisa e rugosa, antes e após lavagem. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no Departamento de Fitossanidade da UNESP/FCAV de Jaboticabal, SP. No primeiro experimento, a aplicação dos inseticidas foi realizada sobre placas de Petri, com áreas de exposição ao inseticida de 25, 50, 75 e 100%. No segundo, a aplicação foi realizada com pulverizador costal pressurizado, sobre superfícies lisa (de azulejo) e rugosa (de cimento), que posteriormente foram lavadas com detergente e água corrente. Foram utilizados os inseticidas cypermethrin (Cynoff 400 PM) 2,5 g p.c./L; deltamethrin (Deltagard WG 250) 1,0 g p.c./L; lambda-cyhalothrin (Icon 5 CE) 5,0 mL p.c./L e uma testemunha sem aplicação. Foram confinadas, por quinze minutos, cinco baratas adultas no primeiro experimento e dez no segundo. As avaliações de mortalidade foram realizadas 0, 1, 2, 4, 24, 48 e 72 horas após o confinamento. Assim, conclui-se que os inseticidas aplicados em 50%, 75% e 100% das áreas resultaram em alta mortalidade de B. germanica. Os inseticidas cypermethrin , deltamethrin e lambda-cyhalothrin foram eficientes no controle de B. germanica, antes da lavagem, na superfície lisa. A eficiência de controle dos inseticidas foi maior na superfície lisa que na superfície rugosa. Após a lavagem, a eficiência diminuiu em ambas as superfícies.

EFICIÊNCIA E EFEITO RESIDUAL DE INSETICIDAS APLICADOS EM DIFERENTES SUPERFÍCIES PARA O CONTROLE DE BLATTELLA GERMANICA (LINNAEUS, 1767) (DICTYOPTERA: BLATTELLIDAE)

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency and residual effect of insecticides applied on tiles and slate for the control of Blattella germanica. The experiment was carried out in the Departamento de Fitossanidade, UNESP Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil, (May 3 to August 5, 2007). The population susceptible to chemical control was grown in a nonclimatized room. The treatments were lambda-cyhalothrin (Demand 2,5CS) 10 mL/L (12,5 mg/m2); lambda-cyhalothrin (Icon 5,0 CE) 5 mL/L (12,5 mg/m2); deltamethrin (Deltagard WG) 2 sachets/10 L (12,5 mg/m2); lambda-cyhalothrin (Zeon 50CS) 5 mL/L (12,5mg/m2); deltamethrin (Deltek CS) 5 mL/L (6,25 mg/m2); dichlorvos (DDVP 1000CE) 5 mL/L (250 mg/m2) and a control plot. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with four replicates. Insecticides were sprayed with a pressurized sprayer (350 kPa) at a volume of 40 mL/m2. After 1h, 10 adult German cockroaches were plotted over the treated area and stayed there for 15 min. They were then transferred to pots for evaluations (0, 1, 2, 4, 24, 48 and 72 h after exposition). Treated plates were kept on shelves to evaluate the residual effect of products 30, 60 and 90 days after application. Data was submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey test. The efficiency was calculated. It was concluded that on the application of insecticides there is no difference between the surfaces in the control of B. germanica. The residual effect was greater on a tiled surface in relation to slate. The insecticides lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin (WG) resulted in sufficient control up to 90 days after the spraying.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar eficiência e efeito residual de inseticidas aplicados sobre azulejo (face lisa) e ardósia (rugosa) para o controle de Blattella germanica. Realizou-se o experimento no Departamento de Fitossanidade, UNESP-Jaboticabal, SP (de 3-5 a 2-8-2007). A população suscetível ao controle químico foi criada em sala não climatizada. Os tratamentos utilizados foram (dosagens em produtos comerciais): lambdacialotrina (Demand 2,5 CS) 10 mL/L (12,5 mg/m2); lambdacialotrina (Icon 5,0 CE) 5 mL/L (12,5 mg/m2); deltametrina (Deltagard WG) 2 saches/10 L (12,5 mg/m2); lambdacialotrina (Zeon 50CS) 5 mL/L (12,5 mg/m2); deltametrina (Deltek CS) 5 mL/L (6,25 mg/m2); Diclorvos (DDVP 1000CE) 5 mL/L (250 mg/m2) e testemunha. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os inseticidas foram aplicados com pulverizador pressurizado (350 kPa) e volume de 40 mL/m2. Uma hora após a aplicação, liberaram-se 10 baratas adultas para caminhar sobre a área tratada. Após 15 minutos foram retiradas e colocadas em potes para avaliações (0, 1, 2, 4, 24, 48 e 72 horas após a exposição). Placas tratadas foram mantidas em prateleiras para avaliar o efeito residual dos produtos 30, 60 e 90 dias após aplicação. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste Tukey. Concluiu-se que no dia da aplicação dos inseticidas não ocorre diferença entre as superfícies no controle de B. germanica. O efeito residual dos inseticidas foi maior na superfície lisa (azulejo) do que na superfície rugosa (ardósia). Os inseticidas lambdacialotrina e deltametrina (WG) proporcionaram excelente controle de B. germanica, até 90 dias após a aplicação.

