Predictors of nutritional recovery time in children aged 6-59 months with severe acute malnutrition in Sofala Province, Mozambique: survival analysis approach.

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition is a public health problem that affects physical and psychosocial well-being. It manifests as a rapid deterioration in nutritional status and bilateral edema due to inadequate food intake or illness. METHODS: This study is a retrospective cohort of 1208 children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in Sofala Province from 2018 to 2022. It includes hospitalized children aged 6-59 months with SAM and related complications. The dependent variable is recovery, and the independent variables include age, sex of the child, vomiting, dehydration, hypoglycemia, nutritional edema and anthropometry. Survival curves were plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method, and bivariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: The crude analysis revealed significant factors for nutritional recovery in children with SAM, including age, weight, height, malaria, diarrhea and dehydration. Children under 24 months had a 28% lower likelihood of recovery. Weight below 6.16 kg decreased the likelihood by 2%, and height above 71.1 cm decreased it by 20%. Conversely, malaria, diarrhea and dehydration increased the likelihood of recovery. However, after adjustment, only diarrhea remained a significant predictor of nutritional recovery. CONCLUSION: This study found that diarrhea is a predictor of nutritional recovery in children with SAM.

Boletín epidemiológico semana 10: desnutrición aguda moderada y severa en menores de 5 años / Epidemiological bulletin week 10: moderate and severe acute malnutrition in children under 5 years of age

La desnutrición es una enfermedad que se da principalmente por un desequilibrio entre la dieta y el requerimiento de nutrientes de un individuo, puede afectar de manera importante a los niños menores de 5 años pues están en etapa de desarrollo, por lo cual sus requerimientos nutricionales son altos, y está asociada a condiciones socioeconómicas desfavorables que llevan a un déficit en la dieta. Sin embargo, también puede presentarse por otros factores como enfermedades que impiden el aprovechamiento de nutrientes. En Colombia, se vigila la desnutrición aguda en menores de 5 años desde 2016, y se vigila la desnutrición asociada a déficit en la dieta sin que medien enfermedades de base. A nivel global, para 2019 la prevalencia de desnutrición aguda se encontró en 6,9 % lo cual corresponde a 47 millones de niños con esta condición, siendo África y Asia las áreas más afectadas. En la región, el Caribe presentó una prevalencia de 2,9 %, Sur América de 1,3 % y Centro América de 0,9 %, lo que corresponde a 0,7 millones de niños menores de 5 años con esta condición.

Malnutrition is a disease that occurs mainly due to an imbalance between the diet and the nutrient requirements of an individual, it can significantly affect children under 5 years of age since they are in stage of development, so its nutritional requirements are high, and is associated with unfavorable socioeconomic conditions that lead to a diet deficit. However, it can also occur due to other factors such as diseases that prevent the use of nutrients. In Colombia, acute malnutrition in children under 5 years of age has been monitored since 2016, and malnutrition associated with dietary deficiencies without underlying diseases is monitored. At a global level, for 2019 the prevalence of acute malnutrition was found by 6.9%, which corresponds to 47 million children with this condition, with Africa and Asia being the most affected areas. In the region, the Caribbean presented a prevalence of 2.9%, South America of 1.3% and Central America of 0.9%. which corresponds to 0.7 million children under 5 years of age with this condition.

Evaluating the Validity of the Responses to Illness Severity Quantification Score to Discriminate Illness Severity and Level of Care Transitions in Hospitalized Children with Severe Acute Malnutrition.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the validity of the Responses to Illness Severity Quantification (RISQ) score to discriminate illness severity and transitions between levels of care during hospitalization. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective observational study conducted in Maiduguri, Nigeria, enrolled inpatients aged 1-59 months with severe acute malnutrition. The primary outcome was the RISQ score associated with the patient state. Heart and respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, respiratory effort, oxygen use, temperature, and level of consciousness are summed to calculate the RISQ score. Five states were defined by levels of care and hospital discharge outcome. The states were classified hierarchically, reflecting illness severity: hospital mortality was the most severe state, then intensive care unit (ICU), care in the stabilization phase (SP), care in the rehabilitation phase (RP), and lowest severity, survival at hospital discharge. A multistate statistical model examined performance of the RISQ score in predicting clinical states and transitions. RESULTS: Of 903 children enrolled (mean age, 14.6 months), 63 (7%) died. Mean RISQ scores during care in each phase were 3.5 (n = 2265) in the ICU, 1.7 (n = 6301) in the SP, and 1.5 (n = 2377) in the RP. Mean scores and HRs for a 3-point change in score at transitions: ICU to death, 6.9 (HR, 1.80); SP to ICU, 2.8 (HR, 2.00); ICU to SP, 2.0 (HR, 0.5); and RP to discharge, 1.4 (HR, 0.91). CONCLUSIONS: The RISQ score can discriminate between points of escalation or de-escalation of care and reflects illness severity in hospitalized children with severe acute malnutrition. Evaluation of clinical implementation and demonstration of benefit will be important before widespread adoption.

