Finishing of grazing crossbred steers supplemented with detoxified castor bean meal (Ricinus communis L.) in the rainy-dry transition period.

This study evaluated levels of replacement of soybean meal by castor bean meal in the finishing crossbred steers on Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pasture during the rainy-dry transition period. Forty Holstein-Zebu crossbred steers with an average initial weight of 395.93 ± 10 kg were randomly allocated to four treatment groups that were supplemented with concentrate levels of replacing (0, 290, 613, and 903 g/kg DM of the supplement; at 0.4% body weight [BW]). The experimental period was 120 days. A completely randomized experimental design was adopted; with regression analysis using the computational software package (SAS 9.2, USA). Intake and digestibility of dry matter (DM) and nutrients and animal performance were evaluated. The replacement levels did not influence (P > 0.05) the intakes of DM (kg/day), organic matter (OM, kg/day), neutral detergent fiber (NDF, kg/day and %BW), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC, kg/day), or total digestible nutrients (kg/day). However, the intake of crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE, kg/day) decreased as the replacement levels were increased (P < 0.05). The digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, and EE did not change, whereas CP digestibility decreased linearly and NFC digestibility increased linearly (P < 0.05). The replacement levels did not affect (P > 0.05) final body weight, average daily gain, feed conversion, and carcass yield. Castor bean meal can replace up to 903 g/kg DM of soybean meal in the composition of the supplement without compromising the performance of steers on Marandu pasture during the rainy-dry transition period.

Full-fat corn germ improves the performance and milk fat yield of Girolando cows fed sugarcane bagasse and cactus cladodes as forage sources.

We investigated the effects of replacing ground corn with full-fat corn germ (FFCG) on milk production, milk composition, and nutrient use in cows fed sugarcane bagasse and cactus cladodes. Ten multiparous Girolando cows (average body weight 500 ± 66 kg, 90 ± 15 days in milk) were distributed in a replicated 5 × 5 Latin Square and assigned to five dietary treatments containing 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% of full-fat corn germ in substitution to ground corn. Full-fat corn germ increased fat-corrected milk yield by 2.2 kg/day and the synthesis of fat, lactose, and total solids in milk by 94.4, 60.0, and 201.10 g/day, respectively (p < 0.05). Cows fed corn germ quadratically increased (p < 0.05) dry matter intake by 1.01 kg/day, with the intake of crude protein and total digestible nutrients following the same pattern. Conversely, the substitution of corn for full-fat corn germ linearly reduced (p < 0.05) the total non-fiber carbohydrate intake from 5.79 to 4.40 kg/d. Except for ether extract and non-fiber carbohydrates, full-fat corn germ did not alter (p > 0.05) nutrient digestibility. Cows fed corn germ excreted less (p < 0.05) urea-N in milk and urine N. These results demonstrate that full-fat corn germ can partially replace ground corn to enhance the milk production efficiency of crossbred cows fed cactus cladodes and sugarcane bagasse. Furthermore, including sugarcane bagasse in FFCG-supplemented diets prevents milk fat depression in cows fed cactus cladodes.

Biomethane recovery through co-digestion of cheese whey and glycerol in a two-stage anaerobic fluidized bed reactor: Effect of temperature and organic loading rate on methanogenesis.

Anaerobic digestion for CH4 recovery in wastewater treatment has been carried out with different strategies to increase process efficiency, among which co-digestion and the two-stage process can be highlighted. In this context, this study aimed at evaluating the co-digestion of cheese whey and glycerol in a two-stage process using fluidized bed reactors, verifying the effect of increasing the organic loading rate (OLR) (2-20 g-COD.L-1.d-1) and temperature (thermophilic and mesophilic) in the second stage methanogenic reactor. The mesophilic methanogenic reactor (R-Meso) (mean temperature of 22 °C) was more tolerant to high OLR and its best performance was at 20 g-COD.L-1.d-1, resulting in methane yield (MY) and methane production (MPR) of 273 mL-CH4.g-COD-1 and 5.8 L-CH4.L-1.d-1 (with 67% of CH4), respectively. Through 16S rRNA gene massive sequencing analysis, a greater diversity of microorganisms was identified in R-Meso than in R-Thermo (second stage methanogenic reactor, 55 °C). Firmicutes was the phyla with higher relative abundance in R-Thermo, while in R-Meso the most abundant ones were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Regarding the Archaea domain, a predominance of hydrogenotrophic microorganisms could be observed, being the genera Methanothermobacter and Methanobacterium the most abundant in R-Thermo and R-Meso, respectively. The two-stage system composed with a thermophilic acidogenic reactor + R-Meso was more adequate for the co-digestion of cheese whey and glycerol than the single-stage process, promoting increases of up to 47% in the energetic yield (10.3 kJ.kg-COD-1) and 14% in organic matter removal (90.5%).

Grãos secos de destilaria de milho na dieta de codornas japonesas na fase de cria / Dried corn distillery grains in the diet of japanese quailsin the brooding phase / Granos secos de destilería de maíz en la dieta de las codornices japonesas en fase de cría

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho de codornas japonesas na fase de cria emfunçãodosníveis de inclusão de grãos secos de destilaria (DDG) de milho na dieta. Foramutilizadas 720 codornas poedeiras (Coturnix coturnix japonica) com 1 dia de vida até 21 dias de idade, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos eseisrepetições, com 24 codornas por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: dietacontrole com 0% de DDG, dieta com 5% de inclusão de DDG, dieta com10%de inclusãodeDDG, dieta com 15% de inclusão de DDG e dieta com 20% de inclusão de DDG. Foi avaliado o consumo de ração (g/ave/dia), o ganho de peso (g/ave/dia), conversão alimentar(kg/kg) e a viabilidade das aves. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de regressão a 5%deprobabilidade e pelo teste de Dunnet. Foi observado efeito (P<0,05) para ganho empeso, maspara o consumo de ração e conversão alimentar não houve diferença entre as dietas (P>0,05). Conclui-se que a inclusão de 14,8% de DDG de milho na dieta de codornas japonesas maximizou o ganho de peso e não prejudicou o consumo de ração e conversão alimentar dasaves.(AU)