Desenvolvimento de Periplaneta australasiae Fabricius (Blattodea, Blattidae) em temperatura constante de 30º c e em temperatura ambiente de laboratório / Development of Periplaneta australasiae Fabricius (Blattodea, Blattidae) at a constant temperature of 30° c and at ambient laboratory temperature

Objetivou-se avaliar o desenvolvimento de ovos e ninfas de Periplaneta australasiae (Fabricius) à temperatura de 30 ± 0,2° C, umidade relativa 80 ± 15% e fotofase de 12h e em condições ambientais de laboratório, sem controle de temperatura e umidade relativa; visando à subsídios para medidas de prevenção e controle. As ootecas foram individualizadas em tubos de ensaio até a eclosão. As ninfas foram transferidas para cubas de vidro e alimentadas com ração comercial para coelhos e água ad libitum até a emergência das imagos. Avaliou-se, período de incubação, número de ovos/ ooteca, viabilidade de ovos, número de ninfas/ooteca, período ninfal, viabilidade de ninfas e período ovo/adulto. A diferença do período médio de incubação à temperatura de 30° C (38 dias) e no ambiente (44,5 dias) foi significativa (p < 0,0001); eclodiram, em média 18,1 ninfas/ooteca a 30° C e 21 ninfas/ooteca em condições ambientais (p = 0,006); o período médio de ninfa a 30° C foi de 155,9 dias e no ambiente 279,7 dias (p < 0,0001); a viabilidade de ninfas foi superior a 50%, tanto a 30° C (55,1%) quanto em condições de laboratório (57,2%); no período médio de ovo-adulto de P. australasiae, houve diferença significativa (p< 0,001) entre a temperatura de 30 °C (194,1 dias) e em condições ambientais de laboratório (337,3 dias). Em condições de laboratório, os períodos de incubação, de ninfa e de ovo-adulto de P. australasiae foram aumentados em relação à temperatura de 30° C, não ocorrendo, entretanto, perda nem redução de viabilidade em nenhuma das fases.

With the objective of obtaining standards of measurement for prevention and control, this study compared the development of the eggs and nymphs of Periplaneta australasiae (Fabricius) at a temperature of 30 ± 0.2° C, relative humidity 80 ± 15% and photoperiod of 12 hours versus ambient conditions in the laboratory without controls of temperature and RH. Single ootheca were maintained in test tubes until ecolosion, and nymphs were transferred to glass cubes and fed commercial rabbit ration and water ad libitum until emergence of the imagos. The incubation period, number of eggs/ ootheca, viability of the eggs, number of nymphs/ootheca, nymphal duration, viability of nymphs and duration of egg to adult were all evaluated. The mean difference in the incubation period between the temperature of 30° C (38 days) and ambient conditions (44.5 days) was significant (p < 0.0001); a mean of 18.1 nymphs/ootheca ecloded at 30° C, while 21 nymphs/ootheca ecloded under ambient conditions (p = 0.006); the mean nymphal period at 30° C was 155.9 days while for the ambient it was 279.7 days (p < 0.0001); nymphal viability was greater than 50% for both the 30° C laboratory (55.1%) and the ambient (57.2%); and the mean period from egg to adult of P. australasiae was significantly different (p < 0.001) between the 30° C temperature (194.1 days) and the ambient conditions of the laboratory (337.3 days). Under ambient conditions, the duration of nymphal incubation and egg to adult development of P. australasiae were increased relative to the temperature of 30° C without a reduction in viability in any of the stages.