Public Health Implications of Wasting and Stunting Relationship in Children under Five Years Highly Vulnerable to Undernutrition in Guatemala: The REDAC Study.

(1) Background: Guatemala is the Latin American country with the highest prevalence of childhood stunting. Short height can bias the diagnosis of wasting when using the weight-for-height indicator. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic concordance of the anthropometric indicators of wasting and the relationship between wasting and stunting in children from highly vulnerable communities in Guatemala. (2) Methods: The sample consisted of 13,031 anthropometric records of children under five years of age (49.5% girls, average age of 27.9 months), including weight, height, and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), collected in March-August 2019. The proportions of stunting, underweight, and wasting, assessed by three different indicators, as well as their concurrence through the Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure were calculated. (3) Results: Stunting affected 73% of the sample, and 74.2% showed anthropometric failure. Wasting varied by indicator (weight-for-height: 2.8%; MUAC: 4.4%; MUAC-for-age: 10.6%). Concordance between MUAC and weight-for-height was very low (Kappa: 0.310; sensitivity: 40.9%). MUAC identified more wasted children in the stunted group (53.6% vs. 26.5%), while the opposite occurred in the non-stunted group (34.8% vs. 46.7%). (4) Conclusion: The presence of stunting affected the diagnosis of wasting, and both indicators should be included as diagnostic criteria for screening campaigns and in the treatment of moderate to acute wasting in vulnerable populations affected by multiple forms of undernutrition.

Effect of a ready-to-use supplementary food on the recovery of preschool children with malnutrition.

INTRODUCTION: In developing countries, protein-energy malnutrition causes 60% of deaths in children < 5 years of age. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of a ready-to-use supplementary food (RUSF) on moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) in preschool children. METHOD: Clinical trial that included 155 children with MAM (weight/height Z-score > -3 and ≤ -2). Each child received RUSF in the form of biscuits, four per day (250 kcal), for 12 months. The tutor received education on nutrition, health and hygiene. Recovery (weight/height Z-score > -2) at four, six, and 12 months was assessed using intent-to-treat (ITT) and per protocol (PP) analyses. Changes in chronic malnutrition were also analyzed. RESULTS: In the first semester, adequate RUSF consumption was observed in 61% of the children, and in 42% in the second semester. In the ITT analysis, 78% were identified to have recovered, with 38% reaching normal nutritional values; in the PP analysis, > 90% recovered and > 40% reached normal values. Recovery from chronic malnutrition was also observed. CONCLUSIONS: The consumption of RUSF and an educational program reduced MAM.

INTRODUCCIÓN: En países en desarrollo, la desnutrición proteico-energética causa 60 % de las muertes en los niños menores de cinco años. OBJETIVO: Evaluar el efecto de un suplemento alimenticio listo para consumir (SALC) en la desnutrición aguda moderada (DAM) en niños preescolares. MÉTODO: Ensayo clínico que incluyó 155 niños con DAM (puntuación Z de peso/talla [pZ] mayor de −3 y menor o igual a −2). Cada niño recibió SALC en forma de galletas, cuatro por día (250 kcal), durante 12 meses. El tutor recibió educación sobre nutrición, salud e higiene. La recuperación (pZ peso/talla mayor de −2) a los cuatro, seis y 12 meses se evaluó con un análisis por intención a tratar (AIT) y por protocolo (APP). También se analizaron cambios en la desnutrición crónica. RESULTADOS: En el primer semestre se observó consumo adecuado del SALC en 61 % de los niños y en 42 % en el segundo semestre. Con el AIT se identificó que 78 % se recuperó y 38 % alcanzó valores normales de nutrición; con el APP, > 90 % se recuperó y > 40 % alcanzó valores normales. Se observó recuperación de la desnutrición crónica. CONCLUSIONES: El consumo de SALC y un programa educativo redujeron la DAM.

Evaluación nutricional de niños menores de cinco años de edad durante la estancia hospitalaria en un Servicio de Salud de referencia / Nutritional evolution in children under the age of 5 during hospital stay in a reference health care service

Introducción: La desnutrición en niños hospitalizados es una causa frecuente de morbi mortalidad. La prevalencia de desnutrición hospitalaria pediátrica en América Latina es del 11 % en promedio (rango de 6 a 35 %). Objetivos: Evaluar la evolución nutricional de los niños menores de cinco años de edad, internados en la Cátedra y Servicio de Pediatría del Hospital de Clínicas, FCM UNA, al ingreso versus al egreso hospitalario durante el periodo 2016. Materiales y métodos: Diseño observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo. Variables: edad, sexo, procedencia, peso al nacer, edad gestacional, peso al ingreso y al alta, talla, duración lactancia materna exclusiva, inicio de alimentación complementaria, escolaridad y ocupación materna, patología de base, diagnóstico de ingreso, días de internación, alimentación enteral y/o parenteral, días de ayuno, evolución. Tamaño muestral: 361 niños menores de cinco años de edad. Se evaluó el estado nutricional según estándares de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), a través del Programa ANTHRO v3.2.2. Estadística: medidas paramétricas y no paramétricas. T student. Significancia: p < 0,05. Resultados: Ingresaron 361 niños, 51,5% Masculino, Edad media: 15 meses (1-59 meses) Grupos: 56 % lactantes menores, 21% lactantes mayores y 23% preescolares, 87% de procedencia urbana. El. 26,6% presentó algún grado de desnutrición y 10,5 % desnutrición crónica. El 40 % de los pacientes presentaba alguna comorbilidad. La desnutrición durante la estancia hospitalaria fue del 8,2%. La asociación de uso de alimentación enteral y ganancia de peso fue significativa (p< 0,05). Ningún niño presentó kwashiorkor. Ningún óbito fue registrado. Conclusión: La prevalencia de desnutrición durante la hospitalización en niños menores de cinco años de edad es del 8,2 % en un hospital de referencia, menor al promedio en hospitales de América Latina.

Introduction: Malnutrition in hospitalized children is a frequent morbidity and mortality cause. The prevalence of in-hospital malnutrition in pediatric patients in Latin America has a mean rate of 11% (ranging from 6% to 35%). Objectives: Evaluate the nutritional evolution in children under the age of 5 admitted to the Service of Clinics Pediatrics, FCM-UNA, assessing their first Vs. last day of hospitalization during the 2016 period. Materials and methods: The design of the study was observational descriptive, longitudinal in time. Variables: age, gender, place of origin, birth weight, gestational age, weight at first and last day of hospitalization, beginning of complementary feeding, mother schooling years, mother occupation, previous diseases, admittance diagnose, complications, days of hospitalization, enteral or parenteral feeding, days of fasting, evolution. Sample size: 361 patients under the age of 5 years. Nutritional status was evaluated using z values for Weight/Age, Weight/Height, Height /Age (WHO 2006, ANTHRO Software). Statistical aspects: parametric and nonparametric tests. Student's t-test significant at p<0,05. Results: 361 children were admitted. 51.5% males, mean age of 15 months (1-59 months). Were 56% infants, 21% toddlers and 23% pre-schoolers, 87% from a urban background., 26.6% had some degree of malnutrition and 10.5% suffered from chronic malnutrition; 40,% of patients presented some comorbidity. Malnutrition during hospital stay: 8.2%. Association of enteral feeding and weight gain was significant (p<0,05). None developed Kwashiorkor. No deceased cases were found. Conclusion: The prevalence of malnutrition during hospitalization in children under the age of five years was 8.2% in a reference hospital, below the average among hospitals in Latin America.

Childhood malnutrition within the indigenous Wayuú children of northern Colombia.

Malnutrition contributes to nearly half of all preventable deaths in children under the age of five. While the burden of disease is heaviest in Sub-Saharan Africa, South, and Southeast Asia, malnutrition in Latin America remains high, especially within indigenous communities. This study evaluates the prevalence of malnutrition and its relationship with access to healthcare resources within 172 indigenous Wayuú communities in La Guajira, Colombia. Healthcare workers administered a health questionnaire and collected anthropometric measurements on all children 6 months to 5 years of age within the Wayuú households. These data were utilised to calculate the prevalence of acute malnutrition, stunting, and underweight. Of all surveyed Wayuú children, 22.9% and 18.3% met criteria for moderate and severe malnutrition, 33.4% and 28.1% met criteria for moderate and severe stunting, and 28.1% and 16.6% were moderately and severely underweight. Across all categories, malnourished children were older, less likely to have had a medical professional present at birth, less likely to have received medical care after birth, and more likely to have been born in a non-medical, community setting. The prevalence of malnutrition is much higher than national levels in Colombia. This population requires urgent assistance to address their disproportionately high rates of malnutrition.

Improved care and survival in severe malnutrition through eLearning.

BACKGROUND: Scaling up improved management of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) has been identified as the nutrition intervention with the greatest potential to reduce child mortality but it requires improved operational capacity. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether an eLearning course, which can be used at scale in resource-poor countries, leads to improved diagnosis, clinical management and survival of children with SAM. DESIGN: A 2-year preintervention and postintervention study between January 2015 and February 2017. SETTING: Eleven healthcare facilities: nine in Ghana, one in Guatemala, and one in El Salvador. INTERVENTION: Scenario-based eLearning course 'Caring for infants and young children with severe malnutrition'. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Identification of children with SAM, quality of care, case-fatality rate. METHODS: Medical record reviews of children aged 0-60 months attending eleven hospitals between August 2014 and July 2016, observations in paediatric wards, and interviews with senior hospital personnel. RESULTS: Postintervention there was a significant improvement in the identification of SAM: more children had the requisite anthropometric data (34.9% (1300/3723) vs 15.9% (629/3953)) and more were correctly diagnosed (58.5% (460/786) vs 47.1% (209/444)). Improvements were observed in almost all aspects of the WHO 'Ten Steps' of case-management, and case-fatality fell from 5.8% (26/449) to 1.9% (14/745) (Post-pre difference=-3.9%, 95% CI -6.6 to -1.7, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: High quality, interactive eLearning can be an effective intervention in scaling up capacity building of health professionals to manage SAM effectively, leading to a reduction in mortality.

Assessing effectiveness of a novel mid-upper arm circumference Z-score tape in a community setting in Guatemala.

BACKGROUND: Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) is an independent anthropometric measurement used to identify malnutrition in children. While much research has been dedicated to applying fixed estimates of MUAC to identify cases of malnutrition in children under 5 years of age, far less has been done with age-specific MUAC Z-score values across the continuum of age from birth through adolescence. METHODS: The present study examined the effectiveness of a novel MUAC Z-score tape, in the hands of community health volunteers, to identify children over the age of 5 who would benefit from nutritional rehabilitation. In January of 2019, 112 community health volunteers working within Children International in Guatemala were trained to use the MUAC Z-score tape and asked to collect measurements on children or youth in their communities. RESULTS: Of the 818 MUAC Z-score tape measurements obtained by volunteers, 88.26% (722/818) were concordant with nutritional risk status as predicted by BMI Z-score, and 90.95% (744/818) were concordant with MUAC Z-score tape measurements made by field medical staff. MUAC Z-scores identified 87.10% (27/31) of the severely or moderately undernourished children as determined by the BMI Z-score who would be candidates for the nutrition rehabilitation program (Z-score ≤ - 2) along with an additional six children that would not have been classified as such with BMI Z-score. A qualitative survey distributed to the volunteers showed moderate rates of understanding of nutritional risk using the tape, and 62.50% reported the tape was easy to use. CONCLUSIONS: These quantitative and qualitative findings suggest that with more in-depth training and education the MUAC Z-score tape is a viable, low-cost, low-burden alternative for community-level nutritional status assessment among the population served by Children International in Guatemala. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Supplementary information accompanies this paper at (10.1186/s13690-019-0370-0).

Diarrhea, Dehydration, and the Associated Mortality in Children with Complicated Severe Acute Malnutrition: A Prospective Cohort Study in Uganda.

OBJECTIVE: To assess predictors of diarrhea and dehydration and to investigate the role of diarrhea in mortality among children with complicated severe acute malnutrition. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective cohort study, nested in a probiotic trial, was conducted in children with complicated severe acute malnutrition. Children were treated according to World Health Organization and national guidelines, and diarrhea and dehydration were assessed daily. Multiple linear and log-linear Poisson regression models were used to identify predictors of days with diarrhea and dehydration, respectively, and multiple logistic regression was used to assess their role in mortality. RESULTS: Among 400 children enrolled, the median (IQR) age was 15.0 months (11.2-19.2 months), 58% were boys, and 61% had caregiver-reported diarrhea at admission. During hospitalization, the median (range) number of days with diarrhea was 5 (0-31), the median duration of hospitalization was 17 days (1-69 days), and 39 (10%) died. Of 592 diarrhea episodes monitored, 237 were admission episodes and 355 were hospital acquired. During hospitalization, young age was associated with days with diarrhea, and young age and HIV infection were associated with dehydration. Both days with diarrhea and dehydration predicted duration of hospitalization as well as mortality. The odds of mortality increased by a factor of 1.4 (95% CI, 1.2-1.6) per day of diarrhea and 3.5 (95% CI, 2.2-6.0) per unit increase in dehydration score. CONCLUSIONS: Diarrhea is a strong predictor of mortality among children with complicated severe acute malnutrition. Improved management of diarrhea and prevention of hospital-acquired diarrhea may be critical to decreasing mortality.

Relapse after severe acute malnutrition: A systematic literature review and secondary data analysis.

The objectives of most treatment programs for severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in children focus on initial recovery only, leaving post-discharge outcomes, such as relapse, poorly understood and undefined. This study aimed to systematically review current literature and conduct secondary data analyses of studies that captured relapse rates, up to 18-month post-discharge, in children following recovery from SAM treatment. The literature search (including PubMed and Google Scholar) built upon two recent reviews to identify a variety of up-to-date published studies and grey literature. This search yielded 26 articles and programme reports that provided information on relapse. The proportion of children who relapsed after SAM treatment varied greatly from 0% to 37% across varying lengths of time following discharge. The lack of a standard definition of relapse limited comparability even among the few studies that have quantified post-discharge relapse. Inconsistent treatment protocols and poor adherence to protocols likely add to the wide range of relapse reported. Secondary analysis of a database from Malawi found no significant association between potential individual risk factors at admission and discharge, except being an orphan, which resulted in five times greater odds of relapse at 6 months post-discharge (95% CI [1.7, 12.4], P = 0.003). The development of a standard definition of relapse is needed for programme implementers and researchers. This will allow for assessment of programme quality regarding sustained recovery and better understanding of the contribution of relapse to local and global burden of SAM.

Correlates of Physical Activity among Young Children with Moderate Acute Malnutrition.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the levels of physical activity among young children with moderate acute malnutrition and to identify clinical, biochemical, anthropometric, and sociodemographic correlates of physical activity. STUDY DESIGN: In a cross-sectional study, 1609 children aged 6-23 months wore a triaxial accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3x+; ActiGraph, Pensacola, Florida) for 6 consecutive days, from which total physical activity were determined. Data on morbidity were collected based by history and physical examination, and serum C-reactive protein and α1-acid glycoprotein were measured. RESULTS: A total of 1544 (96%) children had physical activity measured, of whom 1498 (97%) completed 6 consecutive days of physical activity recording with a daily median wear time of 24 hours. The mean (±SD) total physical activity was 707 (±180) vector magnitude counts per minute (cpm). Age was negatively correlated with physical activity; compared with children below 12 months of age, those 12-17 months of age, and 18-23 months of age had 51 (95% CI, 26; 75) and 106 (95% CI, 71; 141) cpm lower physical activity, respectively. Fever and malaria were associated with 49 (95% CI, 27; 70) and 44 (95% CI, 27; 61) cpm lower activity, respectively. Elevated serum C-reactive protein and α1-acid glycoprotein were both negative correlates of physical activity, and hemoglobin was a positive correlate. CONCLUSIONS: Physical activity declines with age in children with moderate acute malnutrition and is also inversely related to infection and inflammatory status. Future studies are needed to ascertain cause and effect of these associations. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Controlled-Trials.com: ISRCTN42569496.

Situación nutricional de niños de tres a cinco años de edad en tres distritos de Lima Metropolitana. Perú, 2016 / Nutritional status of children from three to five years old in three districts of Lima. Peru, 2016

Objetivo: Conocer la situación nutricional de los niños de 3 a 5 años de edad, residentes en los distritos de Villa el Salvador, San Juan de Miraflores y San Juan de Lurigancho para el periodo comprendido entre abril y junio del 2016. Materiales y métodos: Estudio prospectivo, transversal no experimental. La información comprende a 1416 niños y niñas de los distritos de Villa el Salvador, Villa María del Triunfo y San Juan de Lurigancho (340, 322 y 754 respectivamente). La información recogida comprendió datos de peso, talla y edad, en base a esta información se determinó desnutrición crónica, desnutrición aguda, sobrepeso y obesidad según el patrón de referencia de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se calculó los indicadores T/E y P/T. Resultados: Se determinó que la población del distrito de San Juan de Lurigancho presentó mayor desnutrición crónica (8.6%) y mayor sobrepeso (11.0%), la población del distrito de Villa María del Triunfo presentó mayor desnutrición aguda (1.3%) y la de Villa El Salvador mayor obesidad (4.6%). Conclusión: En los últimos años el tema nutricional tiene un gran impulso por parte del gobierno peruano a través de programas sociales, estando pendiente el enfoque sobre los determinantes a nivel de causalidad, hoy solo se mira la seguridad alimentaria, cuidado materno-infantil y calidad del entorno de salud descuidando el enfoque de causalidad, considerado como el más importantes del abordaje del problema. Los grandes lineamientos nacionales en materia de nutrición deben incluir estrategias no solo de reducción de los problemas nutricionales sino también prevención de estos.

Objective: To know the nutritional status of children from 3 to 5 years old living in the districts of Villa el Salvador, San Juan de Miraflores and San Juan de Lurigancho for the period from April to June 2016. Material and methods: Prospective, transversal, non-experimental study. The information includes 1,416 children from the districts of Villa El Salvador, Villa Maria del Triunfo and San Juan de Lurigancho (340, 322 and 754 respectively). The information collected included data on weight, height and age and based on this information, chronic malnutrition, acute malnutrition, overweight and obesity was determined according to the reference standard of the World Health Organization. S/Aand W/S indicators was calculated. Results: It was determined that the population of San Juan de Lurigancho had higher chronic malnutrition (8.6 %) and higher overweight (11.0 %) , the population of the district of Villa Maria del Triunfo had higher acute malnutrition (1.3 %) and population of Villa El Salvador greater obesity (4.6 %). Conclusion: In recent years the nutritional issue has a major boost by the Peruvian government through social programs, focusing on the determinants level of causality. Today only food security, maternal and child care and environmental quality are observed, neglecting health approach causality, considered the most important approach to the problem. Large national guidelines on nutrition strategies should include not only reduction of nutritional problems but also preventing these.

