ABSTRACT
One Health (OH) is an integrative approach to human, animal, and environmental health and can be used as a comprehensive indicator for comparative purposes. Although an OH index has been proposed for comparing cities, states, and countries, to date, no practical study has compared countries using this approach. Accordingly, this study aimed to assess OH initiatives using a survey with a veterinary public health focus. The questionnaire contained 104 quantitative questions and was sent to representatives of governmental institutions of 32 countries in the Americas. After exclusion criteria were considered, a total of 35 questionnaires from 17 countries were analyzed, with country names remaining undisclosed during the statistical analyses to protect potentially sensitive information. Principal component analysis (PCA) of health parameters in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) as a function of country perception (self-vector) showed that food safety was ranked higher than public policies (p = 0.009), and that both (p = 0.003) were ranked higher than institutional routines related to zoonosis programs. National policies in accordance with international standards, regulations, recommendations, and guidelines was considered the standout topic for public policy, with higher-ranking topics including standard. Meanwhile, challenging topics included tools, preparedness, governance, and research. Food safety showed both strengths and challenges in the coordination of its activities with other sectors. Food safety communication was scored as a strength, while foodborne diseases prevention was ranked as a challenge. Institutional routines for zoonosis maintained both strong and challenging topics in the execution and implementation of attributions and daily routine. Thus, the survey showed that topics such as access to and compliance with international guidelines and intercountry integration were ranked higher than in-country articulation, particularly among food safety, zoonoses, and environmental institutions.
ABSTRACT
Stray dogs and cats pose significant challenges for public health and animal welfare due to their potential involvement in zoonotic disease transmission, accidents, and aggressions. Large urban centers exacerbated challenges due to the presence of these animals in public areas with high human density. Ethical Population Management Programs (EPMP), rooted in the One Health approach, are crucial for addressing this issue comprehensively. This study aimed to demonstrate the approach on cats and dogs EPMP and evaluate the perceptions of academic community regarding EPMP implementation on a campus situated in urban territory. The study was conducted at the Pampulha campus of UFMG in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. In response to issues of animal abandonment and conflicts, the Permanent Commission for Animal Policies (CPPA-UFMG) was established in 2019 to manage the campus's dog, cat, and wildlife populations. The commission implemented the Trap-Neuter-Return (TNR) method, along with health assessments and vaccinations for animals. Interviews were conducted with campus staff to gauge their perception of animal management strategies. Retrospective and prospective analyses of the commission's actions were carried out to assess implementation processes and challenges. The animal population survey conducted on campus between July 2018 and September 2021 revealed a total of 266 animals recorded. Among these animals, 195 were cats (73.3%) and 71 were dogs (26.7%), with the majority being adults. Subsequent surveys in 2019 and 2021 showed a slight increase in the animal population, with measures such as sterilization contributing to population control. Perception analysis among campus users indicated strategies such as TNR were widely endorsed for population control. The employees perception questionnaire was applied to 115 individuals, representing 42 units/departments and five gates. Associations were found between these beliefs and support for institutional actions. The majority favored sterilization (92.17%) and agreed that TNR is an appropriate approach to population control. Overall, the study reflects a community concerned about animal welfare and supportive of measures to address population management and cruelty prevention. The continuous efforts of the university's CPPA have led to stability in the resident animal population, indicating success in achieving population control objectives.