The objective was to evaluate the performance of Japanese quails in the brooding phaseasafunction of the levels of inclusion of corn distillers dried grains (DDG) in the diet. Weused720 laying quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) with 1 day of life and 21 days of age, distributed in internally randomized delineation with five treatments and six repetitions, with24 quails per experimental unit. The treatments used were control diet with 0%DDG, diet with 5% inclusion of DDG, diet with 10% inclusion of DDG, diet with 15% inclusion of DDG and diet with 20% inclusion of DDG. feed intake (g / bird / day), weight gain (g/ bird/ day), feed conversion (kg / kg) and bird viability were evaluated. The data were submittedtoregression analysis at 5% probability and by the Dunnet test. There was an effect (P<0.05) forweight gain, but for feed intake and feed conversion there was no difference between the diets (P>0.05). It was concluded that the inclusion of 14.8% corn DDG in the diet of Japanesequails maximized weight gain and did not affect feed intake and feed conversion of the birds.(AU)

El objetivo fue evaluar el desempeño zootécnico de las codornices japonesas en la etapadecrianza en función de los niveles de inclusión de grano seco de destilería (DDG) de maízenladieta. Se utilizaron 720 codornices ponedoras (Coturnix coturnix japonica) de 1 día a 21díasde edad, distribuidas en un diseño completamente al azar con cinco tratamientos yseisrepeticiones, con 24 codornices por unidad experimental. Los tratamientos utilizados fueron: dieta control con 0% de DDG, dieta con 5% de inclusión de DDG, dieta con 10%de inclusiónde DDG, dieta con 15% de inclusión de DDG y dieta con 20% de inclusión de DDG. Seevaluó el consumo de alimento (g/ave/día), la ganancia de peso (g/ave/día), la conversiónalimenticia (kg/kg) y la viabilidad del ave. Los datos fueron sometidos a análisis de regresiónal 5% de probabilidad y mediante la prueba de Dunnet. Hubo un efecto (P<0,05) paralaganancia de peso, pero para el consumo de alimento y la conversión alimenticia nohubodiferencia entre las dietas (P>0,05). Se concluyó que la inclusión de 14,8%de DDGdemaízen la dieta de las codornices japonesas maximizó la ganancia de peso y no afectó el consumode alimento ni la conversión alimenticia de las aves.(AU)

Effects of Climatic Conditions and Supplementation with Palm Cake on the Thermoregulation of Crossbred Buffaloes Raised in a Rotational Grazing System and with Natural Shade in Humid Tropical Regions.

In ruminants, diet composition has a positive correlation with heat production, which can influence thermoregulation, energy expenditure and, consequently, animal performance. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of climatic conditions and supplementation based on palm kernel cake, on the thermoregulation of crossbred buffaloes in the eastern Amazon. The research was carried out at Embrapa Amazônia Oriental (01°26' S and 48°24' W), Belém, Pará, and lasted 12 months (representing the entire year). Twenty-four buffaloes, females, with initial age and an average weight of 54 ± 7 months and 503.1 ± 23 kg, respectively, non-pregnant, non-lactating and clinically healthy were used, divided into four treatments based on the supplementation content of the palm cake (%DM) in relation to their body weight (%): 0, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0. The animals were kept in paddocks with Brachiaria brizantha (cv. Marandu), in a rotating system, with water to drink and mineral salt ad libitum. Equipment was installed to record environmental data (temperature and relative humidity, dew point temperature, wet bulb and black globe) and physiological data: rectal temperature (RT); respiratory rate (RR); and body surface temperature (BST), recorded twice a day, always in the morning (6:00 a.m. to 7:00 a.m.) and afternoon (12:00 p.m. to 1:00 p.m.) shifts, and were used to calculate the Globe Temperature and Humidity Index (GTHI). Supplementation did not influence the physiological variables of thermoregulation (p > 0.05). However, there were differences in the GTHI between the shifts, with higher means in the afternoon shift, especially in the less rainy period of the year, where the GTHI reached 92.06 ± 2.74 (p < 0.05). In all periods of the year, the mean values of RT, RR and BST were higher in the afternoon shift (p > 0.05). The respiratory rate (RR) is associated with the annual seasonality of the thermal waters, with higher averages in the afternoons of the rainy season. The positive correlation for rectal temperature, respiratory rate and body surface temperature indicated that buffaloes respond to thermal elevations in the atmosphere (afternoon period) and, consequently, reflect on the GTHI. Supplementation does not influence thermoregulation; the changes observed occurred in response to the region's thermal and rainfall conditions (mainly in the afternoon shift), with higher GTHI values.