Circunferencia media de brazo en preescolares y escolares hospitalizados como valor predictivo de desnutrición aguda / Media arm circumference in school and preschool hospitalized as predictive value of acute malnutrition

Se evaluó el poder predictivo de la circunferencia media de brazo para la identificación precoz de desnutrición aguda en niños preescolares y escolares hospitalizados en dos hospitales de Valencia, estado Carabobo. Se evaluaron 182 niños entre 2-10 años. Estado nutricional antropométrico calculado por: circunferencia media del brazo para la edad CMB y peso para la talla P/T. Se empleó paquete estadístico SPSS versión 15.0 y Statistix versión 6.0. Se determinó sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y negativo por Teorema de Bayes; correspondencia por índice Kappa; diagnóstico de desnutrición aguda y sensibilidad por CMB y área bajo la curva ROC; nivel de confianza 95%. Se encontró 51,1% masculinos, 48,9% femeninos, edad 5,2 ± 2,2 años; 71,4% pre-escolares, 28,6% escolares con p=0,000 entre las edades. Cuando se ajustó por sexo y edad, la CMB se correlacionó significativamente con el peso (r=0,804; p=0,000) y la talla (r=0,510; p=0,000). Índice Kappa de 0,720 (p=0,000) para la comparación entre P/T y CMB en el diagnóstico de desnutrición aguda. Prevalencia de 28% por desnutrición aguda para P/T y 34,6% para CMB, con concordancia entre ambos indicadores. CMB presentó buena sensibilidad y especificidad, siendo más sensible y específica en pre-escolares y escolares masculinos para niños con desnutrición aguda. Punto de corte para desnutrición aguda en preescolares 14,9 cm, con sensibilidad 85,5%; especificidad 74,5%; para escolares 16,0 cm con sensibilidad 89,2%; especificidad 80%. CMB demostró mejor predictor de desnutrición aguda que P/T. Se recomienda establecer puntos de corte específicos por edad y sexo, para la definición y clasificación del déficit nutricional(AU)

The predictive power of the middle arm circumference for early identification of acute malnutrition in preschool and school children hospitalized in two hospitals in Valencia, Carabobo state. Was evaluated 182 children aged 2-10 years were evaluated. Anthropometric nutritional status calculated by: mid-arm circumference for age MAC and weight for height P/T. SPSS version 15.0 and Statistix version 6.0 was used. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value was determined by Bayes Theorem; Kappa index for correspondence; Diagnosis of acute malnutrition and sensitivity by MAC and area under the curve ROC; 95% confidence level. We found 51.1% male, 48.9% female, age 5.2 ± 2.2 years; 71.4% pre-school, school 28.6% (p = 0.000) between ages. When adjusted for sex and age, the CMB was significantly correlated with weight (r = 0.804; p = 0.000) and height (r = 0.510; p = 0.000). Kappa index of 0.720 (p = 0.000) for the comparison between P/T and CMB in the diagnosis of acute malnutrition. Acute malnutrition 28% prevalence for P/T and 34.6% for MAC, with agreement between both indicators. MAC showed good sensitivity and specificity, being more sensitive and specific in pre-school and school male children with acute malnutrition. 14.9 cm of cutoff point for acute malnutrition in preschool, with 85.5% sensitivity; 74.5% specificity; for school 16 cm with 89.2% sensitivity; 80% specificity. MAC showed better predictor of acute malnutrition P/T. It is recommended to set specific cutoffs for age and sex, for the definition and classification of nutritional deficit(AU)

Factores pronósticos de muerte en niños portadores de desnutrición aguda ingresados en cuidados intensivos / Prognostic Factors of death in children with acute malnutrition admitted to intensive care

Introducción: la desnutrición en el paciente pediátrico constituye un riesgo de morbimortalidad, la cual se incrementa con la enfermedad grave. Objetivo: determinar los factores pronósticos de mortalidad que, integrados en una función de variables, permitan estimar adecuadamente la probabilidad de morir en niños portadores de desnutrición aguda ingresados en cuidados intensivos. Material y Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional de cohorte en 378 pacientes con desnutrición aguda, ingresados en varias Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos durante los años 1994-2010; se llevaron a cabo los análisis univariado y multivariado de regresión logística, se determinó la Característica Operativa del Receptor y el cálculo de la Razón de Mortalidad Estandarizada. Resultados: mostraron asociación simple con el deceso de la frecuencia respiratoria, la albúmina sérica, el conteo de leucocitos, el catéter venoso central, la escala de Glasgow, la frecuencia cardiaca, la glicemia y el potasio. Se obtuvo una relación independiente con la probabilidad de muerte y el mejor ajuste de la función pronóstica con las tres primeras: la frecuencia respiratoria (OR= 15,18, IC 95 por ciento 3,26 -70,52), la albúmina sérica (OR=13,97 IC 95 por ciento 2,9 - 66,68) y el conteo de leucocitos de (OR= 41,93 IC 95 por ciento 7,02 - 250,46); el Área Bajo la Curva en la validación externa fue 0,93 y mostró calibración según la Razón de Mortalidad Estandarizada de 0,76. Conclusión: la función obtenida tan solo con la frecuencia respiratoria, el conteo de leucocitos y la albúmina sérica mostró una excelente capacidad discriminante para predecir la muerte en los pacientes evaluados(AU)