ABSTRACT
Helicobacter is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria that colonizes the stomach of humans and dogs, among other mammals. The most frequent species found in the gastric mucosa of man is H. pylori, however, there are other species of Helicobacter in the stomach of humans, such as H. suis, H. bizzozeronii, H. felis, H. salomonis and H. heilmannii sensu stricto, named non H. pylori Helicobacter (NHPH) some of which also colonize the dog's stomach. The detection of NHPH in the stomach mucosa of humans with gastric disease, and in a high percentage of dogs, suggests the possibility that these animals play an important role in the pathogenesis and transmission of infection to man, postulating the path of transmission oral-oral or fecal-oral. The aim of this study was to determine whether people with signs of chronic gastritis who have Helicobacter spp. and who own dogs as pets, share the same species with them. The presence of Helicobacter spp. in gastric samples of 30 people with clinical signs of chronic gastritis and histopathological diagnosis of gastric infection with Helicobacter spp. was analyzed by PCR. The presence of Helicobacter spp. was also studied in the dogs of these people. Then, the species of Helicobacter presented was determined in both. In human gastric samples, H. pylori was the only species found, while in dogs, samples were H. bizzozeronii, H. felis, H. salomonis and H. heilmannii. In this work the same species were not found in dogs and their owners.
Helicobacter es un género bacteriano gram negativo que coloniza el estómago de humanos y perros, entre otros mamíferos. En la mucosa gástrica del hombre la especie más frecuentemente hallada es H. pylori, sin embargo, puede albergar otras especies, como H. suis, H. bizzozeronii, H. felis, H. salomonis y H. heilmannii sensu stricto, denominadas Helicobacter no H. pylori (NHPH), algunas de las cuales colonizan también el estómago del perro. La detección de especies NHPH en la mucosa del estómago de seres humanos con enfermedad gástrica y en un alto porcentaje de perros como mascotas, sugiere la posibilidad de que estos animales jueguen un rol importante en la patogenia y transmisión de la infección al hombre, postulándose la vía de transmisión oral-oral o bien fecal-oral. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar si individuos con signos de gastritis crónica que tienen Helicobacter spp. y que poseen perros como mascotas, comparten con ellos las mismas especies. Para ello se estudió por PCR la presencia de Helicobacter spp. en muestras gástricas de 30 pacientes con signos clínicos de gastritis crónica y diagnóstico histopatológico de infección gástrica con Helicobacter spp. También se estudió la presencia de estas bacterias en sus perros para determinar si existe correspondencia en las especies presentes en ambos. La única especie encontrada en humanos fue H. pylori, mientras que en los perros se encontraron H. bizzozeronii, H. felis, H. salomonis y H. heilmannii. En este trabajo no se encontraron las mismas especies en los perros y en sus propietarios.
Subject(s)
Felis , Gastritis , Helicobacter , Humans , Dogs , Animals , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to analyze the demographic, clinical, and hematological aspects of the population in a dog shelter located in the municipality of Lavras, Brazil. All animals were microchipped and evaluated by veterinarians. Whole blood samples were obtained from 329 dogs in the months of July-August 2019 and from 310 dogs in the months of January-February 2020. Most of the dogs were of mixed breed, received anti-rabies and polyvalent vaccines (100%), were dewormed (100%), and were spayed/neutered (98.59%), with a predominance of adult (86.51%), short-hair (67.51%), normal body condition (65.57%), medium-size (62.57%), and female (62.36%). The main clinical alterations detected were enlarged lymph nodes (38.69%), skin lesions (31.50%), overweight (23.32%), obesity (6.07%), elevated temperature (17.05%), and ear secretion (15.72%). Regarding hematological alterations, thrombocytopenia (36.31%), leukopenia (15.92%), anemia with decreased hemoglobin values (10.60%), hematocrit (9.70%), and red blood cells (5.14%) were observed. Most of the shelter dogs were apparently healthy, but specific measures for nutritional, dermatological, otological and disease management should be implemented once the health changes are verified, as they impact the general state of the population and adoptions.
ABSTRACT
The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic reinforced the central role of the One Health (OH) approach, as a multisectoral and multidisciplinary perspective, to tackle health threats at the human-animal-environment interface. This study assessed Brazilian preparedness and response to COVID-19 and zoonoses with a focus on the OH approach and equity dimensions. We conducted an environmental scan using a protocol developed as part of a multi-country study. The article selection process resulted in 45 documents: 79 files and 112 references on OH; 41 files and 81 references on equity. The OH and equity aspects are poorly represented in the official documents regarding the COVID-19 response, either at the federal and state levels. Brazil has a governance infrastructure that allows for the response to infectious diseases, including zoonoses, as well as the fight against antimicrobial resistance through the OH approach. However, the response to the pandemic did not fully utilize the resources of the Brazilian state, due to the lack of central coordination and articulation among the sectors involved. Brazil is considered an area of high risk for emergence of zoonoses mainly due to climate change, large-scale deforestation and urbanization, high wildlife biodiversity, wide dry frontier, and poor control of wild animals' traffic. Therefore, encouraging existing mechanisms for collaboration across sectors and disciplines, with the inclusion of vulnerable populations, is required for making a multisectoral OH approach successful in the country.
ABSTRACT
AVL es una enfermedad endémica en algunos estados de Brasil, especialmente en São Paulo, debido a su rápida expansión. Es una preocupación constante para los equipos de salud porque su control es deficiente debido a la ecología de las moscas de arena, que presentan parte de su ciclo de vida en suelos con presencia de materia orgánica en descomposición. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la composición fisicoquímica del suelo de un área endémica de la enfermedad, con la presencia del vector y con la transmisión canina y humana, y compararlo con un área donde no hay presencia. del vector y tampoco la transmisión. Se analizaron un total de 333 muestras de suelo, 161 en un área endémica y 172 en un área no endémica en el Laboratorio de Suelos de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas - FCA / UNESP Campus Botucatu. Los resultados del análisis mostraron que ambas áreas presentan diferencias importantes en la composición del suelo, lo que podría explicar la presencia o ausencia del vector en ciertos municipios. El área no endémica mostró resultados significativamente más altos para arena total, materia orgánica, hidrógeno + aluminio, magnesio, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, cobre y hierro, y una cantidad significativamente menor de arcilla, presentando un pH más ácido que el área. endémico No existen estudios en la literatura que definan con precisión qué macro o...(AU)
AVL is an endemic disease in some Brazilian states especially in São Paulo due to its rapid expansion in that state. It is a constant concern for the health teams since their control is deficient because of the ecology of the phlebotomine, which present part of their life cycle in soils with the presence of decomposing organic matter. The present aimed to compare the physical and chemical composition of the soil from an endemic area with the presence of the vector and canine and human transmission with a non-endemic area. A total of 333 soil samples were analyzed, in the Laboratory of Soils of the Faculty of Agronomic Sciences - FCA / UNESP Botucatu Campus. The results revealed important differences in soil composition, which could explain the presence or absence of the vector in certain municipalities. The non-endemic area presented significantly higher results for Total Sand, Organic Matter, Hydrogen + Aluminum, Magnesium, Cations, Copper and Iron, and a significantly lower amount of Clay, presenting a more acidic pH than the area endemic. There are no other studies that precisely define that macro or micronutrients present in soils with organic matter would have the function of harming or aiding the development of larval forms of the vector. However the main contribution of the present study was to detect that there are differences of the composition of the soil between...(AU)
A LVA é uma doença endêmica em alguns estados do Brasil, especialmente em São Paulo, devido a sua rápida expansão. Ela é uma preocupação constante para as equipes de saúde uma vez que seu controle é deficiente em razão da ecologia dos flebotomíneos, que apresentam parte do seu ciclo de vida em solos com a presença de matéria orgânica em decomposição. O objetivo do presente estudo foi o de analisar a composição físico-química do solo de uma área endêmica para a doença, com a presença do e vetor e com transmissão canina e humana, e compará-la com uma área em que não existe a presença do vetor e nem a transmissão. Foram analisadas 333 amostras de solo, sendo 161 em área endêmica e 172 em área não endêmica no Laboratório de Solos da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas FCA/UNESP Campus de Botucatu. Os resultados das análises mostraram que as duas áreas apresentam diferenças importantes em relação à composição do solo, o que poderia explicar a presença ou ausência do vetor em determinados municípios. A área não endêmica apresentou resultados significativamente maiores para os valores de areia total, matéria orgânica, hidrogênio + alumínio, magnésio, capacidade de troca de cátions, cobre e ferro, e quantidade significativamente menor de Argila, apresentando um pH mais ácido do que a área endêmica. Não existem trabalhos na literatura que definam com precisão quais macro ou...(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Dogs , Soil Microbiology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/transmission , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/etiology , Phlebotomy , Urban Area , Veterinary Public Health , Nutrients/analysis , Micronutrients/analysisABSTRACT
AVL es una enfermedad endémica en algunos estados de Brasil, especialmente en São Paulo, debido a su rápida expansión. Es una preocupación constante para los equipos de salud porque su control es deficiente debido a la ecología de las moscas de arena, que presentan parte de su ciclo de vida en suelos con presencia de materia orgánica en descomposición. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la composición fisicoquímica del suelo de un área endémica de la enfermedad, con la presencia del vector y con la transmisión canina y humana, y compararlo con un área donde no hay presencia. del vector y tampoco la transmisión. Se analizaron un total de 333 muestras de suelo, 161 en un área endémica y 172 en un área no endémica en el Laboratorio de Suelos de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas - FCA / UNESP Campus Botucatu. Los resultados del análisis mostraron que ambas áreas presentan diferencias importantes en la composición del suelo, lo que podría explicar la presencia o ausencia del vector en ciertos municipios. El área no endémica mostró resultados significativamente más altos para arena total, materia orgánica, hidrógeno + aluminio, magnesio, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, cobre y hierro, y una cantidad significativamente menor de arcilla, presentando un pH más ácido que el área. endémico No existen estudios en la literatura que definan con precisión qué macro o...
AVL is an endemic disease in some Brazilian states especially in São Paulo due to its rapid expansion in that state. It is a constant concern for the health teams since their control is deficient because of the ecology of the phlebotomine, which present part of their life cycle in soils with the presence of decomposing organic matter. The present aimed to compare the physical and chemical composition of the soil from an endemic area with the presence of the vector and canine and human transmission with a non-endemic area. A total of 333 soil samples were analyzed, in the Laboratory of Soils of the Faculty of Agronomic Sciences - FCA / UNESP Botucatu Campus. The results revealed important differences in soil composition, which could explain the presence or absence of the vector in certain municipalities. The non-endemic area presented significantly higher results for Total Sand, Organic Matter, Hydrogen + Aluminum, Magnesium, Cations, Copper and Iron, and a significantly lower amount of Clay, presenting a more acidic pH than the area endemic. There are no other studies that precisely define that macro or micronutrients present in soils with organic matter would have the function of harming or aiding the development of larval forms of the vector. However the main contribution of the present study was to detect that there are differences of the composition of the soil between...
A LVA é uma doença endêmica em alguns estados do Brasil, especialmente em São Paulo, devido a sua rápida expansão. Ela é uma preocupação constante para as equipes de saúde uma vez que seu controle é deficiente em razão da ecologia dos flebotomíneos, que apresentam parte do seu ciclo de vida em solos com a presença de matéria orgânica em decomposição. O objetivo do presente estudo foi o de analisar a composição físico-química do solo de uma área endêmica para a doença, com a presença do e vetor e com transmissão canina e humana, e compará-la com uma área em que não existe a presença do vetor e nem a transmissão. Foram analisadas 333 amostras de solo, sendo 161 em área endêmica e 172 em área não endêmica no Laboratório de Solos da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas FCA/UNESP Campus de Botucatu. Os resultados das análises mostraram que as duas áreas apresentam diferenças importantes em relação à composição do solo, o que poderia explicar a presença ou ausência do vetor em determinados municípios. A área não endêmica apresentou resultados significativamente maiores para os valores de areia total, matéria orgânica, hidrogênio + alumínio, magnésio, capacidade de troca de cátions, cobre e ferro, e quantidade significativamente menor de Argila, apresentando um pH mais ácido do que a área endêmica. Não existem trabalhos na literatura que definam com precisão quais macro ou...
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Dogs , Phlebotomy , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/etiology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/transmission , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary , Soil Microbiology , Micronutrients/analysis , Nutrients/analysis , Veterinary Public Health , Urban AreaABSTRACT
Resumen Se identifican las limitaciones y los obstáculos del enfoque de riesgo en la comprensión e intervención de las zoonosis y de otros problemas de salud pública relacionados con los animales, bajo el argumento de que la epidemiología clásica, como disciplina principal de la salud pública, es un paradigma insuficiente para abordar el carácter social y complejo de la relación entre naturaleza y salud. Se presenta, en primer lugar, una reflexión sobre los modelos o enfoques predominantes y luego se exponen sus limitaciones en diálogo con algunos de los contenidos de la medicina social y la salud colectiva latinoamericanas. Finalmente, se invita a construir otras aproximaciones teóricas y metodológicas que complejicen el estudio de la interfaz animales, ambiente y salud.
Abstract We identified the limitations and challenges in the risk approach for the understanding and intervention of zoonoses and other public health problems related to animals based on the argument that classic epidemiology - as the main discipline of public health - is insufficient as a paradigm to address the complex social nature of the relationship between nature and health. We introduce, first of all, a reflection on the prevailing models or approaches and then we present their limitations together with some of the contents of Latin American social medicine and collective health. Finally, we invite the reader to build different theoretical and methodological approaches that build upon the study of the complexity of the interface: animals, environment, and health.
Resumo Identificam-se as limitações e constrangimentos do enfoque de risco na compreensão e intervenção das zoonoses e outros problemas de saúde pública relacionados com animais, sob o argumento que a epidemiologia clássica, como disciplina principal de saúde pública é um paradigma insuficiente para abordar o carácter social e complexo do relacionamento entre natureza e saúde. Apresenta-se, em primeiro lugar, uma reflexão sobre os modelos ou enfoques predominantes e a continuação expõem-se as limitações em diálogo com alguns dos conteúdos da medicina social e a saúde coletiva latino-americana. Finalmente, convida-se a construir outras aproximações teóricas e metodológicas a complexificar o estudo da interface: animais, ambiente e saúde.
ABSTRACT
Domestic animals and wildlife play important roles as reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens that are transmitted to humans by ticks. Besides their role as vectors of several classes of microorganisms of veterinary and public health relevance, ticks also burden human and animal populations through their obligate blood-feeding habit. It is estimated that in Mexico there are around 100 tick species belonging to the Ixodidae and Argasidae families. Information is lacking on tick species that affect humans, domestic animals, and wildlife through their life cycle. This study was conducted to bridge that knowledge gap by inventorying tick species that infest humans, domestic animals and wildlife in the State of Yucatan, Mexico. Amblyomma ticks were observed as euryxenous vertebrate parasites because they were found parasitizing 17 animal species and human. Amblyomma mixtum was the most eryxenous species found in 11 different animal species and humans. Both A. mixtum and A. parvum were found parasitizing humans. Ixodes near affinis was the second most abundant species parasitizing six animal species (dogs, cats, horses, white-nosed coati, white-tail deer and black vulture) and was found widely across the State of Yucatan. Ixodid tick populations may increase in the State of Yucatan with time due to animal production intensification, an increasing wildlife population near rural communities because of natural habitat reduction and fragmentation. The diversity of ticks across host taxa documented here highlights the relevance of ecological information to understand tick-host dynamics. This knowledge is critical to inform public health and veterinary programs for the sustainable control of ticks and tick-borne diseases.
Subject(s)
Tick Infestations/veterinary , Ticks/classification , Animals , Animals, Domestic , Animals, Wild , Arachnid Vectors , Female , Humans , Male , Mexico/epidemiology , Tick Infestations/epidemiology , Tick Infestations/parasitology , Ticks/physiologyABSTRACT
Los médicos veterinarios juegan un papel fundamental en la seguridad alimentaria. De su accionar eficiente y transparente depende la salud de millones de personas, la dinamización de las economías de los países, el desarrollo de una actividad pecuaria sustentable en torno los alimentos de este origen y los distintos sistemas agroproductivos que componen las cadenas de valor; y el acceso a mercados internacionales más rentables. Durante las próximas décadas, el cambio en los patrones nutricionales a nivel global, el aumento poblacional esperado, junto con el incremento de las rutas y los volúmenes comercializables de bienes alimenticios, hacen prever que la demanda de alimentos de origen animal se intensificará de forma constante. Para poder enfrentar con éxito estos retos, la profesión veterinaria deberá establecer marcos conceptuales y metodológicos de los perfiles académicos y profesionales más prácticos y actualizados, enfocando la profesión hacia los distintos campos temáticos que componen la salud pública, a nivel de los cursos de grado y posgrado. Por otra parte, deberá también elaborar alianzas interdisciplinarias como la propuesta bajo el enfoque "Una Salud" de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO), la Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal (OIE) y la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), para establecer marcos de trabajo conjuntos y políticas públicas más acordes con las realidades internas de los países latinoamericanos mediante el abordaje colaborativo, sostenible e integral de la sanidad animal, la seguridad alimentaria y las políticas sanitarias de salud pública.
Veterinarians play a key role in food security. The health of millions of people, stimulation of national economies, development of sustainable livestock production related to this food source, and the different agricultural production systems that compose value chains, and access to more profitable international markets all depend on their efficient and transparent work. Shifting nutritional patterns globally, along with expected population growth, and the increase in marketable food commodity routes and volumes, forecast that demand for animal source food will steadily intensify over the coming decades. To successfully address these challenges, the veterinary profession should establish more practical and up-to-date conceptual and methodological frameworks for academic and professional profiles, focusing the profession on the different public health subject areas, in undergraduate and graduate courses. Furthermore, interdisciplinary alliances should also be developed-such as the "One Health" approach proposed by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), and the World Health Organization (WHO)-to establish frameworks for joint work and public policies more in line with the domestic conditions of Latin American countries, using a collaborative, sustainable, and comprehensive approach to animal health, food security, and public health policy.
Subject(s)
Veterinary Medicine/methods , Veterinary Public Health , Practice Management, Veterinary/organization & administrationABSTRACT
Se presenta un vistazo al esquema jurídico actual que regula la vigilancia, prevención y control de la inocuidad alimentaria por parte de los Servicios Veterinarios a nivel internacional, y al mismo tiempo; delimita el panorama actual al derecho a la salud y alimentos inocuos, desde la perspectiva de la legislación costarricense actual. Objetivo: Aclarar el panorama que regula la inocuidad alimentaria a nivel internacional, y establecer si existe concordancia con el actual esquema jurídico que tutela este derecho en Costa Rica. Desarrollo: El actual marco jurídico y regulatorio a nivel nacional e internacional que tutela la inocuidad alimentaria es complejo. Los Servicios Veterinarios, tanto públicos como privados, juegan un papel fundamental en la implementación práctica de la legislación costarricense en materia de inocuidad alimentaria y salud pública. Conclusión: En las últimas décadas Costa Rica ha logrado dar pasos agigantados con respecto a la armonización y equivalencia de la normatividad que la inocuidad alimentaria, poniéndonos a la vanguardia reglamentaria con respecto a otros países en desarrollo.
An overview to the current legal scheme of regulatory statutes governing the surveillance, prevention and control of food safety by Veterinary Services worldwide is presented. In addition, the perspective for the protection and assurance to the right to health and innocuous nourishments in Costa Rica is also described. Objective: This paper intends to clarify the international normative scheme on food safety, and to establish whetherthere is compliance with the current legal framework that protects this right in Costa Rica. Main thesis: The current legal and regulatory framework at national and international level that protects food safety is a complex issue. Veterinary Services, both public and private, play a key and pivotal role in the practical implementation of the Costa Rican legislation on food safety and public health).
Subject(s)
Humans , Essay , Costa Rica , Food Security , Food Safety , Legislation, FoodABSTRACT
This study analyzed the importance of zoonoses and communicable diseases common to man and animals as potential Public Health Emergencies of International Concern to build an evidence base for future efforts to reduce risk of infection at the animal/human health interface. The events recorded in the World Health Organization (WHO) Event Management System (EMS) database for the Americas during the 18 months since the implementation of the 2005 revised version of WHO's International Health Regulations (15 June 2007-31 December 2008) were the main source for this analysis. Of the 110 events recorded by the EMS for the Americas during the study period, 86 were classified as communicable diseases-77 (70.0 percent) "within the animal/human health interface," 9 (8.2 percent) "not common to man and animals," 16 (14.5 percent) "syndromes with unknown etiologies," and 8 (7.3 percent) "product-related/ other." Of the 77 events within the animal/human health interface, 48 were "substantiated" (the presence of hazard was confirmed and/or human cases occurred clearly in excess of normal expectancy). These results confirm previous research and underscore the importance of the animal/human health interface as well as inter-sectoral collaboration.
En este estudio se analizó la importancia de las zoonosis y las enfermedades transmisibles comunes a los seres humanos y los animales como posibles emergencias de salud pública de importancia internacional, a fin de sentar una base científica para las actividades futuras destinadas a reducir el riesgo de infección en la interfaz entre animales y seres humanos. La fuente principal para este análisis fueron los eventos registrados en la base de datos del Sistema de Gestión de Eventos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) para las Américas durante los 18 meses que transcurrieron (15 de junio del 2007 al 31 de diciembre del 2008) desde la puesta en marcha del Reglamento Sanitario Internacional de la OMS (versión revisada en el 2005). De los 110 eventos registrados por el Sistema de Gestión de Eventos para las Américas durante el período de estudio, 86 se clasificaron como enfermedades transmisibles -77 (70,0 por ciento) como "dentro de la interfaz entre animales y seres humanos" y 9 (8,2 por ciento) como "no comunes a seres humanos y animales"-, 16 (14,5 por ciento) como "síndromes de etiología desconocida", y 8 (7,3 por ciento) como "relacionados con productos/otros". De los 77 eventos comprendidos dentro de la interfaz entre animales y seres humanos, se fundamentaron 48 (se confirmó la presencia del riesgo u ocurrieron casos en seres humanos que claramente superaron los casos esperados). Estos resultados confirman las investigaciones anteriores y destacan la importancia de la interfaz entre la salud humana y la sanidad animal, así como la importancia de la colaboración intersectorial.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Communicable Diseases/epidemiology , Public Health , Zoonoses/epidemiology , Americas/epidemiology , Emergencies , Global HealthABSTRACT
Epizootias em animais Silvestres podem ter reflexos na saúde pública, sendo o ambiente de cativeiro um excelente modelo para fins de estudos de vigilância epidemiológica, principalmente da leptospirose. A participação de animais silvestres, essencialmente roedores, na cadeia da leptospirose é fato indiscutível. Em geral comportam-se como portadores permanentes de vários sorovares de Leptospira. A Leptospirose é uma enfermidade bacteriana de caráter zoonótico que afeta os animais domésticos, silvestres e o humano. Conforme o estudo retrospectivo da prevalência da Leptospira no Zoológico de Uberaba, dos animais estudados, 17 (12,98%) foram reagentes para presença de anticorpos contra Leptospira spp, com isso objetivou-se implantar o plano de ação contra roedores, salientando a participação de várias espécies animais como reservatórios do agente etiológico desta enfermidade, demonstrando as adaptações que o agente tem desenvolvido para manter-se viável na natureza.O estabelecimento de medidas para controle da leptospirose no Zoológico compreendeu vários aspectos, dentre eles o manejo integrado de praga e vetores, onde o enfoque foi o controle de roedores e a atividade educativa para a conscientização da população e funcionários. O combate aos roedores está relacionado, cada vez mais, ao conhecimento de sua biologia, hábitos, habilidades e capacidade física, bem como no meio ambiente onde estes animais estão localizados.
Epizootics in wild animals can have effects on public health and the environment in captivity an excellent model for studies of epidemiological surveillance, especially leptospirosis. The participation of wild animals, mainly rodents, in the chain of leptospirosis is indisputable fact. In general behave as permanent carriers of various serovars of Leptospira. Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease of zoonotic character that affects domestic animals, wild and human. As the retrospective study of the prevalence of Leptospira in the Zoo of Uberaba the animals studied, 17 (12.98%) were positive for antibodies against Leptospira spp, thus aimed to implement the action plan against rodents, emphasizing the participation of various animal species as reservoirs of the etiologic agent of this disease, showing the changes that the agent is designed to remain viable natureza.O establish measures for control of leptospirosis at the zoo spread in several ways, among them the integrated pest and vector, where the focus was the control of rodents and educational activities to raise awareness of the population and staff. The fight against rodents is connected, increasingly, knowledge of its biology, habits, skills and physical ability, as well as the environment where these animals are located
Subject(s)
Animals, Zoo , Leptospira , Leptospirosis/transmission , Rodent Control , Veterinary Public Health , ZoonosesABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Desenvolver método para planejamento e avaliação de campanhas de vacinação contra a raiva animal. MÉTODOS: O desenvolvimento da metodologia baseou-se em sistemas de informação geográfica para estimar a população e a densidade animal (canina e felina) por setores censitários e subprefeituras do município de São Paulo, em 2002. O número de postos de vacinação foi estimado para atingir uma dada cobertura vacinal. Foram utilizadas uma base de dados censitários para a população humana, e estimativas para razões cão:habitante e gato:habitante. RESULTADOS: Os números estimados foram de 1.490.500 cães e 226.954 gatos em São Paulo, uma densidade populacional de 1.138,14 animais domiciliados por km². Foram vacinados, na campanha de 2002, 926.462 animais, garantindo uma cobertura vacinal de 54 por cento. O número total estimado de postos no município para atingir uma cobertura vacinal de 70 por cento...
OBJECTIVE: To develop a method to assist in the design and assessment of animal rabies control campaigns. METHODS: A methodology was developed based on geographic information systems to estimate the animal (canine and feline) population and density per census tract and per subregion (known as "Subprefeituras") in the city of São Paulo (Southeastern Brazil) in 2002. The number of vaccination units in a given region was estimated to achieve a certain proportion of vaccination coverage. Census database was used for the human population, as well as estimates ratios of dog:inhabitant and cat:inhabitant. RESULTS: Estimated figures were 1,490,500 dogs and 226,954 cats in the city, i.e. an animal population density of 1138.14 owned animals per km². In the 2002 campaign, 926,462 were vaccinated, resulting in a vaccination coverage of 54 percent. The estimated number of vaccination units to be able to reach a 70 percent...
OBJETIVO: Desarrollar método para planificación y evaluación de campañas de vacunación contra la rabia animal. MÉTODOS: El desarrollo de la metodología se basó en sistemas de información geográfica para estimar la población y la densidad animal (canina y felina) por sectores censales y sub-prefecturas del municipio de Sao Paulo (Sureste de Brasil), en 2002. El número de puestos de vacunación fue estimado para atender una determinada cobertura de vacunación. Se utilizaron una base de datos censales para la población humana, y estimativas para razones perro: habitante y gato: habitante. RESULTADOS: Los números estimados fueron de 1.490.500 perros y 226.954 en Sao Paulo, una densidad poblacional de 1.138,14 animales domiciliados por km2. Fueron vacunados, en la campaña de 2002, 926.462 animales, garantizando una cobertura de vacunas de 54 por ciento. El número total estimado de puestos en el municipio para atender una cobertura de vacunación de 70 por ciento...