Multivariate analysis of the distribution and formation of trihalomethanes in treated water for human consumption.

The disinfection of water for human consumption with chlorine or other compounds produces secondary reactions with the organic matter, generating undesirable disinfection by-products (DBPs). Among these are trihalomethanes (THMs), identified as carcinogenic compounds. This work determined the trihalomethanes concentration, both speciated and total, in treated water distributed and stored in tanks of residential condominiums of different social classes. THMs were quantified using static manual Headspace as preconcentration technique, injecting the vapor phase collected in a GC/FID. The results show that the water distributed to the homes already contains THMs, trichloromethane being the major compound. The Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) with 60 water samples showed that there is no significant distinction among samples of treated water distributed water and water stored in tanks. This study warns to the importance of controlling the formation of trihalomethanes in water throughout treatment and distribution for users.

Population Distrust of Drinking Water Safety. Community Outrage Analysis, Prediction and Management.

The aim of the work is to evaluate the effectiveness of the risk communication strategies in cases of unsafe drinking water supply in Sardinia, the Italian context with the highest population distrust in drinking water safety. During the period 2010⁻2015, the ordinances published on the institutional websites were analyzed, and the population risk perception was evaluated by applying, for the first time in public health threats, the "OUTRAGE Prediction & Management" software released by Sandman. Overall, 417 ordinances issued by the Sardinian Municipalities were found. Only 1.5% of the ordinances reported information about parameters, concentrations, and risks to health, whereas 4.8% indicated only the parameters and non-standard levels. By contrast, 53.2% specified only the non-standard parameter, and 40.5% indicated a generic non-drinking motivation. The outrage assessment showed values exceeding the threshold of risk acceptance, attributable to the lack and low clarity of the information reported by the ordinances. The present study allowed us to highlight critical issues in risk communication of the quality of drinking water.

Qualidade físico-química e microbiológica da água consumida em Guaíba (RS) e sua implicação na saúde / Physicochemical and microbiological quality of water consumed in Guaíba (RS) and its implications for health

Essa pesquisa aborda a relação existente entre a qualidade da água, utilizada para ingestão, manipulação de alimentos e higiene pessoal, e suas implicações na saúde de uma população, no caso a de Guaíba (RS). Para tanto, ela vale-se do clássico conceito que estabelece o consumo de uma água segura e de boa qualidade como fundamental para o desenvolvimento e manutenção saudáveis de qualquer ser e base da saúde coletiva. Neste sentido, foi desenvolvido pelo Governo Federal, por meio do Ministério da Saúde, o Programa de Monitoramento da Qualidade da Água (VIGIAGUA), responsável por avaliar parâmetros microbiológicos, físicos e químicos da água. O objetivo foi analisar dados do programa VIGIAGUA e registros das doenças diarreicas agudas, no período de julho de 2016 a junho de 2017 no município de Guaíba/RS. Para desenvolvimento do trabalho foi realizada uma pesquisa quantitativa, do tipo descritiva exploratória, avaliando a qualidade da água para consumo humano no município de Guaíba, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), e os possíveis efeitos do consumo dessa água na saúde população. A amostra utilizada foi composta por todos laudos de análise da qualidade de água, disponíveis no Sistema de Informação do Programa de Monitoramento da Qualidade da Água (SIGIAGUA), realizadas pela Vigilância Ambiental em Saúde e dados epidemiológicos de diarréias, obtidas no banco do Sistema de Informação de Vigilância Epidemiológica ­ Doenças Diarréicas (SIVEP-DDA). Esta pesquisa envolveu 239 amostras de água, relacionados a 68 imóveis, no período de julho de 2016 a junho de 2017. Destas amostras, 42% (n=101) dizem respeito a águas Sistema de Abastecimento de Água (SAA), tratadas pela CORSAN e 58% (n=138), oriundas de fontes de Solução Alternativa (SA). Vinte por cento das amostras de SAA foram classificadas "IMPRÓPRIAS", enquanto que para o SA esse índice aumentou para 56%. Entre as amostras classificadas como "IMPRÓPRIAS" (SAA + SA), observa-se que a presença de Escherichia coli representa 75,2% dos parâmetros que tornam a água inadequada ao consumo humano, o fluoreto 27,8%, os coliformes totais 20,60% e a turbidez 14,4%. Não houve diferença significativa na comparação de DDAs com a frequência de amostras classificadas como "IMPRÓPRIAS". No entanto, o comportamento evolução mensal desses mesmos 5 dados, sugerem que possa existir uma relação entre a qualidade da água consumida e o quantitativo das diarreias no município de Guaíba. São necessárias pesquisas mais aprofundadas que trabalhem com um número maior de coletas, avaliando os locais oriundos de DDAs e amostra de água para análise, no mesmo intervalo de tempo.