Introduction: malnutrition in pediatric patients is a risk of morbidity and mortality, which increases with serious illness. Objective: to determine the predictors of mortality, integrated into a function of variables, allowing adequately estimate the probability of death in children with acute malnutrition admitted to intensive care. Material and Methods: an observational cohort study was conducted in 378 patients with acute malnutrition admitted to several pediatric intensive care units during the years 1994 to 2010; were carried out by univariate and multivariate logistic regression, receiver operating characteristic and the calculation of Standardized Mortality Ratio was determined. Results: showed simple association with the death respiratory rate, serum albumin, WBC count, the central venous catheter, the Glasgow Coma Scale, heart rate, blood glucose and potassium. An independent relationship with the probability of death and the best fit of the prognostic function with the first three was obtained: respiratory rate (OR = 15.18, 95 percent CI 3.26 -70.52), serum albumin (OR = 13.97; 95 percent CI 2.9 to 66.68) and leukocyte count (OR = 41.93; 95 percent CI 7.02 to 250.46); Area Under the Curve in the external validation was 0.93 and showed calibration according to the Standardized Mortality Ratio of 0,76. Conclusion: the function obtained only with the respiratory rate, leukocyte count and serum albumin showed excellent discriminatory capacity to predict death in patients evaluated(AU)

Sepsis en niños con desnutrición aguda ingresados en cuidados intensivos. Relación con diferentes variables / Sepsis with acute malnutrition in children admitted to intensive care. Relation with different variables

Introducción: la sepsis es una causa importante de morbimortalidad, lo cual se agrava cuando se presenta en niños portadores de desnutrición aguda.Objetivo: determinar la asociación que existe entre el niño desnutrido, la presencia de sepsis y las diferentes variables. Material y Método: se realizó un estudio analítico prospectivo en niños desnutridos ingresados en cuidados intensivos de enero del 2007 a diciembre de 2011. Resultados: los casos con tiempo de inicio de la enfermedad superior a 3 días, presentaron un riesgo de sepsis 2,3 veces mayor (OR=2,3 IC 1,08-5,09); el conteo de leucocitos superior a 12,85 x 109 se asoció a la sepsis 8,5 veces más (OR=8,5 IC 3,58-20,24); con albúmina sérica menor de 30 g/L se observó 2,7 veces más riesgo (OR= 2,7 2,3 IC 1,08- 5,17) de sepsis; la frecuencia respiratoria mayor a 61 resp/min se presentó 2,3 más en los sépticos (OR=2,3 IC 1,08- 5,17) y los casos con sepsis tuvieron 2,8 veces (OR=2,8 IC 1,08-7,68) más riesgo de muerte. Conclusiones: en los niños desnutridos la sepsis estuvo asociada a más días de evolución de la misma, a la leucocitosis, a la hipoalbuminemia, al incremento de la frecuencia respiratoria y a mayor riesgo de muerte(AU)

Introduction: sepsis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, which is compounded when it occurs in children with acute malnutrition. Objective: to determine the association between the malnourished child and the presence of sepsis with different variables. Material and Methods: a prospective analytical study was conducted in malnourished children admitted to intensive care in January 2007 to December 2011.Results: cases with onset time of more than three days illness, had a 2.3 risk of sepsis times higher (OR = 2.3 CI 1.08 - 5.09 ); the upper leukocyte count 12.85 x 109 was associated with sepsis 8.5 times more (OR = 8.5 CI 3.58 - 20,24 ); serum albumin less than 30 g/L was observed 2.7 times greater risk (OR = 2.7 2.3 IC 1.08 to 5.17 ) to sepsis ; respiratory rate greater than 61 resp/min over 2.3 presented in septic (OR = 2.3 CI 1.08 - 5.17 ) and patients with sepsis were 2.8 times (OR = 2.8 CI 1.08 - 7.68 ) higher risk of death. Conclusions: sepsis was associated in malnourished children with more days of evolution of the disease, the presence of leukocytosis, hipoalbuminemia, increased respiratory rate and increased risk of death(AU)

Línea de base para apoyar el manejo de la desnutriciónen redes municipales de salud de la ciudad de La Paz / Baseline for supporting the managing malnutrition in municipal health networks in the city of La Paz

Pregunta de investigación: ¿Las intervenciones clínicas para el manejo de la desnutrición responden a las características dela desnutrición del menor de cinco años en Bolivia?Objetivo general: Determinar la magnitud, tipos de desnutrición y determinantes directas en menores de cinco años en la red Suroeste de la ciudad de La Paz y contrastar con la atención prestada a este grupo. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo Lugar: Red de Salud No 1 Suroeste Población: Menores de cinco años Métodos: Se realizó muestreo de acuerdo a la prevalencia de la desnutrición aguda, se aplicaron encuestas tanto a las madres de familia como al personal de salud, y se tomaron medidas antropométricas a todos los niños seleccionados. Para esta última actividad se procedió a la estandarización de los instrumentos y capacitación a los antropometristas. Resultados: Se estudiaron 457 niños menores de cinco años, 33% menores de 1 año, 44% entre 1 y <2 años y 23% de 2 a 5años. La desnutrición crónica fue la más frecuente (15%), seguida por la aguda que llega a 13%, y en menor proporción la desnutrición global (7,8%). Los puntos de corte considerados para la desnutrición crónica y la global son por debajo de la -2DE,y para la desnutrición aguda por debajo de la -1DE, el tramo por debajo de -1DE a -2DE representa al grupo en riesgo. Discusión: Según las madres, un 82,5% de los de los niños nacieron en un establecimiento de salud y un 98.6% refirieron darseno materno de manera exclusiva a menores de seis meses, todos los niños recibieron alimentación complementaria entre los6 y 9 meses, la mayoría recibió la alimentación con menor frecuencia a la recomendada y 52,7% en plato propio. La frecuencia de diarrea fue alta, llegando a 55,9 % en Cotahuma. El personal de salud no conocía ni utilizaba indicadores para identificar la desnutricion aguda y crónica, que a la fecha del estudio no formaban parte de las normas, verificándo se que no existían protocolos para el manejo de...

Research question: Do clinical interventions for managing malnutrition respond to the characteristics of malnutrition in children less than 5 years old in Bolivia? General aim: To determine the magnitude, types of malnutrition and direct determinants in children less than 5 years old in the South West network of the city of La Paz and to check with the attention given to this group. Study design: Descriptive Location: Health network No. 1 South West Population: Children less than 5 years old Methods: Samples were taken according to the prevalence of acute malnutrition. Surveys were taken from the mothers as well as from the health personnel, and anthropometric measurements were taken in all selected children. For this last activity the instruments were standardized and the measuring personnel were trained. Results: We studied 457 children less than 5 years old, 33% of these were less than one year old, 44% between 1 and <2 years, and 23% between 2 and 5 years. Chronic malnutrition is the most frequent type of malnutrition (15%), followed by acute malnutrition that reaches 13%, and to a lesser degree global malnutrition (7.8%). The cut-off points considered for chronic and global malnutrition are below the -2SD, and for acute malnutrition below the -1SD the section below the -1SD to -2SD represents the risk group. Discussion: The frequency of diarrhea is high, reaching 55.9% in Cotahuma. The health personnel had no knowledge and did not use indicators for identifying acute and chronic malnutrition. These indicators were not part of the norms at the time of our study. It was seen that among the direct determinants, breast feeding and complementary alimentation require more promotion. There exists discrepancy between the most frequent types of malnutrition in the South West network and the management of malnutrition offered in the health establishments. Acute diarrhea is the...

Estudo antropométrico de pré-escolares da calha do Rio Amazonas, Brasil. I - Nhamundá

The nutritional state of 152 urban and 30 rural pre-school children was evaluated on antropometric criteria, using the 1946 Gomez and 1986 WHO classifications, in a transverse study in Nhamundá municipal district, Amazonas State, Brazil, during 1998. In the Gomez classification 52,75% of the children in the urban area presented some degree of malnutrition, with the light form (DI) predominating, but with a prevalence of 9,2% the moderate form (DII). In the rural of area the situation was more precarious, both in terms of total prevalence (66,6%) and severity of manifestation, with (3,3%) of the sample classified as DIII. According to the WHO criteria 26,9% this sample presente substandard scores of height for age (indicative of chronic malnutrition), less evident in the first year of life (4,8%). Acute malnutrition indicated by low weight for height was diagnosed in 3,3% of these children.

Foi realizado no município de Nhamundá (1998) estudo transversal, onde avaliou-se o estado nutricional de 152 pré-escolares da área urbana e 30 da área rural, por meio de avaliação antropométrica, adotando-se a classificação de Gomez (1946) e os critérios propostos pela OMS (1986). Constatou-se pela classificação de Gomez que 52,6% das crianças da área urbana apresentavam algum grau de desnutrição, predominando a forma leve (DI), 9,2% na forma moderada (DII). Na área rural o quadro se manifesta mais precário, tanto em ocorrência da desnutrição (66,6%), quanto na sua manifestação de gravidade (DIII) 3,3%. Segundo os critérios da OMS, 26,9% das crianças do município apresentavam inadequação no indicador "altura/idade" (desnutrição crônica), constatando-se menor comprometimento das crianças no primeiro ano de vida (4,8%). A inadequação no indicador "peso/altura" (desnutrição aguda), foi diagnosticada em 3,3% dos pré-escolares.