Genetic variability of Five Periplaneta americana L. (Dyctioptera: Blattidae) populations in southwestern Colombia using the AFLP molecular marker technique

The genetic structure of five Periplaneta americana (L.) populations from three cities (Cali, Popay¨¢n and Buenaventura) located in southwestern Colombia was estimated using the AFLP molecular marker technique. A set of 174 loci were analyzed, 120 of which were polymorphic. Genetic diversity was estimated at different geographic levels for the total population and between cities. Genetic diversity averaged 0.32. The largest gene flow was detected between two population from Cali (F ST = 0.088; Nm = 2.6) and the lowest from the third population in this city (Univalle) and Popay¨¢n and Buenaventura (F ST = 0.13; Nm = 1.6 and F ST = 0.12; Nm = 1.8, respectively). The individuals' low mobility, the population' geographic separation, and possibly genetic drift have resulted in the population of this cockroach species having a significant degree of structuring, both between cities (¦µst = 0.13; P < 0.001) and within them (¦µst = 0.87; P < 0.001). These results suggest a high degree of subdivision within the P. americana population studied.

DESENVOLVIMENTO DE PERIPLANETA AUSTRALASIAE FABRICIUS (BLATTODEA, BLATTIDAE) EM TEMPERATURA CONSTANTE DE 30º C E EM TEMPERATURA AMBIENTE DE LABORATÓRIO

ABSTRACT With the objective of obtaining standards of measurement for prevention and control, this study compared the development of the eggs and nymphs of Periplaneta australasiae (Fabricius) at a temperature of 30 ± 0.2° C, relative humidity 80 ± 15% and photoperiod of 12 hours versus ambient conditions in the laboratory without controls of temperature and RH. Single ootheca were maintained in test tubes until ecolosion, and nymphs were transferred to glass cubes and fed commercial rabbit ration and water ad libitum until emergence of the imagos. The incubation period, number of eggs/ ootheca, viability of the eggs, number of nymphs/ootheca, nymphal duration, viability of nymphs and duration of egg to adult were all evaluated. The mean difference in the incubation period between the temperature of 30° C (38 days) and ambient conditions (44.5 days) was significant (p 0.0001); a mean of 18.1 nymphs/ootheca ecloded at 30° C, while 21 nymphs/ootheca ecloded under ambient conditions (p = 0.006); the mean nymphal period at 30° C was 155.9 days while for the ambient it was 279.7 days (p 0.0001); nymphal viability was greater than 50% for both the 30° C laboratory (55.1%) and the ambient (57.2%); and the mean period from egg to adult of P. australasiae was significantly different (p 0.001) between the 30° C temperature (194.1 days) and the ambient conditions of the laboratory (337.3 days). Under ambient conditions, the duration of nymphal incubation and egg to adult development of P. australasiae were increased relative to the temperature of 30° C without a reduction in viability in any of the stages.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar o desenvolvimento de ovos e ninfas de Periplaneta australasiae (Fabricius) à temperatura de 30 ± 0,2° C, umidade relativa 80 ± 15% e fotofase de 12h e em condições ambientais de laboratório, sem controle de temperatura e umidade relativa; visando à subsídios para medidas de prevenção e controle. As ootecas foram individualizadas em tubos de ensaio até a eclosão. As ninfas foram transferidas para cubas de vidro e alimentadas com ração comercial para coelhos e água ad libitum até a emergência das imagos. Avaliou-se, período de incubação, número de ovos/ ooteca, viabilidade de ovos, número de ninfas/ooteca, período ninfal, viabilidade de ninfas e período ovo/adulto. A diferença do período médio de incubação à temperatura de 30° C (38 dias) e no ambiente (44,5 dias) foi significativa (p 0,0001); eclodiram, em média 18,1 ninfas/ooteca a 30° C e 21 ninfas/ooteca em condições ambientais (p = 0,006); o período médio de ninfa a 30° C foi de 155,9 dias e no ambiente 279,7 dias (p 0,0001); a viabilidade de ninfas foi superior a 50%, tanto a 30° C (55,1%) quanto em condições de laboratório (57,2%); no período médio de ovo-adulto de P. australasiae, houve diferença significativa (p 0,001) entre a temperatura de 30 °C (194,1 dias) e em condições ambientais de laboratório (337,3 dias). Em condições de laboratório, os períodos de incubação, de ninfa e de ovo-adulto de P. australasiae foram aumentados em relação à temperatura de 30° C, não ocorrendo, entretanto, perda nem redução de viabilidade em nenhuma das fases.