This research addresses the relationship between water quality, used for ingestion, food handling and personal hygiene, and its implications on the health of a population, in the case of Guaíba (RS). To do so, it draws on the classic concept that establishes the consumption of safe and good quality water as fundamental for the healthy development and maintenance of any being and basis of collective health. In this sense, the Federal Government, through the Ministry of Health, developed the Water Quality Monitoring Program (VIGIAGUA), which is responsible for evaluating microbiological, physical and chemical parameters of water. The objective was to analyze data from the VIGIAGUA program and records of acute diarrheal diseases, from July 2016 to June 2017 in the city of Guaíba / RS. Methodology: a quantitative research, exploratory descriptive, evaluating the quality of water for human consumption in the city of Guaíba, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), was carried out, and the possible effects of the consumption of this water in the health population. The sample used was composed of all reports of water quality analysis, available in the Information System of the Water Quality Monitoring Program (SIGIAGUA), carried out by the Environmental Health Surveillance and epidemiological data of diarrheas, obtained in the system bank. Epidemiological Surveillance Information - Diarrheal Diseases (SIVEP-DDA). Results: The present study involved 239 water samples, related to 68 buildings, from July 2016 to June 2017. Of these samples, 42% (n = 101) refer to Water Water Supply System (SAA) treated by CORSAN and 58% (n = 138), from sources of Alternative Solution (SA). Twenty percent of the SAA samples were classified as "IMPROPER", while for the SA this index increased to 56%. Among the samples classified as "IMPRÓPRIAS" (SAA + SA), it is observed that the presence of Escherichia coli represents 75.2% of the parameters that make water unsuitable for human consumption, fluoride 27.8%, total coliforms 20 , 60% and turbidity 14.4%. There was no statistically significant difference in the comparison of DDAs with the frequency of samples classified as "IMPROPER". However, the monthly behavior of these same data, suggest that there may be a relationship between the quality of water consumed and the quantity of diarrhea in the 7 municipality of Guaíba. Further research is needed to work with a larger number of collections, assessing sites from DDAs and sample water for analysis, in the same time interval.

Método espectrofotométrico na região UV a 205 nm para determinação de íon nitrato em água: validação / Spectrophotometric method in UV region at 205 nm for determination of nitrate ion in water: validation

Este estudo teve por objetivo validar o método espectrofotométrico na região ultravioleta (205 nm) para determinação de nitrato em água para consumo humano e de diálise, bemcomo calcular sua incerteza associada. A linearidade, seletividade, precisão, exatidão, limite de detecção (LD) e limite de quantificação (LQ) foram avaliados de acordo com o documentode orientação INMETRO DOQ-CGCRE-008. Os resultados obtidos utilizando água de abastecimento indicaram que a matriz não tem efeito significativo sobre a seletividade do método. A exatidão e a repetitividade foram avaliadas com três níveis de concentração do analito na água de abastecimento, na água de diálise e em material de referência certificado,apresentando resultados satisfatórios para todas as matrizes utilizadas. Os limites de detecção e quantificação foram de 0,074 e 0,248 mg/L de nitrato, respectivamente. O método mostrou-se adequado para determinação de nitrato em água de abastecimento e em água de diálise.

This study validated the spectrophotometric method in ultraviolet region (205 nm) fordetermining nitrate in water used for human consumption and dialysis procedure and tocalculate its associated uncertainty. The linearity, selectivity, precision, accuracy, limit ofdetection (LD) and limit of quantification (LQ) were evaluated according to the INMETRODOQ-CGCRE-008. The results obtained using water supply indicated that the matrix has nosignificant effect on the selectivity of the method. Accuracy and repeatability were evaluatedusing three different levels of analyte concentration in the supply water, in the dialysis waterand in the certified reference material, showing satisfactory results at all matrices used.The limits of detection and of quantification were 0.074 and 0.248 mg/L of nitrate, respectively.The method proved to be adequate for determining nitrate in water supply and dialysis water.

Método espectrofotométrico na região UV a 205 nm para determinação de íon nitrato em água: validação / Spectrophotometric method in UV region at 205 nm for determination of nitrate ion in water: validation

Este estudo teve por objetivo validar o método espectrofotométrico na região ultravioleta(205 nm) para determinação de nitrato em água para consumo humano e de diálise, bemcomo calcular sua incerteza associada. A linearidade, seletividade, precisão, exatidão, limitede detecção (LD) e limite de quantificação (LQ) foram avaliados de acordo com o documentode orientação INMETRO DOQ-CGCRE-008. Os resultados obtidos utilizando água deabastecimento indicaram que a matriz não tem efeito significativo sobre a seletividade dométodo. A exatidão e a repetitividade foram avaliadas com três níveis de concentração doanalito na água de abastecimento, na água de diálise e em material de referência certificado,apresentando resultados satisfatórios para todas as matrizes utilizadas. Os limites de detecção equantificação foram de 0,074 e 0,248 mg/L de nitrato, respectivamente. O método mostrou-seadequado para determinação de nitrato em água de abastecimento e em água de diálise.

This study validated the spectrophotometric method in ultraviolet region (205 nm) fordetermining nitrate in water used for human consumption and dialysis procedure and tocalculate its associated uncertainty. The linearity, selectivity, precision, accuracy, limit ofdetection (LD) and limit of quantification (LQ) were evaluated according to the INMETRODOQ-CGCRE-008. The results obtained using water supply indicated that the matrix has nosignificant effect on the selectivity of the method. Accuracy and repeatability were evaluatedusing three different levels of analyte concentration in the supply water, in the dialysis waterand in the certified reference material, showing satisfactory results at all matrices used.The limits of detection and of quantification were 0.074 and 0.248 mg/L of nitrate, respectively.The method proved to be adequate for determining nitrate in water supply and dialysis water.

Qualitative and quantitative aspects of drinking water supply in Sardinia, Italy. A descriptive analysis of the ordinances and public notices issued during the years 2010-2015.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study is to analyze the regional district ordinances and the warnings regarding qualitative and quantitavive drinking water abnormalities discovered by the Sardinian Municipalities and the Water Managing Authority between 2010 and 2015 in order to describe and identify the causes leading to an interruption or a limitation of the drinking water supply. METHODS: We carefully reviewed all ordinances and warnings of non-potable water and service interruption published between 2010 and 2015 by the websites of 377 Sardinian Municipalities and by the main regional newspapers, the Water Managing Authority and the Regional Health Trusts. RESULTS: From 2010 to 2015, 738 warnings/ordinances regarding drinking water supply limitation or interruption were issued. The warnings involved more than half (n. 191, 50.7%) of the 377 Sardinian Municipalities. Considering that these Municipalities included the main Sardinian cities we estimated that 80.3% of the population was affected by the issue. During the 6 years we observed a progressive increase of Municipalities involved beginning with 25 and reaching up 110 in 2014. The initial 29 warnings rose to 256 in 2014 along with an increased number of abnormal values, parameters and standards of the drinking water. Regarding the ordinances issued by the 191 Mayors we noticed that the legal limits were exceeded in 23 cases. Among those, we underline the abnormal levels of chlorites and trihalomethanes (22% of cases), the turbidity, the abnormal concentration of total chemical substances and the abnormal level of coliforms, Escherichia coli, manganese, aluminum, nitrites and iron. CONCLUSIONS: According to our observations, the Sardinian drinking water supply system is affected by a major inconvenience and the data suggest that qualitative abnormalities are mainly due to water purification treatments used in addition to the poor water supply network in existence. Considering these results, a cooperation between all Authorities involved would be desirable in order to analyze official data and provide a careful evaluation of population exposure and real risks related to the level of every parameter considered.

Avaliação da qualidade da água de consumo por comunidades ribeirinhas em áreas de exposição a poluentes urbanos e industriais nos municípios de Abaetetuba e Barcarena no estado do Pará, Brasil / Assessment of the quality of water for consumption by river-bank communities in areas exposed to urban and industrial pollutants in the municipalities of Abaetetuba and Barcarena in the state of Pará, Brazil

Resumo Apesar dos grandes avanços tecnológicos introduzidos nos processos de tratamento das águas de consumo humano, as utilizadas para abastecimento tornaram-se um grande problema de saúde pública. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade das águas consumidas em duas comunidades ribeirinhas no Estado do Pará expostas a poluentes domésticos e industriais. Foram realizadas quatro campanhas de amostragem nas duas comunidades e as variáveis utilizadas para o cálculo do Índice de Qualidade da Água (IQA) foram pH, Sólidos Totais, Cloreto, Fluoreto, Dureza e N-Nitrato. As águas utilizadas para consumo humano na Comunidade Maranhão, onde não há contaminação por poluentes industriais, apresentaram amostras adequadas, com melhora no período seco; já as águas de Vila do Conde, local próximo à atividade industrial, estiveram em ambos os períodos sazonais com qualidade inaceitável para consumo humano. Os principais parâmetros afetados foram o pH e o N-Nitrato, com valores até 25 vezes a referência da legislação brasileira para água de consumo humano. Esses resultados indicaram maior interferência antrópica no entorno da Vila do Conde em Barcarena, necessitando-se de avaliações clínicas por profissionais especializados sobre o estado de saúde desta população.

Abstract In spite of the great technological advances in processes for treatment of water for human consumption, water actually used for supply has become a major public health challenge. This study assesses the quality of the water consumed in two riverside communities in the Brazilian state of Pará, in an area exposed to domestic and industrial pollutants. Four campaigns of sampling were carried out in the two communities. The variables used for the calculation of the water quality index – Índice de Qualidade da Água, or IQA – were: pH, total solids, chloride, fluoride, hardness and N-Nitrate. The waters used for human consumption in the Maranhão Community, where there is no contamination by industrial pollutants, presented adequate samples, with improvement in the dry season; on the other hand the waters of the Vila do Conde, a location close to the industrial activity, had quality that was unacceptable for human consumption in both the seasonal periods. The principal parameters affected were pH and N-Nitrate, with values up to 25 times the reference level of the Brazilian legislation for water for human consumption. These results indicated greater anthropic interference in the vicinity of Vila do Conde, in Barcarena. It is concluded that this population is in need of clinical assessments by specialized professionals on the state of its health.

Calidad bacteriológica del agua de consumo humano de la zona urbana y rural del municipio de Guatavita, Cundinamarca, Colombia / Bacteriological quality of the water for human consumption in urban and rural areas of the municipality of Guatavita, Cundinamarca, Colombia

Guatavita es un municipio ubicado en el Departamento de Cundinamarca, Colombia. Posee recursos hídricos como ríos, quebradas, lagunas y nacimientos, que representan un alto porcentaje del agua con que se abastece. El municipio tiene 16 acueductos en funcionamiento, pero solo el que abastece a la población de la zona urbana cuenta con un sistema de tratamiento de agua. En la zona rural existen 14 acueductos con un sistema básico de pretratamiento. Se analizó la calidad bacteriológica del agua de consumo humano de la zona urbana y rural (veredas Corales, Potrero Largo y Carbonera Alta), por medio de los indicadores de contaminación: coliformes totales y Escherichia coli, mediante la técnica de filtración por membrana. El agua de consumo humano de la zona urbana cumplió con los parámetros establecidos en la Resolución 2115 de 2007 del Ministerio de Protección Social, contrario a la zona rural, donde se encontraron recuentos de los indicadores de contaminación fecal, superiores a lo establecido. Por lo tanto, este recurso debe ser considerado como "agua natural", no apta para consumo humano, según el Decreto 1594 de 1984, por lo que debe ser destinada para potabilización bajo un tratamiento convencional.

Guatavita is a municipality in the department of Cundinamarca, Colombia. Guatavita has water resources such as rivers, streams, lakes and springs, which provide a large proportion of the water consumed by the population. Sixteen water supply systems are in operation, but only the one supplying the urban area is equipped with water treatment facilities. In the rural area there are 14 aqueducts with a basic pretreatment system. An analysis was made of the bacteriological quality of the water for human consumption in urban and rural areas (districts of Corales, Potrero Largo and Carbonera Alta) based on two contamination indicators: total coliforms and Escherichia coli, using membrane filtration technique. The water for human consumption in the urban area complied with the parameters contained in Resolution 2115/2007 of the Ministry of Social Protection. In the rural area, however, fecal contamination indicators were above the established limits. Therefore, this resource should be viewed as "natural water" not suitable for human consumption, according to Decree 1594/1984, and destined for potabilization by conventional treatment.

O cuidado domiciliar com a água de consumo humano e suas implicações na saúde: percepções de moradores em Vitória (ES) / Home care with water for human consumption and its implications in health: perceptions of residents in Vitória (ES), Brazil

Hábitos domiciliares incorretos no manejo da água de consumo humano podem afetar a saúde de seus usuários. Entrevistas realizadas com quatro grupos de dez moradores no município de Vitória (ES) alertam para esse risco. Para a análise dos depoimentos, foi aplicada metodologia qualitativa, empregando-se a estratégia do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Os discursos apontam para a falta de conhecimento dos usuários acerca da manutenção correta do reservatório e filtro domiciliares de água, para a desconfiança da qualidade da água recebida do sistema público e a falta de um canal de comunicação efetivo entre a população, o serviço de saneamento e as instituições de saúde pública locais. A pesquisa mostra a necessidade de se reverem as formas de comunicação com a população atualmente adotadas por essas instituições.

Wrong domiciliary habits with regard to the management of water consumption may affect the health of its users. Interviews conducted with four groups of ten residents in Vitória (ES), Brazil, point out the risk. For the analysis of testimonials, the qualitative methodology was applied, as employing the strategy of Collective Subject Discourse. The discourses showed the lack of knowledge of the users about the proper maintenance of the reservoir and filter household water, the mistrust on the quality of water received from the public system and the lack of an effective communication channel between the population, the water supply services and the local institutions of public health. This research shows the need to review the types of information provided to the population currently adopted by these institutions.