Performance of feedlot sheep receiving diets with Cupuassu Cake (Theobroma grandiflorum Schum, Sterculiaceae) / Desempenho de ovinos em confinamento recebendo dietas com torta de cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum schum, sterculiaceae)

This study evaluated the inclusion of cupuassu cake (Theobroma grandiflorum Schum.) in the diet of feedlot sheep. Intake (kg day-1, % LW and kg LW-0, 75), weight gain, feed conversion, carcass characteristics and measurements, ingestive behavior, and meat quality were assessed. Twenty-five mixed breed castrated sheep, with initial mean live weight (LW) of 17.4 (± 1.90) kg, were fed under feedlot management conditions until they reached 35 kg LW. The diet consisted of 26 % elephant grass silage (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum) and 74 % concentrate, composed of ground corn, soybean meal, wheat bran, limestone and cupuassu cake at 0 (control), 7.4; 14.8; 22.2 and 29.6 % of total dry matter. The experimental design was completely randomized, with five treatments and five repetitions. No statistical differences (P>0.05) were observed for the substitution of standard feedstuff by cupuassu cake in the variables evaluated, indicating that cupuassu cake can be used for feedlot sheep at up to 30 % of total dry matter, without affecting performance, intake, carcass characteristics or meat quality.(AU)

Esse estudo avaliou o efeito da inclusão da torta de cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum Schum.) na alimentação de ovinos em confinamento. Foram avaliados o consumo (em kg dia-1, % PV e kg PV-0, 75), ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, medidas morfométricas da carcaça, características de carcaça, comportamento ingestivo e qualidade da carne. Foram utilizados vinte e cinco ovinos castrados, sem raça definida (SRD), com peso médio vivo inicial de 17,4 (±1,90) kg, mantidos em confinamento até que atingissem 35 kg de peso vivo (PV). As dietas experimentais eram compostas por 26 % de silagem de capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum) e 74 % de concentrado, composto de milho moído, farelo de soja, farelo de trigo, calcário calcítico e torta de cupuaçu, e consistiram na substituição do milho e do farelo de trigo pela torta de cupuaçu nos níveis 0 (controle), 7,4, 14,8, 22,2 e 29,6 % da matéria seca total. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições. A substituição dos alimentos padrões pela torta de cupuaçu não influenciaram (P>0,05) nas variáveis avaliadas, indicando que a torta pode ser utilizada em dietas para ovinos em confinamento em até 30 % da matéria seca total, sem comprometer consumo, características da carcaça e qualidade da carne.(AU)

Effect of inclusion levels of low-fat dried distillers grains in finishing diets on protein and energy intake and retention and estimation of protein and energy requirements of young Nellore bulls fed with high concentrate diets.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of including low-fat dried distillers grains (DDG) in finishing diets on protein and energy intake and retention and to estimate the protein and energy requirement of young Nellore bulls. Thirty-five animals were used: baseline (n = 4), maintenance (n = 4), and ad libitum intake (n = 27). Ad libitum animals were divided into four groups: diets with the inclusion of DDG at the levels of 0, 150, 300, and 450 g/kg (dry matter basis). At the end of the experiment, all animals were slaughtered. There was a linear reduction with increasing DDG levels in the total digestible nutrients intake (p = 0.008), metabolizable energy (ME) intake (p < 0.010), in total retained energy (p = 0.065), and in heat production (p < 0.001). Metabolizable protein (MP) intake increased linearly (p < 0.010) but retained protein did not differ (p = 0.499). Daily net energy and ME requirement for maintenance were 75.9 and 122 kcal/kg0.75 EBW, respectively. Daily MP for maintenance was 3.6 g/kg0.75 shrunk body weight. DDG inclusion in finishing diets reduces energy intake and deposition, and we recommend the equations of this study to estimate the requirements of young Nellore bulls.

Chemical composition and fermentation characteristics of maize silage with citrus pulp / Composição química e características fermentativas da silagem de milho aditivada com polpa cítrica

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of including citrus pulp in maize silage on chemical composition and fermentation parameters. The experimental design was fully randomized with four replicates. Maize silage consisting of 0­50% citrus pulp was produced and analyzed. The pH linearly decreased with the increased inclusion of citrus pulp (3.49 at 50% citrus pulp), which is far below what is considered adequate (3.8­ 4.2). However, not all fermentation parameters were compromised. At 33% citrus pulp, we estimated 30.82 g/kg total nitrogen. At 49% citrus pulp, we estimated 95.16 g/kg of crude protein. At 21% and 22% citrus pulp, we estimated 549.89 g/kg of neutral detergent fiber and 678.11 g/kg of total digestible nutrients, respectively. Therefore, we conclude that the inclusion of up to 30% citrus pulp improves the complete chemical composition of maize silage owing to the reduction in structural carbohydrate values and increases in total digestible nutrient and protein content.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de polpa cítrica na silagem de milho sobre a composição química e parâmetros de fermentação. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: Silagem de milho sem polpa cítrica (0%); silagem de milho com 10% 39 de polpa cítrica; silagem de milho com 20% de polpa cítrica; silagem de milho com 30% de polpa cítrica; silagem de milho com 40% de polpa cítrica e silagem de milho com 50% de polpa cítrica. O pH diminuiu linearmente com à inclusão de polpa cítrica, gerando valores distantes do considerado adequado (3,8 a 4,2). Por outro lado, é possível inferior que nem todos os parâmetros fermentativos foram comprometidos, uma vez que, com a inclusão de 33% de polpa cítrica, é possível estimar 30,82 g/kg total N. Com a utilização 45 de 49% de polpa cítrica, é possível obter 95,16 g/kg de proteína bruta. De 21% a 22% de polpa cítrica, foi obtido 549,89 g/kg de fibra em detergente neutro e 678,11 g/kg de nutrientes digestíveis totais. A inclusão de até 30% de polpa cítrica melhorará significativamente a composição química da silagem de milho, devido à redução nos valores de carboidrato estrutural e aumentos nos nutrientes digestíveis totais e proteína.(AU)

Inclusion of residue meat flour in growing pigs diet (30-50 kg) / Inclusão de resíduo de farinha de carne em dietas para suínos em crescimento (30-50 kg)

A study was carried out to evaluate the inclusion of increasing levels of a residue from the rendering plant after obtaining meat and bone meal for growing pigs on performance, carcass characteristics, incidence of diarrhea and economic viability of the diets. Forty-eight pigs were allotted in a completely randomized design with four treatments (0, 2, 4 and 6% of residue inclusion), six replicates and two animals per experimental unit (barrows and females) with 30 ± 0.662 kg of initial weight in a 24-day trial period. Statistical assumptions of normality and homogeneity were verified using Shapiro-Wilk and Barllet tests, respectively, at 5% probability. The assumptions were met and the data were subjected to analysis of variance at 5% significance. The performance variables, carcass characteristics and diarrhea incidence did not show significant differences (P<0.05) between the levels of inclusion of residue in the diet. The residue can be used up to 6% in the feed without affecting performance, carcass characteristics and diarrhea incidence in growing pigs, however, the inclusion of 4% of the residue presents greater economic viability.

Foi conduzido um trabalho para avaliar a inclusão de níveis crescentes de um resíduo, proveniente da graxaria, após a obtenção de farinha de carne e ossos de abatedouro de bovinos, para suínos em fase de crescimento sobre o desempenho, características de carcaça, incidência de diarreia e viabilidade econômica das dietas. Foram utilizados 48 suínos, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com 4 tratamentos (0, 2, 4 e 6% de inclusão do resíduo), seis repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental (machos castrados e fêmeas) com 30 ± 0,662 kg de peso inicial em período experimental de 24 dias. Foram verificadas as pressuposições estatísticas de normalidade por meio do teste de Shapiro-Wilk e homogeneidade pelo teste de Barllet a 5% de probabilidade. As pressuposições foram atendidas e os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância e teste F a 5% de significância. As variáveis de desempenho, características de carcaça e incidência de diarreia não apresentaram diferenças significativas (P<0,05) entre os níveis inclusão do resíduo na ração. O resíduo pode ser utilizado em até 6% na ração sem afetar o desempenho, as características de carcaça e causar diarreia em suínos em fase de crescimento, no entanto, a inclusão de 4% do resíduo apresenta maior viabilidade econômica.

Estruturação de emulsão tipo maionese com característica funcional e produzida com derivado proteico / Mayonnaise emulsion with functional characteristic and produced with protein derivative

O soro de leite é considerado um subproduto das indústrias de laticínios, uma parte de sua produção é destinada como matéria-prima de produtos alimentícios, mas parte é direcionada para alimentação animal. Objetivou-se com o presente estudo elaborar formulas de emulsões do tipo maionese utilizando ingrediente proteico o soro de leite em pó, leite desnatado em pó e a mistura entre soro e leite, ambos em pó, bem como investigar a influência destes ingredientes na textura, reologia, análise térmica, índice de estabilidade, análise colorimétrica e a vida útil das formulações. Justifica-se a utilização de soro de leite devido a seu menor preço de mercado do que ovos em pó ou líquido pasteurizado normalmente utilizados, evidenciando a necessidade de dar espaço a matérias-primas consideradas como subprodutos dentro da indústria. Os produtos emulsionados foram formulados com mistura de óleo, água, soro de leite em pó, leite desnatado em pó, alho e mostarda em pó, contendo aproximadamente 70% de gordura, com variação no teor proteico. Foram estabelecidas três formulações cada uma com um tipo ou mistura de emulsificantes. As análises efetuadas no desenvolvimento do trabalho foram textura, reologia, atividade de água, pH, colorimetria, análise térmica, índice de estabilidade da emulsão e cálculo de proteínas e lipídeos das formulações. Foi possível verificar que tanto o soro de leite em pó como o leite desnatado em pó apresentaram características de agente emulsificante.A formulação F1 (soro de leite em pó) não atingiram os padrões estruturais de maioneses comerciais, todavia os resultados obtidos pela formulação F2 (leite desnatado em pó) atingiram padrões equivalentes a produtos comercializados, bem como a formulação F3 (soro de leite em pó + leite desnatado em pó) com padrão das maioneses light em textura e reologia. Os resultados das análises de atividade de água apresentaram pequenas variações (0,934-0,941) ao longo dos 30 dias de avaliação. Os conservantes em pó (alho e mostarda) favoreceram a coloração das formulações, pH na faixa da neutralidade, assegurando aos produtos vida útil de 30 dias em temperatura de refrigeração. É possível utilizar osoro de leite e leite em pó como agente emulsificante para emulsões do tipo maionese, bem como alho e mostarda em pó como ingredientes que aumentem a maior vida útil desses produtos

Whey is considered a by-product of the dairy industry, part of its production is used as raw material for food products, but part is used for animal feed. The objective of this study was to prepare mayonnaise emulsion formulas using protein whey powder, skimmed milk powder and the mixture between whey and milk, both in powder, as well as investigating the influence of these ingredients on texture, rheology, thermal analysis, stability index, colorimetric analysis and the useful life of the formulations. The use of whey is justified due to its lower market price than powdered eggs or pasteurized liquid normally used, highlighting the need to make room for raw materials considered as by-products within the industry. The emulsified products were formulated with a mixture of oil, water, whey powder, skimmed milk powder, garlic and mustard powder, containing approximately 70% fat, with variation in protein content. Three formulations were established each with a type or mixture of emulsifiers. The analyzes carried out in the development of the work were texture, rheology, water activity, pH, colorimetry, thermal analysis, emulsion stability index and calculation of proteins and lipids in the formulations. It was possible to verify that both whey powder and skimmed milk powder showed characteristics of emulsifying agent. Formulation F1 (whey powder) did not reach the structural standards of commercial mayonnaise, however the results obtained by formulation F2 (skimmed milk powder) reached standards equivalent to commercialized products, as well as the formulation F3 (whey powder + skimmed milk powder) with light mayonnaise pattern in texture and rheology. The results of the water activity analysis showed slight variations (0.934-0.941) over the 30 days of evaluation. The preservatives in powder (garlic and mustard) favored the color of the formulations, pH in the neutrality range, ensuring the products' useful life of 30 days in refrigeration temperature. It is possible to use whey and powdered milk as an emulsifying agent for emulsions of the mayonnaise type, as well as garlic and mustard powder as ingredients that increase the longer useful life of these products

Microencapsulated and Lyophilized Propolis Co-Product Extract as Antioxidant Synthetic Replacer on Traditional Brazilian Starch Biscuit.

The residue from commercial propolis extraction may have significant antioxidant power in food technology. However, among the challenges for using the propolis co-product as an inhibitor of lipid oxidation (LO) in baked goods is maintaining its bioactive compounds. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the propolis co-product extracts' capability to reduce LO in starch biscuit formulated with canola oil and stored for 45 days at 25 °C. Two co-product extracts were prepared: microencapsulated propolis co-product (MECP) (with maltodextrin) and lyophilized propolis co-product (LFCP), which were subjected to analysis of their total phenolic content and antioxidant activity (AA). Relevant antioxidant activity was observed using the methods of analysis employed. The spray-drying microencapsulation process showed an efficiency of 63%. The LO in the biscuits was determined by the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) test and fatty acid composition by gas chromatography analysis. Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoelaidic, linoleic, and α-linolenic acids were found in biscuits at constant concentrations throughout the storage period. In addition, there was a reduction in malondialdehyde values with the addition of both propolis co-product extracts. Therefore, the propolis co-product extracts could be utilized as a natural antioxidant to reduce lipid oxidation in fatty starch biscuit.

Komagataeibacter intermedius V-05: An Acetic Acid Bacterium Isolated from Vinegar Industry, with High Capacity for Bacterial Cellulose Production in Soybean Molasses Medium.

RESEARCH BACKGROUND: Despite the great properties of bacterial cellulose, its manufacture is still limited due to difficulties in large-scale production. These problems are mainly related to low production yields and high overall costs of the conventional culture media normally used. To surpass these problems, it is necessary to identify new cheap and sustainable carbon sources. Thus, this work aims to isolate and select a high cellulose-producing Komagataeibacter strain from vinegar industry, and study its potential for bacterial cellulose synthesis in an industrial soybean co-product, known as soybean molasses, used as fermentation medium. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: One isolated strain was able to produce high amount of cellulose in the standard Hestrin-Schramm medium, so we tested its ability to produce this biopolymer in a soybean molasses medium. The characteristics and properties of the produced bacterial cellulose membranes were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, water-holding capacity and rehydration ratio. Genetic analysis of the selected strain served to determine its genus and species. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: An isolated strain that produced the highest amount of cellulose in Hestrin-Schramm medium (3.7 g/L) was genetically identified as Komagataeibacter intermedius V-05. This strain produced 10.0 g/L of cellulose in soybean molasses medium. Membranes from both substrates had similar chemical structure, crystallinity and thermal degradation. Soybean molasses proved to be a suitable alternative medium for biosynthesis of cellulose in comparison with the standard medium. In addition to providing higher production yield, the membranes showed great structural characteristics, similar to those obtained from standard medium. NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION: In this research, we have isolated and identified a Komagataeibacter strain which exhibits a high capacity for cellulose production in soybean molasses. The isolation and selection of strains with high capacity for microbial metabolite production is important for decreasing bioprocess costs. Furthermore, as there is a necessity today to find cheaper carbon sources to obtain microbial products at a lower cost, soybean molasses represents an interesting alternative medium to produce bacterial cellulose for its industrial application.

Substituição de milho por polpa cítrica em dietas de grão inteiro no confinamento de cordeiros / Replacement of corn by citrus pulp in whole grain diets on finishing lamb

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de níveis de substituição de milho grão por polpa cítrica peletizada (0, 15 e 30%) em cordeiros confinados, sobre o consumo de matéria seca, conversão alimentar, ganho médio diário, rendimento de carcaça e custo diário com o arraçoamento. Foram utilizados 12 cordeiros do cruzamento das raças Ile de France e Suffolk, não castrados, com idade aproximada de 70 dias e peso vivo médio de 17,5 kg, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições, totalizando quatro animais por tratamento. Os animais foram alojados em baias individuais com 2,20 m2 , com comedouros e bebedouros individualizados. As dietas foram formuladas para serem isoproteicas e isoenergéticas, com teor de proteína bruta (PB) de 12,88% e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) de 81,85%. O peso vivo final dos cordeiros que receberam dieta com 30% de substituição do milho grão por polpa cítrica peletizada foram superiores (p <0,05 ) aos obtidos em cordeiros com dieta sem inclusão de polpa cítrica. Os cordeiros que receberam dieta com 30% de polpa cítrica apresentaram maiores consumo de matéria seca em kg e em % de peso vivo em relação aos alimentados com dieta sem a inclusão de polpa (p 0,05). O ganho médio diário não foi influenciado pelos tratamentos. O custo com a alimentação (R$/dia) foi maior nos cordeiros que receberam a dieta com 30% de polpa cítrica em relação aos que receberam a dieta sem o coproduto. A substituição do milho grão por polpa cítrica peletizada em 30% proporcionou melhor rendimento de carcaça em relação ao tratamento sem a inclusão do coproduto, o que gerou maior receita com a venda das carcaças.(AU)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different levels of substitution of grain corn for citrus pulp (0, 15 and 30%) in confined lambs on dry matter intake, feed conversion, average daily gain, carcass yield and daily cost of feeding. Twelve non-castrated Ile de France and Suffolk crossbred lambs, approximately 70 days old and average live weight of 17.5 kg, were distributed in a completely randomized design, totaling four animals per treatment. The animals were housed in individual 2.20 m2 pens, with individual feeders and drinkers. The diets were formulated to be isoproteic and isoenergetic, with crude protein (CP) content of 12.88% and total digestible nutrients (TDN) of 81.85%. The live weight of lambs fed 30% of corn grain replacement by pelletized citrus pulp was higher (p <0.05) than of lambs with diet without citrus pulp. Lambs fed a diet with 30% citrus pulp had higher dry matter intake (kg) and dry matter intake (% body weight) compared to diet without citrus pulp (p <0.05). The average daily gain was not influenced by the treatments. The cost of food (R$/day) was higher in lambs who received a diet with 30% citrus pulp compared to those who received a diet without citrus pulp. Replacing maize grain by 30% pelleted citrus pulp offers better carcass yield about treatment without inclusion of citrus pulp, which generated higher revenue from the sale of carcasses.(AU)

Resíduo do processamento do milho doce em diferentes níveis e frequências para bovinos confinados / Sweet corn residue processed offered at different levels and frequencies for feedlot cattle

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho de bovinos de corte confinados recebendo diferentes níveis e frequências do resíduo do processamento do milho doce como volumoso. Os animais foram divididos em cinco grupos, totalizando 30 animais por tratamento: 1) relação volumoso: concentrado (V:C) de 50:50 do início ao final do experimento; 2) 30 dias com 100% V, seguidos de 30 dias com relação V:C de 50:50, e posteriormente relação V:C de 30:70 até o final do período experimental; 3) 45 dias iniciais do confinamento com 100% de volumoso, e posteriormente relação V:C de 50:50 até o final do período experimental; 4) 30 dias iniciais do confinamento com 100% de volumoso, e posteriormente relação V:C de 50:50 até o final do período experimental; 5) 100% de volumoso. O fornecimento exclusivo de volumoso durante o período total do confinamento proporcionou aos animais os menores peso vivo final, ganho médio diário e consumo de matéria seca, porém, apresentaram a melhor conversão alimentar entre os tratamentos avaliados e menor custo por arroba produzida. A inclusão de concentrado proporcionou, de maneira geral, maior desempenho dos animais, porém, aumento dos custos de produção.

Feedlot cattle performance was evaluated upon diets offering different levels and frequencies of sweet corn residue as source of roughage. The animals were divided into five groups, in a total of 30 animals per treatment. 1) roughage:grain ratio (R:G) of 50:50 from the start to the end of experiment , 2) 30 days with 100% roughage, followed by 30 days with R:G ratio of 50:50, and then R:G ratio of 30:70 until the end of the experimental period; 3) first 45 days at feedlot condition with 100% of roughage and then R:G ratio of 50:50 until the end of experimental period; 4) 30 days at start of feedlot with 100% of roughage, and then a ratio of 50:50 until the end of experimental period; 5) 100% of roughage. The lowest body weight, average daily gain and dry matter intake were achieved by animals receiving only roughage during the total period of feedlot; however, these animals presented the best feed conversion between evaluated treatments and lowest cost per pound produced. The concentrate inclusion offered, in general, highest animal performance, but with high-cost production.

Substituição de milho por polpa cítrica em dietas de grão inteiro no confinamento de cordeiros / Replacement of corn by citrus pulp in whole grain diets on finishing lamb

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de níveis de substituição de milho grão por polpa cítrica peletizada (0, 15 e 30%) em cordeiros confinados, sobre o consumo de matéria seca, conversão alimentar, ganho médio diário, rendimento de carcaça e custo diário com o arraçoamento. Foram utilizados 12 cordeiros do cruzamento das raças Ile de France e Suffolk, não castrados, com idade aproximada de 70 dias e peso vivo médio de 17,5 kg, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições, totalizando quatro animais por tratamento. Os animais foram alojados em baias individuais com 2,20 m2 , com comedouros e bebedouros individualizados. As dietas foram formuladas para serem isoproteicas e isoenergéticas, com teor de proteína bruta (PB) de 12,88% e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) de 81,85%. O peso vivo final dos cordeiros que receberam dieta com 30% de substituição do milho grão por polpa cítrica peletizada foram superiores (p <0,05 ) aos obtidos em cordeiros com dieta sem inclusão de polpa cítrica. Os cordeiros que receberam dieta com 30% de polpa cítrica apresentaram maiores consumo de matéria seca em kg e em % de peso vivo em relação aos alimentados com dieta sem a inclusão de polpa (p 0,05). O ganho médio diário não foi influenciado pelos tratamentos. O custo com a alimentação (R$/dia) foi maior nos cordeiros que receberam a dieta com 30% de polpa cítrica em relação aos que receberam a dieta sem o coproduto. A substituição do milho grão por polpa cítrica peletizada em 30% proporcionou melhor rendimento de carcaça em relação ao tratamento sem a inclusão do coproduto, o que gerou maior receita com a venda das carcaças.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different levels of substitution of grain corn for citrus pulp (0, 15 and 30%) in confined lambs on dry matter intake, feed conversion, average daily gain, carcass yield and daily cost of feeding. Twelve non-castrated Ile de France and Suffolk crossbred lambs, approximately 70 days old and average live weight of 17.5 kg, were distributed in a completely randomized design, totaling four animals per treatment. The animals were housed in individual 2.20 m2 pens, with individual feeders and drinkers. The diets were formulated to be isoproteic and isoenergetic, with crude protein (CP) content of 12.88% and total digestible nutrients (TDN) of 81.85%. The live weight of lambs fed 30% of corn grain replacement by pelletized citrus pulp was higher (p <0.05) than of lambs with diet without citrus pulp. Lambs fed a diet with 30% citrus pulp had higher dry matter intake (kg) and dry matter intake (% body weight) compared to diet without citrus pulp (p <0.05). The average daily gain was not influenced by the treatments. The cost of food (R$/day) was higher in lambs who received a diet with 30% citrus pulp compared to those who received a diet without citrus pulp. Replacing maize grain by 30% pelleted citrus pulp offers better carcass yield about treatment without inclusion of citrus pulp, which generated higher revenue from the sale of carcasses.

Resíduo do processamento do milho doce em diferentes níveis e frequências para bovinos confinados / Sweet corn residue processed offered at different levels and frequencies for feedlot cattle

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho de bovinos de corte confinados recebendo diferentes níveis e frequências do resíduo do processamento do milho doce como volumoso. Os animais foram divididos em cinco grupos, totalizando 30 animais por tratamento: 1) relação volumoso: concentrado (V:C) de 50:50 do início ao final do experimento; 2) 30 dias com 100% V, seguidos de 30 dias com relação V:C de 50:50, e posteriormente relação V:C de 30:70 até o final do período experimental; 3) 45 dias iniciais do confinamento com 100% de volumoso, e posteriormente relação V:C de 50:50 até o final do período experimental; 4) 30 dias iniciais do confinamento com 100% de volumoso, e posteriormente relação V:C de 50:50 até o final do período experimental; 5) 100% de volumoso. O fornecimento exclusivo de volumoso durante o período total do confinamento proporcionou aos animais os menores peso vivo final, ganho médio diário e consumo de matéria seca, porém, apresentaram a melhor conversão alimentar entre os tratamentos avaliados e menor custo por arroba produzida. A inclusão de concentrado proporcionou, de maneira geral, maior desempenho dos animais, porém, aumento dos custos de produção.(AU)

Feedlot cattle performance was evaluated upon diets offering different levels and frequencies of sweet corn residue as source of roughage. The animals were divided into five groups, in a total of 30 animals per treatment. 1) roughage:grain ratio (R:G) of 50:50 from the start to the end of experiment , 2) 30 days with 100% roughage, followed by 30 days with R:G ratio of 50:50, and then R:G ratio of 30:70 until the end of the experimental period; 3) first 45 days at feedlot condition with 100% of roughage and then R:G ratio of 50:50 until the end of experimental period; 4) 30 days at start of feedlot with 100% of roughage, and then a ratio of 50:50 until the end of experimental period; 5) 100% of roughage. The lowest body weight, average daily gain and dry matter intake were achieved by animals receiving only roughage during the total period of feedlot; however, these animals presented the best feed conversion between evaluated treatments and lowest cost per pound produced. The concentrate inclusion offered, in general, highest animal performance, but with high-cost production.(AU)

Valores energéticos e composição bromatológica do resíduo seco de fecularia associado a carboidrases para frangos de corte em fase de crescimento / [Energy value and bromatological composition of dry residue of cassava associated with carbohydrases for grower broilers]

Foram determinados os valores energéticos e a composição bromatológica do resíduo seco de fecularia (RSF) para frangos de corte, na fase de crescimento, utilizando ou não enzimas carboidrases. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em esquema fatorial 2x4 + ração referência, sendo uma RR sem adição de RSF e quatro tratamentos experimentais com 10%, 20%, 30% e 40% de inclusão do RSF e a suplementação ou não com carboidrases. A composição química encontrada para o RSF, na MN, foi de 89,86% de matéria seca, 0,98% de proteína bruta, 3519kcal kg-1 de energia bruta, 0,19% de extrato etéreo, 27% de fibra em detergente neutro, 19,5% de fibra em detergente ácido, 0,33% de cálcio, 0,43% de fósforo, 0,46% de potássio e 0,12% de magnésio. O uso de carboidrases proporcionou um aumento de 173 e 213kcal kg-1 nos valores de EMA e EMAn, respectivamente, resultando em 1828kcal kg-1 EMA e 1840kcal kg-1 EMAn. Concluiu-se que os maiores níveis de EMA e EMAn foram encontrados para o nível de inclusão médio do RSF de 35% e que a suplementação enzimática pode promover aumento desses parâmetros em até 12% em dietas para frangos de corte na fase de crescimento.(AU)

The energetic values and the bromatological composition of the dry residue of cassava (DRC) were determined for growing broilers with or without carbohydrase enzymes. The treatments were distributed in a 2x4 + reference diet factorial scheme, with one RD without addition of DRC and four experimental treatments with 10, 20, 30 and 40% inclusion levels of RSF and supplementation or not with carbohydrases. The chemical composition found for DRC in natural matter was 89.86% dry matter, 0.98% crude protein, 3519kcal kg-1 gross energy, 0.19% ether extract, 27% neutral detergent fiber, 19.5% of acid detergent fiber, 0.33% of calcium, 0.43% of phosphorus, 0.46% of potassium and 0.12% of magnesium. The use of carbohydrase resulted in an increase of 173 and 213kcal kg-1 in EMA and EMAn values, respectively, resulting in 1828kcal kg-1 EMA and 1840kcal kg-1 EMAn. It was concluded that the highest levels of AME and AMEn were found for the mean inclusion level of the DRC of 35% and that enzymatic supplementation may promote the increase of these parameters by up to 12% in broiler diets in the growth phase.(AU)

Valores energéticos e composição bromatológica do resíduo seco de fecularia associado a carboidrases para frangos de corte em fase de crescimento / [Energy value and bromatological composition of dry residue of cassava associated with carbohydrases for grower broilers]

Foram determinados os valores energéticos e a composição bromatológica do resíduo seco de fecularia (RSF) para frangos de corte, na fase de crescimento, utilizando ou não enzimas carboidrases. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em esquema fatorial 2x4 + ração referência, sendo uma RR sem adição de RSF e quatro tratamentos experimentais com 10%, 20%, 30% e 40% de inclusão do RSF e a suplementação ou não com carboidrases. A composição química encontrada para o RSF, na MN, foi de 89,86% de matéria seca, 0,98% de proteína bruta, 3519kcal kg-1 de energia bruta, 0,19% de extrato etéreo, 27% de fibra em detergente neutro, 19,5% de fibra em detergente ácido, 0,33% de cálcio, 0,43% de fósforo, 0,46% de potássio e 0,12% de magnésio. O uso de carboidrases proporcionou um aumento de 173 e 213kcal kg-1 nos valores de EMA e EMAn, respectivamente, resultando em 1828kcal kg-1 EMA e 1840kcal kg-1 EMAn. Concluiu-se que os maiores níveis de EMA e EMAn foram encontrados para o nível de inclusão médio do RSF de 35% e que a suplementação enzimática pode promover aumento desses parâmetros em até 12% em dietas para frangos de corte na fase de crescimento.(AU)

The energetic values and the bromatological composition of the dry residue of cassava (DRC) were determined for growing broilers with or without carbohydrase enzymes. The treatments were distributed in a 2x4 + reference diet factorial scheme, with one RD without addition of DRC and four experimental treatments with 10, 20, 30 and 40% inclusion levels of RSF and supplementation or not with carbohydrases. The chemical composition found for DRC in natural matter was 89.86% dry matter, 0.98% crude protein, 3519kcal kg-1 gross energy, 0.19% ether extract, 27% neutral detergent fiber, 19.5% of acid detergent fiber, 0.33% of calcium, 0.43% of phosphorus, 0.46% of potassium and 0.12% of magnesium. The use of carbohydrase resulted in an increase of 173 and 213kcal kg-1 in EMA and EMAn values, respectively, resulting in 1828kcal kg-1 EMA and 1840kcal kg-1 EMAn. It was concluded that the highest levels of AME and AMEn were found for the mean inclusion level of the DRC of 35% and that enzymatic supplementation may promote the increase of these parameters by up to 12% in broiler diets in the growth phase.(AU)

Soybean molasses: an alternative to sheeps supplementation / Melaço de soja: uma alternativa de suplementação para ovinos

The objective was to evaluate soybean molasses as supplement for sheep at crescent levels. Five-crossbred ½ Dorper -Santa Inês ewes with initial body mass of 45 ± 3.5 kg and 12 ± 2 months of age were used. Treatments consisted of 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12% of soybean molasses inclusion to a basal corn silage diet, which fed exclusively supports the nutritional requirements of ewes at maintenance. The treatments were assigned into 5×5 latin square design. Five experimental periods, of 12 days each (1st to 5th day: diet adaptation period; 6th to 12th: data collection and sampling), was adopted. The statistical analysis performed were regression analysis with 5% of significance. Crude protein and water intakes increase as increase the supplementation levels of soybean molasses increased allowing the fit of linear regressions (P<0.05). Supplementation up to 12 % did not affect the intake of dry matter, energy and neutral detergent fiber or the digestibility of dry matter, protein and neutral detergent fiber (P>0.05). Also, ingestive behavior and blood variables, as metabolic mineral profile, was not affected (P>0.05). Soybean molasses can be used as supplement for sheep until 12 % of daily ration without affect feed digestibility, ingestive behaviour and metabolic profile.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o melaço de soja como suplemento em níveis crescentes para ovinos. Foram utilizadas cinco ovelhas ½ Dorper-Santa Inês com massa corporal de 45 ± 3,5 kg e 12 ± 2 meses de idade. Os tratamentos consistiram na inclusão de 0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 % de melaço de soja a uma dieta basal composta de silagem de milho, a qual como alimento exclusivo atende os requerimentos nutricionais de ovelhas em mantença. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em delineamento quadrado latino 5 × 5. Cinco períodos experimentais de 12 dias foram adotados do 1º ao 5º dia: período de adaptação das dietas; do 6º ao 12º dia: coleta de dados e período de amostragem. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas por regressão considerando 5 % de significância. A ingestão de proteína bruta e água aumentou à medida que aumentaram os níveis de suplementação de melaço de soja, permitindo o ajuste de regressões lineares (P<0,05). A suplementação de até 12% não afetou o consumo de matéria seca, energia e fibra em detergente neutro ou a digestibilidade da matéria seca, proteína e fibra em detergente neutro (P>0,05). Também o comportamento ingestivo e as variáveis sanguíneas de perfil metabólico e mineral, não foram afetados (P>0,05). O melaço de soja pode ser utilizado como suplemento para ovinos até 12% da ração diária, sem afetar a digestibilidade dos alimentos, o comportamento ingestivo e o perfil metabólico e mineral.(AU)

Assessment of microbial diversity associated with CH4 emission from sugarcane vinasse storage and transportation systems.

Sugarcane bioethanol has favorable energy and greenhouse gas balance, although the production process generates several residues including vinasse, which deserves attention because of its significant methane (CH4) emission during storage and transportation stages. Considering that CH4 emissions are dependent on the structure and abundance of microbial communities, we hypothesized that different vinasse transportation systems would harbor different microbial community composition, resulting in distinct CH4 patterns. To test this hypothesis, we used high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing with real-time PCR to evaluate the composition and abundance of microorganisms in the two main systems of vinasse storage and transportation (i.e. open channels and tanks systems) in Brazil. Our results showed higher microbial diversity and CH4 emissions in channel system, especially in the uncoated section. Significant differences in microbial community structure, diversity, and abundance between the uncoated/coated open channel and tanks indicated a clear selection at taxonomic and functional levels, especially in relation to CH4 production. These responses included higher methanogens diversity in the uncoated section of the channel and are in agreement with the methanogen abundance determined by mcrA and mba genes copy number (1.5 × 107 and 4.3 × 1010) and subsequent positive correlation with CH4 emissions (R2 = 0.8). The most representative methanogen genus across the samples was Methanobrevibacter. The results observed herein shows that the use of the coating in the bottom of channels and tanks prevent the growth and development of a methanogen-related community. We concluded that the improvements in vinasse storage and transportation systems would significantly change the microbial community and reduce CH4 emissions, thereby making bioethanol a greener biofuel.