Chemical Properties, Ruminal Fermentation, Gas Production and Digestibility of Silages Composed of Spineless Cactus and Tropical Forage Plants for Sheep Feeding.

The aim was to evaluate the chemical composition, carbohydrates, protein fractionation and in vitro gas production of silages composed of spineless cactus and tropical forages and their effect on sheep performance. Treatments consisted of silages: corn silage (CS), spineless cactus silage (SCS), spineless cactus + gliricidia (SCG), spineless cactus + buffel grass silage (SCBG) and spineless cactus + pornunça (SCP). Silos were opened 60 days after ensiling, and analyses were carried out. The digestibility test lasted for 36 days, with eight animals per treatment. A completely randomized design was adopted. Considering carbohydrate fractionation, CS, SCS and SCBG silages had higher total carbohydrate content (p = 0.001). The SCS silage presented a higher A + B1 fraction (p = 0.001). The SCBG and SCG silages showed a higher B2 fraction (p < 0.0001) compared to the CS and SCS silages. The SCBG and SCP silages presented a higher C fraction (p = 0.001). For protein fractionation, the SCP and SCG silages showed higher crude protein contents (p = 0.001). The CS and SCS silages showed a higher A fraction (p = 0.001). The SCBG silage presented a higher B1 + B2 fraction (p = 0.001). The SCG silage showed a higher B3 fraction (p = 0.006) compared to SCBG silage. The SCS and SCP silages showed a higher C fraction (p = 0.001). Exclusive SCS silage showed higher in vitro dry matter digestibility (p = 0.001), dry matter degradability (p = 0.001) and total gas production (p = 0.001). The use of the SCBG, SCP and SCG silages to feed sheep increased the dry matter intake (p < 0.001). Sheep fed the SCG silage showed greater dry matter and crude protein digestibility compared to the sheep fed the CS, SCS and SCP silages (p = 0.002). There was a higher water intake (p < 0.001) with the use of the SCS and SCG silages to feed the sheep. The SCP and SCG silages provided a greater intake (p < 0.001) and excretion (p < 0.001) of nitrogen by the animals. Although there were no differences between the treatments for daily gains, lambs that received the spineless cactus-based silage associated with tropical forages showed higher gains (160-190 g/day) than lambs that received CS silage (130 g/day). Thus, the use of spineless cactus associated with buffelgrass, pornunça and gliricidia to prepare mixed silages (60:40) to feed sheep has potential use to feed sheep, with positive effects on nutrient degradation and increases in dry matter intake. Under experimental conditions, we recommend the exclusive use of spineless cactus silage associated with buffel grass, pornunça and gliricidia in feeding sheep in semi-arid regions, as it provides nutrients, water and greater daily gains compared to corn silage.

Ensiling Sorghum with Urea, Aerobic Exposure and Effects on Intake, Digestibility, Ingestive Behaviour and Blood Parameters of Feedlot Lambs.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of ensiling sorghum silage with urea and amending the aerobic exposure nutrients intake and apparent digestibility, ingestive behaviour and blood serum metabolites of feedlot lambs. Forty uncastrated crossbred Dorper × Santa Inês lambs, aged 150 ± 15 days and with an initial body weight of 21.73 ± 2.40 kg, were used. Animals were assigned in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. Thus, six silage diets were produced with various urea addition levels (UA: 0 and 5 g/kg on a natural matter basis) and periods of aerobic exposure of silages (PAE: 0, 24 and 48 h). An effect was observed for nutrient intakes of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre corrected for ash and protein (NDFap) and total digestive nutrients TDN (g/day) and for the total apparent digestibility of DM, OM and CP. There was an interaction effect between urea levels and aerobic exposure for ether extract (EE) and NDFap intakes (g/kg) and nonfibrous carbohydrate (NFC) digestibility (g/kg) (p = 0.012). The addition of 5 g/kg of urea to sorghum ensilage improved the digestibility parameters without changing dry matter intake and ingestive behaviour. The addition or not of urea does not change the blood parameters of the animals.

Fermentation dynamics and quality of maize silage with Pigeon pea / Dinâmica da fermentação e qualidade da silagem de milho com feijão guandu

Tropical legumes are used to prepare mixed silages to enrich the crude protein (CP) content. In This context, objective of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of fermentation and quality of maize silage with different levels of Pigeon pea. The experimental design was entirely randomized, with four repetitions. The treatments comprised maize silages with six levels of added Pigeon pea (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%), calculated based on natural matter. The maize hybrid and Pigeon pea varieties used were B 2800 PWU and Cajanus cajan cv. BRS Mandarin, respectively. For the silage, the maize and Pigeon pea were harvested when they reached 335.7 g kg-1 dry matter (DM) and 281.3 g kg-1 DM, respectively. The results revealed that the added of up to 40% Pigeon pea in maize silages promote nutritive increment without compromising their fermentative profile of the silage. Exclusive Pigeon pea silage (100%) undergoes fermentative losses that compromise the silage quality. Therefore, mixed silages of maize with Pigeon pea, with appropriate levels of addition, are a viable alternative to increase the nutritive value of silages, mainly the CP content, contributing to reducing the cost of acquisition of protein salts.

As leguminosas tropicais têm sido utilizadas para a confecção de silagens mistas para enriquecer os teores de proteína bruta (PB). Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a dinâmica da fermentação e qualidade da silagem de milho com níveis de feijão guandu. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos da silagem de milho com seis níveis de feijão guandu (0; 20; 40; 60, 80 e 100%), calculado com base na matéria natural. O híbrido de milho e a variedade de feijão guandu utilizados foram o B 2800 PWU e o Cajanus cajan cv. BRS Mandarim, respectivamente. Para a ensilagem, o milho e o feijão guandu foram colhidos quando atingiram 335,7 g kg-1 de MS (matéria seca) e 281,3 g kg-1 MS, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram que a adição de até 40% de feijão guandu na ensilagens de milho promove incremento nutritivo sem comprometer o seu perfil fermentativo da silagem. Silagem exclusiva de feijão guandu apresenta perdas fermentativas que compromete a qualidade da silagem. Portanto, silagens mistas de milho com feijão guandu, combinadas com níveis adequados de adição, torna-se alternativa viável para incrementar o valor nutritivo da silagem, principalmente os teores de PB, contribuindo com redução do custo com aquisição de sais proteínados.

Fermentation dynamics and quality of maize silage with Pigeon pea / Dinâmica da fermentação e qualidade da silagem de milho com feijão guandu

Tropical legumes are used to prepare mixed silages to enrich the crude protein (CP) content. In This context, objective of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of fermentation and quality of maize silage with different levels of Pigeon pea. The experimental design was entirely randomized, with four repetitions. The treatments comprised maize silages with six levels of added Pigeon pea (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%), calculated based on natural matter. The maize hybrid and Pigeon pea varieties used were B 2800 PWU and Cajanus cajan cv. BRS Mandarin, respectively. For the silage, the maize and Pigeon pea were harvested when they reached 335.7 g kg-1 dry matter (DM) and 281.3 g kg-1 DM, respectively. The results revealed that the added of up to 40% Pigeon pea in maize silages promote nutritive increment without compromising their fermentative profile of the silage. Exclusive Pigeon pea silage (100%) undergoes fermentative losses that compromise the silage quality. Therefore, mixed silages of maize with Pigeon pea, with appropriate levels of addition, are a viable alternative to increase the nutritive value of silages, mainly the CP content, contributing to reducing the cost of acquisition of protein salts.(AU)

As leguminosas tropicais têm sido utilizadas para a confecção de silagens mistas para enriquecer os teores de proteína bruta (PB). Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a dinâmica da fermentação e qualidade da silagem de milho com níveis de feijão guandu. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos da silagem de milho com seis níveis de feijão guandu (0; 20; 40; 60, 80 e 100%), calculado com base na matéria natural. O híbrido de milho e a variedade de feijão guandu utilizados foram o B 2800 PWU e o Cajanus cajan cv. BRS Mandarim, respectivamente. Para a ensilagem, o milho e o feijão guandu foram colhidos quando atingiram 335,7 g kg-1 de MS (matéria seca) e 281,3 g kg-1 MS, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram que a adição de até 40% de feijão guandu na ensilagens de milho promove incremento nutritivo sem comprometer o seu perfil fermentativo da silagem. Silagem exclusiva de feijão guandu apresenta perdas fermentativas que compromete a qualidade da silagem. Portanto, silagens mistas de milho com feijão guandu, combinadas com níveis adequados de adição, torna-se alternativa viável para incrementar o valor nutritivo da silagem, principalmente os teores de PB, contribuindo com redução do custo com aquisição de sais proteínados.(AU)

Fermentation dynamics, nutritional quality, and heating capacity of mixed silages of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) and Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) / Dinâmica fermentativa, qualidade nutricional e capacidade de aquecimento de silagens mistas de capim elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) e leucena (Leucaena leucocephala)

Leucaena has been used to make mixed silages to obtain nutritional enrichment of the silages. Thus, the inclusion of Leucaena as an additive in mixed elephant grass silages can reduce fermentation losses, and increase the nutritional value and aerobic stability of the mixed silage without changing the fermentation profile. This study evaluated the fermentation profile, nutritional composition, and aerobic stability of elephant grass silages combined with different levels of Leucaena. A total of five inclusion levels of Leucaena (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80% on a dry matter basis) were added to elephant grass silages. A completely randomized design was adopted, with 5 treatments and 3 repetitions, totaling 15 experimental silos that were opened after 30 days of sealing. Fermentation profile, chemical composition, and aerobic stability were analyzed. A descriptive analysis of temperature and pH peaks during aerobic stability was performed. The increase in the inclusion of Leucaena in the composition of silages reduced gas and effluent losses, neutral and acid detergent fiber, cellulose, lignin, total and fiber carbohydrates, and total digestible nutrients, and resulted in increased dry matter, ether extract, and crude protein. A quadratic effect of treatments was found for the temperature to reach the maximum pH (P=0.009). Aerobic stability remained constant after 40% Leucaena inclusion in the composition of elephant grass silages. The inclusion of Leucaena up to 80% in the composition of elephant grass silages reduces fermentation losses, promotes a nutritional increase, and increases the aerobic stability of the silages.(AU)

A leucena tem sido utilizada para a confecção de silagens mistas para o enriquecimento nutricional das silagens. Assim, a inclusão da leucena como aditivo em silagens mistas de capim-elefante pode reduzir as perdas fermentativas e aumentar o valor nutricional e a estabilidade aeróbia das silagens, sem alterar o seu perfil fermentativo. Objetivou-se avaliar o perfil fermentativo, composição nutricional e estabilidade aeróbia de silagens de capim elefante associadas com níveis crescentes de leucena. Um total de cinco níveis de leucena (0, 20, 40, 60 e 80% em base da matéria seca) foram incluídos em silagens de capim elefante. Adotou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 5 tratamentos e 3 repetições, totalizando 15 silos experimentais, os quais foram abertos após 30 dias de ensilagem. Foram analisados o perfil fermentativo, a composição química e a estabilidade aeróbica. Foi realizada uma análise descritiva dos picos de temperatura e pH durante a estabilidade aeróbia. O aumento da inclusão da leucena na composição das silagens reduziu as perdas por gases, perdas por efluentes, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, celulose, lignina, carboidratos totais, carboidratos fibrosos e nutrientes digestíveis totais e aumentou os de teores de matéria seca, extrato etéreo e proteína bruta. Foi observado efeito quadrático dos tratamentos sobre a temperatura para atingir o pH máximo (P=0.009). A estabilidade aeróbia permaneceu constante a partir de 40% de inclusão de leucena na composição das silagens de capim elefante. A inclusão da leucena em até 80% na composição de silagens de capim elefante reduz as perdas fermentativas, promove incremento nutricional e aumento da estabilidade aeróbia das silagens.(AU)

Expansion of hay production and marketing in Brazil.

In the last decade, advances in Brazilian hay production showed that the country has the potential to produce bulky dehydrated fodder. For many years, the Brazilian hay production scientific knowledge had been based on temperate climate species, even though the best hay material are tropical grasses, as Tifton 85 Bermudagrass. Researches that focused on the comprehension of yield systems, biochemical processes, physiology, composition, and nutritional quality of tropical species under dehydration and conservation have become important to hay yield in Brazil. Therefore, this literature review aimed to discuss the hay research contribution in tropical conditions and its reflex on the production and commercialization of hay in Brazil. This review was based on database research with key-words defined in a period between 1960 and 2021, which resulted in 33 articles. Each article had the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities, and threats classified according to the SWOT matrix. Articles related to the haymaking system with tropical forage and the effects on nutritional value, sanitary quality, and factors that influence the dehydration period in the field and storage were listed in this paper. Based on the literature, the conclusion is that Brazil has elevated hay yield potential with high nutritional and sanitary quality of tropical species due to the weather conditions that allow fast dehydration and, also, the availability of residual wastewater as fertilization and machinery appropriated. Brazilian haymaking and commercialization are in an expansion process with economic return as national and international trade. Further challenges: to obtain a constant annual hay supply and the transport viability to markets distant from the production center.

In vitro degradation dynamics of neutral detergent fiber and silage quality of waste from production of heart of palm of peach palm / Dinâmica de degradação in vitro da fibra de detergente neutro e qualidade da silagem do resíduo da produção de palmito pupunha

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the chemical composition, fermentation profile, and degradation parameters of the neutral detergent fiber of three silages made with the waste from production of heart of peach of palm, which consisted of leaf, leaf sheath, and their compound (55% leaf and 45% leaf sheath). The waste was packed in experimental silos and open after sixty days of fermentation; silage samples were collected for determination of chemical composition and degradation parameters of neutral detergent fiber at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 h of incubation in vitro. A difference was detected in the dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and lignin contents between the three types of silage. The leaf silage showed a higher fractional degradation rate and a higher potentially digestible fraction of neutral detergent fiber over the 96 h of incubation. As for the fermentative parameters, silage made with the leaf showed a higher pH (3,79) and lactic acid (1,18%), acetic acid (0,39%) and propionic acid (0,24%). The butyric acid was higher for compound silage (0,012%) and ammoniacal nitrogen was higher for sheath silage (0,94%). The leaf silage displayed better chemical characteristics, fermentation parameters and in vitro degradability properties, proving to be the silage with best nutritional value for feeding ruminants.(AU)

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a composição química, o perfil fermentativo e os parâmetros da degradação da fibra em detergente neutro de três silagens do resíduo da produção do palmito pupunha, sendo estas silagens de folha, bainha foliar e composta (55% de folha e 45% de bainha foliar). O resíduo foi acondicionado em silos experimentais e aberto após sessenta dias de fermentação com retirada de amostras das silagens para a determinação da composição química e dos parâmetros de degradação da fibra em detergente neutro nos tempos de 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 e 96 horas de incubação in vitro. Houve diferença no teor de matéria seca entre os três tipos de silagem, assim como para a proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido e lignina. A silagem de folhas apresentou maior taxa de degradação fracional e maior fração potencialmente degradável da fibra em detergente neutro ao longo das 96 horas de incubação. Quanto aos parâmetros fermentativos, a silagem feita com a folha apresentou maiores valores de pH (3,79) e ácido lático (1,18%), ácido acético (0,39%) e ácido propiônico (0,24%). O ácido butírico foi maior para a silagem composta (0,012%) e o nitrogênio amoniacal foi maior para a silagem de bainha (0,94%). A silagem de folha apresentou melhores características químicas, parâmetros fermentativos e características de degradabilidade in vitro, demostrando ser a silagem com melhor valor nutricional para alimentação de animais ruminantes.(AU)

In vitro degradation dynamics of neutral detergent fiber and silage quality of waste from production of heart of palm of peach palm / Dinâmica de degradação in vitro da fibra de detergente neutro e qualidade da silagem do resíduo da produção de palmito pupunha

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the chemical composition, fermentation profile, and degradation parameters of the neutral detergent fiber of three silages made with the waste from production of heart of peach of palm, which consisted of leaf, leaf sheath, and their compound (55% leaf and 45% leaf sheath). The waste was packed in experimental silos and open after sixty days of fermentation; silage samples were collected for determination of chemical composition and degradation parameters of neutral detergent fiber at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 h of incubation in vitro. A difference was detected in the dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and lignin contents between the three types of silage. The leaf silage showed a higher fractional degradation rate and a higher potentially digestible fraction of neutral detergent fiber over the 96 h of incubation. As for the fermentative parameters, silage made with the leaf showed a higher pH (3,79) and lactic acid (1,18%), acetic acid (0,39%) and propionic acid (0,24%). The butyric acid was higher for compound silage (0,012%) and ammoniacal nitrogen was higher for sheath silage (0,94%). The leaf silage displayed better chemical characteristics, fermentation parameters and in vitro degradability properties, proving to be the silage with best nutritional value for feeding ruminants.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a composição química, o perfil fermentativo e os parâmetros da degradação da fibra em detergente neutro de três silagens do resíduo da produção do palmito pupunha, sendo estas silagens de folha, bainha foliar e composta (55% de folha e 45% de bainha foliar). O resíduo foi acondicionado em silos experimentais e aberto após sessenta dias de fermentação com retirada de amostras das silagens para a determinação da composição química e dos parâmetros de degradação da fibra em detergente neutro nos tempos de 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 e 96 horas de incubação in vitro. Houve diferença no teor de matéria seca entre os três tipos de silagem, assim como para a proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido e lignina. A silagem de folhas apresentou maior taxa de degradação fracional e maior fração potencialmente degradável da fibra em detergente neutro ao longo das 96 horas de incubação. Quanto aos parâmetros fermentativos, a silagem feita com a folha apresentou maiores valores de pH (3,79) e ácido lático (1,18%), ácido acético (0,39%) e ácido propiônico (0,24%). O ácido butírico foi maior para a silagem composta (0,012%) e o nitrogênio amoniacal foi maior para a silagem de bainha (0,94%). A silagem de folha apresentou melhores características químicas, parâmetros fermentativos e características de degradabilidade in vitro, demostrando ser a silagem com melhor valor nutricional para alimentação de animais ruminantes.

In vitro degradation dynamics of neutral detergent fiber and silage quality of waste from production of heart of palm of peach palm

ABSTRACT The objective of the present work was to evaluate the chemical composition, fermentation profile, and degradation parameters of the neutral detergent fiber of three silages made with the waste from production of heart of peach of palm, which consisted of leaf, leaf sheath, and their compound (55% leaf and 45% leaf sheath). The waste was packed in experimental silos and open after sixty days of fermentation; silage samples were collected for determination of chemical composition and degradation parameters of neutral detergent fiber at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 h of incubation in vitro. A difference was detected in the dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and lignin contents between the three types of silage. The leaf silage showed a higher fractional degradation rate and a higher potentially digestible fraction of neutral detergent fiber over the 96 h of incubation. As for the fermentative parameters, silage made with the leaf showed a higher pH (3,79) and lactic acid (1,18%), acetic acid (0,39%) and propionic acid (0,24%). The butyric acid was higher for compound silage (0,012%) and ammoniacal nitrogen was higher for sheath silage (0,94%). The leaf silage displayed better chemical characteristics, fermentation parameters and in vitro degradability properties, proving to be the silage with best nutritional value for feeding ruminants.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a composição química, o perfil fermentativo e os parâmetros da degradação da fibra em detergente neutro de três silagens do resíduo da produção do palmito pupunha, sendo estas silagens de folha, bainha foliar e composta (55% de folha e 45% de bainha foliar). O resíduo foi acondicionado em silos experimentais e aberto após sessenta dias de fermentação com retirada de amostras das silagens para a determinação da composição química e dos parâmetros de degradação da fibra em detergente neutro nos tempos de 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 e 96 horas de incubação in vitro. Houve diferença no teor de matéria seca entre os três tipos de silagem, assim como para a proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido e lignina. A silagem de folhas apresentou maior taxa de degradação fracional e maior fração potencialmente degradável da fibra em detergente neutro ao longo das 96 horas de incubação. Quanto aos parâmetros fermentativos, a silagem feita com a folha apresentou maiores valores de pH (3,79) e ácido lático (1,18%), ácido acético (0,39%) e ácido propiônico (0,24%). O ácido butírico foi maior para a silagem composta (0,012%) e o nitrogênio amoniacal foi maior para a silagem de bainha (0,94%). A silagem de folha apresentou melhores características químicas, parâmetros fermentativos e características de degradabilidade in vitro, demostrando ser a silagem com melhor valor nutricional para alimentação de animais ruminantes.

Digestive Potential of Soybean Agro-Industry Byproducts.

This study aimed to determine the protein and carbohydrate fractions as well as the in situ rumen degradability of Brachiaria decumbens silage (BDS) supplemented with soybean hulls. Five soybean hull inclusion levels were used: 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% of the fresh matter of B. decumbens grass, distributed into a completely randomized design with five replications. The inclusion of soybean hulls caused a linear decrease (p < 0.001) in carbohydrate fractions A + B1 and a linear increase (p < 0.001) in carbohydrate fraction C. The percentage of non-protein nitrogen fraction increased linearly (p < 0.001), but the nitrogen fractions B1 + B2 and B3 presented a negative quadratic effect (p < 0.01) with soybean hull level and fraction C presented a linear decrease (p < 0.001). The dry matter (DM) degradability of soluble fraction (A) and the undigestible DM decreased linearly (p < 0.01) with the soybean hull level. The potentially degradable water-insoluble portion (DM fraction B) and degradability rate (c) of the DM fraction B increased linearly (p < 0.001) with soybean hull level. The crude protein (CP) fraction A presented a linear increase (p < 0.001) with soybean hull inclusion; however, soybean hull levels caused a linear decrease (p < 0.001) in the CP level of fraction B. The degradable insoluble fraction of NDF (D) of the silage increased linearly (p < 0.001) and the indigestible NDF fraction of the silage was linearly decreased with the soybean hull level (p < 0.001). The inclusion of intermediate levels (20-30%) of soybean hulls provided better protein and carbohydrate fractions and better quality of BDS.

Forage sources in diets for dairy goats

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of sorghum silage, Buffel grass hay and forage palm fodder in the diet of dairy goats by means of performance tests and economic viability of different roughage sources. Eight Anglo-Nubian goats, multiparous, weighing around 40.13 ± 2.76 kg of live weight were used. The experiment lasted 84 days, consisting of four periods of 21 days, distributed in two Latin squares (4x4). The treatments represented by diets with different volumetric sources: SSCF: (sorghum silage+ forage palm+ concentrate); BHCF: (Buffel grass hay + cactus forage+ concentrate); SS: (sorghum silage+ concentrate) and BH: (Buffel grass hay + concentrate). Nutritional intake, digestibility, feed behavior, milk production and chemical composition and economic analysis were evaluated. Animals fed the BHCF diet had higher nutrient intakes and consequently were more productive in fat, protein, lactose, fat free solids and total solids. The BHCF diet led to a higher gross income in Brazilian currency. The safety margin of the SSCF diet presented the highest percentage, with 43.06%, and the BHCF diet, the lowest percentage, of 14.89. The association of forage palm with sorghum silage and Buffel grass hay can be used as a bulky source in lactating goat diets.(AU)

Forage sources in diets for dairy goats

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of sorghum silage, Buffel grass hay and forage palm fodder in the diet of dairy goats by means of performance tests and economic viability of different roughage sources. Eight Anglo-Nubian goats, multiparous, weighing around 40.13 ± 2.76 kg of live weight were used. The experiment lasted 84 days, consisting of four periods of 21 days, distributed in two Latin squares (4x4). The treatments represented by diets with different volumetric sources: SSCF: (sorghum silage+ forage palm+ concentrate); BHCF: (Buffel grass hay + cactus forage+ concentrate); SS: (sorghum silage+ concentrate) and BH: (Buffel grass hay + concentrate). Nutritional intake, digestibility, feed behavior, milk production and chemical composition and economic analysis were evaluated. Animals fed the BHCF diet had higher nutrient intakes and consequently were more productive in fat, protein, lactose, fat free solids and total solids. The BHCF diet led to a higher gross income in Brazilian currency. The safety margin of the SSCF diet presented the highest percentage, with 43.06%, and the BHCF diet, the lowest percentage, of 14.89. The association of forage palm with sorghum silage and Buffel grass hay can be used as a bulky source in lactating goat diets.

The quality of crude glycerine influences the fermentation and nutritive value of Piatã grass silage

We aimed to evaluate the effects of crude glycerine purity and levels of glycerol on the fermentative profile, microorganisms counting, and nutritional value of Piatã grass silage. The experiment was carried out in a 3×3+1 completely randomized factorial design using three different types of crude glycerine [low purity (40% of glycerol), medium purity (60% glycerol), and high purity (80% glycerol)], three doses of glycerol (20, 40, and 60 g/kg DM), and a control (no crude glycerine added) as an additional treatment, which were stored for 80 days. Statistical differences were not observed on fermentative losses of the treatments tested. The increase of glycerol doses resulted in higher levels of non-fibrous carbohydrates and lower levels of fibre components. The addition of low-purity crude glycerine increased the levels of fat and in vitro digestibility of silages. The highest levels of lactic acid and acetic acid occurred in the treatments with 60 g/kg of glycerol when using crude glycerine with a low purity. The lowest lactic acid content was observed in the control treatment and in the lowest dose of glycerol. The highest glycerol dose (60 g/kg), associated with the lowest degree of crude glycerine purity (40%) resulted in the greatest nutritional value and provided the best silage conservation.(AU)

Dehydration curve, gas exchange, and nutritional value of Bermuda grass hay under different conditions of storage / Curva de desidratação, trocas gasosas e valor nutricional do feno capim Bermuda sob diferentes condições de armazenamento

The aim of this study was to characterize the dehydration curve and, gas exchange of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) as well as the nutritional value of hay under different conditions of storage. The dehydration curve was evaluated at 7 time point (0, 13, 18, 22, 37, 42, and 44 hours after cutting) until baling, using five replicates. The time 0 (zero) corresponded to the time before cutting, performed at 19:00 hours. The design was completely randomized with measures repeated over time. Gas exchanges was evaluated 0, 14, and 18 hours after cutting, using 10 replicates. The nutritional value of cowpea hay was evaluated in two open and closed environments (SO and CS), three storage times (30, 60, and 90 days), and five replications. Dehydration of hay was carried out for 44 hours, rapid rates of dehydration was observed in the leaves. Gas exchange was more intense before cutting and up to 14 hours after cutting. Crude protein (CP) content was higher at the time of cutting and decrease after storage. The in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content showed no variation between the sampling time and storage systems evaluated. Bermuda grass hay presents rapid dehydration and undergoes changes in the bromatological composition with storage time. Internal temperature of the hay bale did not exceed the ambient temperature.

O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a curva de desidratação, as trocas gasosas do capim bermuda (Cynodon dactylon L.) e o valor nutritivo do feno sob diferentes condições de armazenamento. A curva de desidratação foi avaliada durante 7 horários (0, 13, 18, 22, 37, 42 e 44 horas após o corte) até o enfardamento, com cinco réplicas. O tempo 0 (zero) correspondeu ao tempo antes do corte, realizado à19:00 horas (tempo 0). O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com medidas repetidas no tempo. As trocas gasosas foram avaliadas nos tempos 0, 14 e 18 horas após o corte, utilizando 10 repetições. O valor nutricional do feno de do capim- bermuda foi avaliado em dois ambientes, aberto e fechado (SO e CS), três tempos de armazenamento (30, 60 e 90 dias) e cinco repetições. Observou-se que a desidratação do capim Bermuda ocorreu em 44 horas, com taxas rápidas de desidratação nas folhas. As trocas gasosas foram mais intensas antes do corte e até 14 horas após o corte. Os teores de proteína bruta (PB) foram maiores no momento do corte, diminuindo após o armazenamento. Os teores de digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) não apresentaram variação nos períodos e sistemas de armazenamento avaliados. O feno do capim Bermuda apresenta desidratação rápida e sofre alterações na composição bromatológica com tempo de armazenamento. A temperatura interna do fardo não excedeu a temperatura ambiente.

Dehydration curve, gas exchange, and nutritional value of Bermuda grass hay under different conditions of storage / Curva de desidratação, trocas gasosas e valor nutricional do feno capim Bermuda sob diferentes condições de armazenamento

The aim of this study was to characterize the dehydration curve and, gas exchange of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) as well as the nutritional value of hay under different conditions of storage. The dehydration curve was evaluated at 7 time point (0, 13, 18, 22, 37, 42, and 44 hours after cutting) until baling, using five replicates. The time 0 (zero) corresponded to the time before cutting, performed at 19:00 hours. The design was completely randomized with measures repeated over time. Gas exchanges was evaluated 0, 14, and 18 hours after cutting, using 10 replicates. The nutritional value of cowpea hay was evaluated in two open and closed environments (SO and CS), three storage times (30, 60, and 90 days), and five replications. Dehydration of hay was carried out for 44 hours, rapid rates of dehydration was observed in the leaves. Gas exchange was more intense before cutting and up to 14 hours after cutting. Crude protein (CP) content was higher at the time of cutting and decrease after storage. The in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content showed no variation between the sampling time and storage systems evaluated. Bermuda grass hay presents rapid dehydration and undergoes changes in the bromatological composition with storage time. Internal temperature of the hay bale did not exceed the ambient temperature.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a curva de desidratação, as trocas gasosas do capim bermuda (Cynodon dactylon L.) e o valor nutritivo do feno sob diferentes condições de armazenamento. A curva de desidratação foi avaliada durante 7 horários (0, 13, 18, 22, 37, 42 e 44 horas após o corte) até o enfardamento, com cinco réplicas. O tempo 0 (zero) correspondeu ao tempo antes do corte, realizado à19:00 horas (tempo 0). O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com medidas repetidas no tempo. As trocas gasosas foram avaliadas nos tempos 0, 14 e 18 horas após o corte, utilizando 10 repetições. O valor nutricional do feno de do capim- bermuda foi avaliado em dois ambientes, aberto e fechado (SO e CS), três tempos de armazenamento (30, 60 e 90 dias) e cinco repetições. Observou-se que a desidratação do capim Bermuda ocorreu em 44 horas, com taxas rápidas de desidratação nas folhas. As trocas gasosas foram mais intensas antes do corte e até 14 horas após o corte. Os teores de proteína bruta (PB) foram maiores no momento do corte, diminuindo após o armazenamento. Os teores de digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) não apresentaram variação nos períodos e sistemas de armazenamento avaliados. O feno do capim Bermuda apresenta desidratação rápida e sofre alterações na composição bromatológica com tempo de armazenamento. A temperatura interna do fardo não excedeu a temperatura ambiente.(AU)

Chemical composition and in situ degradability of silages from dual-purpose sorghum hybrids / Composição química e degradabilidade in situ de silagens de híbridos de sorgo duplo propósito

The objective was to determine chemical composition and in situ degradability for silages of dual-purpose sorghum hybrids. Twenty-five hybrids of double-purpose sorghum were investigated in a randomized block design with three replicates. Ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), pH, chemical composition of the silage and in situ degradability were determined. Silage of the hybrids 9929012, 947216, 947030, 947254, 947072, 947252, 12F042066, 1141570 and 1141562 presented greater dry matter content, ranging from 402.9 to 470.7 g kg-1. The greatest crude protein content was presented by silages from the hybrids 9929036, 9929030, 12F042224, FEPAGRO19, FEPAGRO11, 9929026, 947030, 947072, 947252, 12F042226 and BRS Ponta Negra. The silage of hybrid 1141562 exhibited the lowest neutral detergent fiber content (588 g kg-1). The highest values of dry matter and crude protein degradability were observed in the silages of the hybrids 9929030, 947252, 947072, 12F042066 and 12F042226. The use of ensilage of the 9929030 and 12F042226 hybrids is recommended because these silages present a better chemical composition of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber and better dry matter and crude protein degradability.

Objetivou-se determinar composição química e degradabilidade in situ das silagens de híbridos de sorgo duplo propósito. Foram estudados vinte e cinco híbridos de sorgo duplo propósito em delineamento de blocos casualizados com três repetições. Foram determinados nitrogênio amoniacal (NH3-N), pH, composição química e degradabilidade in situ da silagem. As silagens dos híbridos 9929012, 947216, 947030, 947254, 947072, 947252, 12F042066, 1141570 e 1141562 apresentaram maior teor de matéria seca, variando de 402,9 a 470,7 g kg-1. O maior teor de proteína bruta foi apresentado pelas silagens dos híbridos 9929036, 9929030, 12F042224, FEPAGRO19, FEPAGRO11, 9929026, 947030, 947072, 947252, 12F042226 e BRS Ponta Negra. A silagem do híbrido 1141562 apresentou o menor teor de fibra em detergente neutro (588 g kg-1). Os maiores valores de degradabilidade da matéria seca e proteína bruta foram observados nas silagens dos híbridos 9929030, 947252, 947072, 12F042066 e 12F042226. Recomenda-se o uso da ensilagem dos híbridos 9929030 e 12F042226, pois estas silagens apresentam melhor composição química de matéria seca, proteína bruta e fibra em detergente neutro e melhor degradabilidade da matéria seca e proteína bruta.

Chemical composition and in situ degradability of silages from dual-purpose sorghum hybrids / Composição química e degradabilidade in situ de silagens de híbridos de sorgo duplo propósito

The objective was to determine chemical composition and in situ degradability for silages of dual-purpose sorghum hybrids. Twenty-five hybrids of double-purpose sorghum were investigated in a randomized block design with three replicates. Ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), pH, chemical composition of the silage and in situ degradability were determined. Silage of the hybrids 9929012, 947216, 947030, 947254, 947072, 947252, 12F042066, 1141570 and 1141562 presented greater dry matter content, ranging from 402.9 to 470.7 g kg-1. The greatest crude protein content was presented by silages from the hybrids 9929036, 9929030, 12F042224, FEPAGRO19, FEPAGRO11, 9929026, 947030, 947072, 947252, 12F042226 and BRS Ponta Negra. The silage of hybrid 1141562 exhibited the lowest neutral detergent fiber content (588 g kg-1). The highest values of dry matter and crude protein degradability were observed in the silages of the hybrids 9929030, 947252, 947072, 12F042066 and 12F042226. The use of ensilage of the 9929030 and 12F042226 hybrids is recommended because these silages present a better chemical composition of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber and better dry matter and crude protein degradability.(AU)

Objetivou-se determinar composição química e degradabilidade in situ das silagens de híbridos de sorgo duplo propósito. Foram estudados vinte e cinco híbridos de sorgo duplo propósito em delineamento de blocos casualizados com três repetições. Foram determinados nitrogênio amoniacal (NH3-N), pH, composição química e degradabilidade in situ da silagem. As silagens dos híbridos 9929012, 947216, 947030, 947254, 947072, 947252, 12F042066, 1141570 e 1141562 apresentaram maior teor de matéria seca, variando de 402,9 a 470,7 g kg-1. O maior teor de proteína bruta foi apresentado pelas silagens dos híbridos 9929036, 9929030, 12F042224, FEPAGRO19, FEPAGRO11, 9929026, 947030, 947072, 947252, 12F042226 e BRS Ponta Negra. A silagem do híbrido 1141562 apresentou o menor teor de fibra em detergente neutro (588 g kg-1). Os maiores valores de degradabilidade da matéria seca e proteína bruta foram observados nas silagens dos híbridos 9929030, 947252, 947072, 12F042066 e 12F042226. Recomenda-se o uso da ensilagem dos híbridos 9929030 e 12F042226, pois estas silagens apresentam melhor composição química de matéria seca, proteína bruta e fibra em detergente neutro e melhor degradabilidade da matéria seca e proteína bruta.(AU)

Inclusion of discarded banana in sugarcane silage decreases dry matter losses and improves its nutritional value / La inclusión de banano de descarte en el ensilaje de caña de azúcar reduce las pérdidas de materia seca y mejora su valor nutricional / A inclusão de banana de descarte em silagem de cana de açúcar decresce as perdas de matéria seca e melhora o seu valor nutricional

Abstract Background: Sugarcane silage (SCS) has often been characterized by large dry matter (DM) losses associated with reduction in soluble nutrients and increase in indigestible fiber. Objective: To evaluate the effect of including discarded fruits on the losses and nutritional value in SCS. Methods: A completely randomized design was used with five treatments and five replications. Silages were added with 15% (as-fed basis) papaya (Carica papaya) (SP), acerola (Malpighia glabra) (SA), banana (Musa sp.) (SB) or tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) (ST). The control treatment was composed only of SCS. Twenty-five (25-L) plastic buckets were used to make the experimental silos, which were opened on the 90th day after their closure. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance. Results: Gas losses and total DM losses were lower and DM recovery was higher in SB and SA than in the control (p<0.05). The SB had lower content of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber compared to SP, SA, ST and the control group (p<0.05). There was no effect of treatment for ethanol content (p>0.05). However, there was treatment effect for lactic and acetic acids, ammonia nitrogen contents, lactic acid bacteria, and yeasts and mold counts (p<0.05). Conclusion: The inclusion of 15% banana or acerola in SCS decreases losses and increases DM recovery. Furthermore, the inclusion of 15% banana improves the nutritional value of SCS.

Resumen Antecedentes: El ensilaje de caña de azúcar (SCS) es frecuentemente caracterizado por grandes pérdidas de materia seca (DM) asociadas con reducciones en los nutrientes solubles y aumentos en la fibra indigestible. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la inclusión de frutas de descarte sobre las perdidas y el valor nutricional del SCS. Métodos: Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado con cinco tratamientos y cinco repeticiones. Fueron adicionados a los ensilajes, 15 % (materia natural) de papaya (Carica papaya) (SP), acerola (Malpighia glabra) (SA), banano (Musa sp.) (SB) o tomate (Solanum lycopersicum) (ST). El control estuvo compuesto apenas por SCS. Veinticinco baldes de 25 L fueron usados para hacer los silos, los cuales se abrieron al día 90 posterior a su cierre. Los datos fueron analizados por análisis de varianza. Resultados: Las pérdidas de gases y de DM total fueron menores y la recuperación de DM fue mayor en SB y SA que en el grupo control (p<0,05). Los contenidos de fibra detergente neutra y ácida fueron menores en SB comparados con SP, SA, ST y el grupo control (p<0,05). No hubo efecto para el contenido de etanol (p>0,05). Sin embargo, hubo efecto de tratamiento para los contenidos de ácidos láctico y acético, y nitrógeno amoniacal y recuento de bacterias ácido lácticas, levaduras y hongos (p<0,05). Conclusiones: La inclusión de 15% de banano y acerola en SCS decreció las perdidas, y aumentó la recuperación de DM. Además, la inclusión de un 15% de banano mejoró el valor nutricional de SCS.

Resumo Antecedentes: A silagem de cana de açúcar (SCS) é frequentemente caracterizada por grandes perdas de matéria seca (DM) associadas com reduções nos nutrientes solúveis e aumento na fibra indigestível. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da inclusão de frutas de descarte sobre as perdas e o valor nutricional de SCS. Métodos: Um delineamento completamente casualizado foi utilizado, com cindo tratamentos e cinco repetições. As silagens foram adicionadas com 15% (matéria natural) de mamão (Carica papaya) (SP), acerola (Malpighia glabra) (SA), banana (Musa sp.) (SB) ou tomate (Solanum lycopersicum) (ST). O controle foi composto apenas por SCS. Vinte e cinco baldes de 25 L foram usados para fazer os silos, que foram abertos no 90º dia após o fechamento deles. Os dados foram analisados por meio de análise de variância. Resultados: As perdas por gases e de DM total foram menores e a recuperação de DM foi maior em SB e SA que no controle (p<0,05). Os conteúdos de fibra em detergente neutro e ácido foram menores em SB comparado a SP, SA, ST e o grupo de controle (p<0,05). Não houve efeito para conteúdo de etanol (p>0,05). Contudo, houve efeito de tratamento para os conteúdos de ácidos lático e acético, e nitrogênio amoniacal e contagens de bactérias láticas, e leveduras e fungos (p<0,05). Conclusões: A inclusão de 15% de banana e acerola em SCS decresceu as perdas, e aumentou a recuperação de DM. Adicionalmente, a inclusão de 15% de banana melhorou o valor nutricional da SCS.

Quality of leucaena, gliricidia, and pornunça silages with different old man saltbush levels / Qualidade de silagens de leucena, gliricídia e pornunça com diferentes níveis de erva sal

This study aimed to evaluate the quality of leucaena, gliricidia, and pornunça silages with different levels of old man saltbush inclusion in their composition. A completely randomized design was used with five levels of old man saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) inclusion (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) in leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium), and pornunça (Manihot sp.) silages, with 5 replications per treatment, totaling 75 experimental mini-silos maintained in a covered shed and free of opportunistic animals. Silos were opened after 100 days of ensilage, and the silage of the first 15 cm of their ends was discarded. The remaining material was homogenized and sampled for determining the bromatological composition, in vitro digestibility, and fermentation profile. Old man saltbush inclusion levels in leucaena silages promoted a negative linear effect for dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ethereal extract, pH, and ammoniacal nitrogen, while a positive linear effect was found for mineral matter, in vitro dry matter digestibility, total carbohydrates, non-fibrous carbohydrates, and propionic acid (P < 0.05). This silage also had a quadratic effect for lactic acid. Gliricidia silages showed a positive linear behavior for dry matter, mineral matter, and total carbohydrates, whereas organic matter, crude protein, and ethereal extract presented a negative linear behavior (P < 0.05). The contents of organic lactic, acetic, and propionic acids showed a quadratic effect for gliricidia silage as old man saltbush levels increased (P < 0.05). Regarding pornunça silage, dry matter, mineral matter, total carbohydrates, propionic acid, and butyric acid presented a linear increasing behavior, while organic matter, crude protein, ethereal extract, and non-fibrous carbohydrates presented a linear decreasing behavior (P < 0.05)...(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade de silagens de leucena, gliricídia e pornunça com diferentes níveis de inclusão de erva sal em sua composição. Para tanto, foi adotado um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, composto por 5 níveis de inclusão de erva sal (Atriplex numulária Lindl.) (0; 25; 50; 75 e 100%) em silagens de Leucena (Leucaena leucocephala), Gliricídia (Gliricidia sepium) e Pornunça (Manihot sp.), com 5 repetições por tratamento, totalizando 75 mini silos experimentais que foram mantidos em galpão coberto e livre de animais oportunistas. Decorridos 100 dias da ensilagem, os silos foram abertos, desprezando-se a silagem dos primeiros 15 cm das extremidades dos silos. O material restante foi homogeneizado e amostrado para a determinação da composição bromatológica, digestibilidade in vitro e perfil fermentativo. Os níveis de inclusão de erva sal nas silagens de leucena promoveram um efeito linear negativo para matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, pH e nitrogênio amoniacal e um efeito linear positivo para matéria mineral, digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca, carboidratos totais, carboidratos não fibrosos e ácido propiônico (P < 0,05). Ainda para esta silagem, observou-se um efeito quadrático para o ácido lático. Nas silagens de gliricídia foi observado um comportamento linear positivo para as variáveis matéria seca, matéria mineral e carboidratos totais, já a matéria orgânica, proteína bruta e extrato etéreo apresentaram um comportamento linear negativo (P < 0,05). Os teores de ácidos orgânicos lático, acético e propiônico apresentaram efeito quadrático para a silagem de glíricidia a medida em que se aumentavam os níveis de erva sal (P < 0,05)...(AU)

Quality of leucaena, gliricidia, and pornunça silages with different old man saltbush levels / Qualidade de silagens de leucena, gliricídia e pornunça com diferentes níveis de erva sal

This study aimed to evaluate the quality of leucaena, gliricidia, and pornunça silages with different levels of old man saltbush inclusion in their composition. A completely randomized design was used with five levels of old man saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) inclusion (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) in leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium), and pornunça (Manihot sp.) silages, with 5 replications per treatment, totaling 75 experimental mini-silos maintained in a covered shed and free of opportunistic animals. Silos were opened after 100 days of ensilage, and the silage of the first 15 cm of their ends was discarded. The remaining material was homogenized and sampled for determining the bromatological composition, in vitro digestibility, and fermentation profile. Old man saltbush inclusion levels in leucaena silages promoted a negative linear effect for dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ethereal extract, pH, and ammoniacal nitrogen, while a positive linear effect was found for mineral matter, in vitro dry matter digestibility, total carbohydrates, non-fibrous carbohydrates, and propionic acid (P < 0.05). This silage also had a quadratic effect for lactic acid. Gliricidia silages showed a positive linear behavior for dry matter, mineral matter, and total carbohydrates, whereas organic matter, crude protein, and ethereal extract presented a negative linear behavior (P < 0.05). The contents of organic lactic, acetic, and propionic acids showed a quadratic effect for gliricidia silage as old man saltbush levels increased (P < 0.05). Regarding pornunça silage, dry matter, mineral matter, total carbohydrates, propionic acid, and butyric acid presented a linear increasing behavior, while organic matter, crude protein, ethereal extract, and non-fibrous carbohydrates presented a linear decreasing behavior (P < 0.05)...

Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade de silagens de leucena, gliricídia e pornunça com diferentes níveis de inclusão de erva sal em sua composição. Para tanto, foi adotado um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, composto por 5 níveis de inclusão de erva sal (Atriplex numulária Lindl.) (0; 25; 50; 75 e 100%) em silagens de Leucena (Leucaena leucocephala), Gliricídia (Gliricidia sepium) e Pornunça (Manihot sp.), com 5 repetições por tratamento, totalizando 75 mini silos experimentais que foram mantidos em galpão coberto e livre de animais oportunistas. Decorridos 100 dias da ensilagem, os silos foram abertos, desprezando-se a silagem dos primeiros 15 cm das extremidades dos silos. O material restante foi homogeneizado e amostrado para a determinação da composição bromatológica, digestibilidade in vitro e perfil fermentativo. Os níveis de inclusão de erva sal nas silagens de leucena promoveram um efeito linear negativo para matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, pH e nitrogênio amoniacal e um efeito linear positivo para matéria mineral, digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca, carboidratos totais, carboidratos não fibrosos e ácido propiônico (P < 0,05). Ainda para esta silagem, observou-se um efeito quadrático para o ácido lático. Nas silagens de gliricídia foi observado um comportamento linear positivo para as variáveis matéria seca, matéria mineral e carboidratos totais, já a matéria orgânica, proteína bruta e extrato etéreo apresentaram um comportamento linear negativo (P < 0,05). Os teores de ácidos orgânicos lático, acético e propiônico apresentaram efeito quadrático para a silagem de glíricidia a medida em que se aumentavam os níveis de erva sal (P < 0,05)...