Caracterização da resistência de Blattella germanica (L. ) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) a Deltametrina e clorpirifós e relações de resistência cruzada com fipronil / Characterization of deltamethrin and chlorpyirifos resistance in Blattella germanica (L. ) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) and Cross-Resistance relationships to fipronil

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram o de caracterizar a resistência de Blattella germanica (L.) aos inseticidas deltametrina e clorpirifós e avaliar as relações de resistência cruzada desses inseticidas com fipronil. O isolamento da resistência foi realizado em condições de laboratório a partir de populações coletadas no campo. Três ciclos de pressão de seleção foram realizados com deltametrina e clorpirifós para a obtenção das linhagens Deltametrina-R e Clorpirifós-R. A DL50 estimada para deltametrina na linhagem suscetível (SUS) foi de 0,24 (IC 95 por cento 0,18 - 0,31) e na linhagem Deltametrina-R de 10,26 (IC 95 por cento 7,28 - 14,17) mig deltametrina/mg. Para clorpirifós, a DL50 estimada para a linhagem SUS foi de 4,16 (IC 95 por cento 2,80 - 5,33) e para a linhagem Clorpirifós-R foi de 24,98 (IC 95 por cento 20,90 - 30,28) mig clorpirifós/mg. Portanto, as razões de resistência foram de aproximadamente 43 e seis vezes para deltametrina e clorpirifós, respectivamente. Uma baixa intensidade de resistência cruzada (de aproximadamente duas vezes) foi verificada entre fipronil e os inseticidas deltametrina e clorpirifós. Sendo assim, fipronil mostrou ser viável como opção de controle em programas de manejo da resistência de B. germanica a deltametrina e clorpirifós.

The objectives of this study were to characterize the resistance of Blattella germanica (L.) to deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos and to evaluate their cross-resistance relationships to fipronil. The isolation of resistance was done under laboratory conditions from field-collected populations. Three cycles of selection pressure with deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos were conducted to obtain the Deltamethrin-R and Chlorpyrifos-R strains. The estimated LD50 for the susceptible (SUS) strain was 0.24 (IC 95 percent 0.18 - 0.31) and for Deltamethrin-R strain was 10.26 (IC 95 percent 7.28 - 14.17) mug deltametrina/mg. For chlorpyrifos, LD50 for the SUS strain was 4.16 (IC 95 percent 2.80 - 5.33) and for Chlorpyrifos-R strain was 24.98 (IC 95 percent 20.90 - 30.28) mug chlorpyrifos/mg. Therefore, the resistance ratios were approximately 43- and 6-fold to deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos, respectively. A low intensity of cross-resistance (approximately 2-fold) was observed between fipronil and the insecticides deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos. Thus, fipronil can be used as a good candidate in resistance management programs of B. germanica to deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos.